CDH2: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''N-cadherin''', also known as '''Cadherin-2''' ('''CDH2''') or '''neural cadherin''' ('''NCAD''') is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CDH2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid2384753">{{cite journal | vauthors = Walsh FS, Barton CH, Putt W, Moore SE, Kelsell D, Spurr N, Goodfellow PN | title = N-cadherin gene maps to human chromosome 18 and is not linked to the E-cadherin gene | journal = J. Neurochem. | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 805–12 | date = September 1990 | pmid = 2384753 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04563.x | url =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2216790">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reid RA, Hemperly JJ | title = Human N-cadherin: nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 18 | issue = 19 | pages = 5896–5896 | date = October 1990 | pmid = 2216790 | pmc = 332345 | doi = 10.1093/nar/18.19.5896 | url = }}</ref> CDH2 has also been designated as '''CD325''' ([[cluster of differentiation]] 325). N-cadherin is a [[transmembrane domain|transmembrane]] [[protein]] expressed in multiple tissues and functions to mediate cell–cell adhesion. In [[cardiac muscle]], N-cadherin is an integral component in [[adherens junction]]s residing at [[intercalated disc]]s, which function to mechanically and electrically couple adjacent [[cardiomyocyte]]s. While mutations in ''CDH2'' have not thus far been associated with human disease, alterations in expression and integrity of N-cadherin [[protein]] has been observed in various forms of disease, including human [[dilated cardiomyopathy]].
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Structure ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
N-cadherin is a [[protein]] with molecular weight of 99.7 kDa, and 906 [[amino acid]]s in length.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protein sequence of human CDH2 (Uniprot ID: P19022)|url=http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=P19022|website=Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB)|accessdate=20 July 2015}}</ref> N-cadherin, a classical [[cadherin]] from the cadherin superfamily, is composed of five extracellular [[cadherin|cadherin repeats]], a [[transmembrane domain|transmembrane region]] and a highly conserved [[cytoplasm]]ic tail. N-cadherin, as well as other cadherins, [[protein-protein interaction|interact]] with N-cadherin on an adjacent cell in an [[Antiparallel (biochemistry)|anti-parallel conformation]], thus creating a linear, adhesive "zipper" between cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shapiro L, Fannon AM, Kwong PD, Thompson A, Lehmann MS, Grübel G, Legrand JF, Als-Nielsen J, Colman DR, Hendrickson WA | title = Structural basis of cell–cell adhesion by cadherins | journal = Nature | volume = 374 | issue = 6520 | pages = 327–37 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7885471 | doi = 10.1038/374327a0 }}</ref>
| image = PBB_Protein_CDH2_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1ncg.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1ncg}}, {{PDB2|1nch}}, {{PDB2|1nci}}, {{PDB2|1ncj}}
| Name = Cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal)
| HGNCid = 1759
| Symbol = CDH2
| AltSymbols =; CDHN; CDw325; NCAD
| OMIM = 114020
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 20424
| MGIid = 88355
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_CDH2_203440_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_CDH2_203441_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005509 |text = calcium ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}  
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005912 |text = adherens junction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030027 |text = lamellipodium}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045202 |text = synapse}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007155 |text = cell adhesion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007156 |text = homophilic cell adhesion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016339 |text = calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016477 |text = cell migration}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0048514 |text = blood vessel morphogenesis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 1000
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000170558
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001783
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001792
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 18
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 23784934
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 24011189
    | Hs_Uniprot = P19022
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 12558
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000024304
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = XM_983109
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = XP_988203
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 18
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 16732027
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 16952264
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3UIC2
  }}
}}
'''Cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal)''', also known as '''CDH2''', is a human [[gene]]. CDH2 has also been designated as '''CD325''' ([[cluster of differentiation]] 325).


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{PBB_Summary
N-cadherin, originally named for its role in [[neural tissue]], plays a role in [[neuron]]s and later was found to also play a role in [[cardiac muscle]] and in cancer [[metastasis]]. N-cadherin is a [[transmembrane protein|transmembrane]], homophilic [[glycoprotein]] belonging to the [[Cell adhesion molecule#Calcium-dependent|calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule family]]. These proteins have [[ectodomain|extracellular domains]] that mediate homophilic interactions between adjacent cells, and [[C-terminus|C-terminal]], [[cytoplasm]]ic tails that mediate binding to [[catenin]]s, which in turn interact with
| section_title =
the [[actin]] [[cytoskeleton]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Buxton RS, Magee AI | title = Structure and interactions of desmosomal and other cadherins | journal = Seminars in Cell Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 157–67 | date = June 1992 | pmid = 1623205 | doi=10.1016/s1043-4682(10)80012-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Takeichi M | title = Cadherins: a molecular family important in selective cell–cell adhesion | journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 59 | pages = 237–52 | date = 1990 | pmid = 2197976 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.001321 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozawa M, Baribault H, Kemler R | title = The cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin associates with three independent proteins structurally related in different species | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 1711–7 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2788574 | pmc=401013}}</ref>
| summary_text = This gene is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily. The encoded protein is a calcium dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein comprised of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. The protein functions during gastrulation and is required for establishment of left-right asymmetry. At certain central nervous system synapses, presynaptic to postsynaptic adhesion is mediated at least in part by this gene product.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CDH2 cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1000| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==References==
=== Role in development ===
{{reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
N-cadherin plays a role in development as a calcium dependent cell–cell adhesion [[glycoprotein]] that functions during [[gastrulation]] and is required for establishment of [[Symmetry (biology)#Bilateral symmetry|left-right asymmetry]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = García-Castro MI, Vielmetter E, Bronner-Fraser M | title = N-Cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule involved in establishment of embryonic left-right asymmetry | journal = Science | volume = 288 | issue = 5468 | pages = 1047–51 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10807574 | doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.1047}}</ref>
{{refbegin | 2}}
 
{{PBB_Further_reading
N-cadherin is widely expressed in the [[embryo]] post-implantation, showing high levels in the [[mesoderm]] with sustained expression through adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Angst BD, Khan LU, Severs NJ, Whitely K, Rothery S, Thompson RP, Magee AI, Gourdie RG | title = Dissociated spatial patterning of gap junctions and cell adhesion junctions during postnatal differentiation of ventricular myocardium | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 88–94 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 8978327 | doi=10.1161/01.res.80.1.88}}</ref> N-cadherin mutation during development has the most significant effect on cell adhesion in the primitive heart; dissociated [[myocyte]]s and abnormal heart tube development occur.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Radice GL, Rayburn H, Matsunami H, Knudsen KA, Takeichi M, Hynes RO | title = Developmental defects in mouse embryos lacking N-cadherin | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 181 | issue = 1 | pages = 64–78 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 9015265 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.1996.8443 }}</ref> N-cadherin plays a role in the development of the vertebrate heart at the transition of [[epithelial cell]]s to [[trabeculae|trabecular]] and compact [[myocardium|myocardial]] cell layer formation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kostetskii I, Moore R, Kemler R, Radice GL | title = Differential adhesion leads to segregation and exclusion of N-cadherin-deficient cells in chimeric embryos | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 234 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–9 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11356020 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.2001.0250 }}</ref> An additional study showed that [[myocyte]]s expressing a dominant negative N-cadherin mutant showed significant abnormalities in [[myocyte]] distribution and migration towards the [[endocardium]], resulting in defects in trabecular formation within the [[myocardium]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Linask KK, Knudsen KA, Gui YH | title = N-cadherin-catenin interaction: necessary component of cardiac cell compartmentalization during early vertebrate heart development | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 185 | issue = 2 | pages = 148–64 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9187080 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.1997.8570 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ong LL, Kim N, Mima T, Cohen-Gould L, Mikawa T | title = Trabecular myocytes of the embryonic heart require N-cadherin for migratory unit identity | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 193 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–9 | date = January 1998 | pmid = 9466883 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.1997.8775 }}</ref>
| citations =
 
*{{cite journal  | author=Doherty P, Smith P, Walsh FS |title=Shared cell adhesion molecule (CAM) homology domains point to CAMs signalling via FGF receptors. |journal=Perspectives on developmental neurobiology |volume=4 |issue= 2-3 |pages= 157-68 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9168198 |doi= }}
=== Role in cardiac muscle ===
*{{cite journal | author=Makrigiannakis A, Coukos G, Blaschuk O, Coutifaris C |title=Follicular atresia and luteolysis. Evidence of a role for N-cadherin. |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=900 |issue= |pages= 46-55 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10818391 |doi= }}
In [[cardiac muscle]], N-cadherin is found at [[intercalated disc]] structures which provide end-on cell–cell connections that facilitate mechanical and electrical coupling between adjacent [[cardiomyocyte]]s. Within [[intercalated disc]]s are three types of junctions: [[adherens junction]]s, [[desmosome]]s and [[gap junction]]s;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peters NS, Severs NJ, Rothery SM, Lincoln C, Yacoub MH, Green CR | title = Spatiotemporal relation between gap junctions and fascia adherens junctions during postnatal development of human ventricular myocardium | journal = Circulation | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 713–25 | date = August 1994 | pmid = 8044940 | doi=10.1161/01.cir.90.2.713}}</ref> N-cadherin is an essential component in [[adherens junction]]s, which enables cell–cell adhesion and force transmission across the [[sarcolemma]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forbes MS, Sperelakis N | title = Intercalated discs of mammalian heart: a review of structure and function | journal = Tissue & Cell | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 605–48 | date = 1985 | pmid = 3904080 | doi=10.1016/0040-8166(85)90001-1}}</ref> N-cadherin complexed to [[catenin]]s has been described as a master regulator of [[intercalated disc]] function.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vite|first1=A|last2=Radice|first2=GL|title=N-cadherin/catenin complex as a master regulator of intercalated disc function.|journal=Cell communication & adhesion|date=June 2014|volume=21|issue=3|pages=169–79|pmid=24766605|doi=10.3109/15419061.2014.908853}}</ref> N-cadherin appears at cell–cell junctions prior to [[gap junction]] formation,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zuppinger C, Schaub MC, Eppenberger HM | title = Dynamics of early contact formation in cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes studied by N-cadherin fused to green fluorescent protein | journal = Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 539–55 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10756112 | doi = 10.1006/jmcc.1999.1086 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dou|first1=JP|last2=Jiao|first2=B|last3=Sheng|first3=JJ|last4=Yu|first4=ZB|title=[Dynamic assembly of intercalated disc during postnatal development in the rat myocardium].|journal=Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica]|date=25 October 2014|volume=66|issue=5|pages=569–74|pmid=25332002}}</ref> and is critical for normal [[Myocyte#myocyte growth|myofibrillogenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goncharova EJ, Kam Z, Geiger B | title = The involvement of adherens junction components in myofibrillogenesis in cultured cardiac myocytes | journal = Development | volume = 114 | issue = 1 | pages = 173–83 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1576958 }}</ref> Expression of a mutant form of N-cadherin harboring a large deletion in the [[ectodomain|extracellular domain]] inhibited the function of endogenous N-cadherin in adult [[ventricle (heart)|ventricular]] [[cardiomyocyte]]s, and neighboring [[cardiomyocyte]]s lost cell–cell contact and [[gap junction]] plaques as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hertig CM, Eppenberger-Eberhardt M, Koch S, Eppenberger HM | title = N-cadherin in adult rat cardiomyocytes in culture. I. Functional role of N-cadherin and impairment of cell–cell contact by a truncated N-cadherin mutant | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 109 | pages = 1–10 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 8834785 | issue=1}}</ref>
*{{cite journal | author=Hazan RB, Qiao R, Keren R, ''et al.'' |title=Cadherin switch in tumor progression. |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1014 |issue= |pages= 155-63 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15153430 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Cavallaro U |title=N-cadherin as an invasion promoter: a novel target for antitumor therapy? |journal=Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000) |volume=5 |issue= 12 |pages= 1274-8 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15648948 |doi= }}
Mouse models employing transgenesis have highlighted the function of N-cadherin in [[cardiac muscle]]. Mice with altered expression of N-cadherin and/or E-cadherin showed a [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] phenotype, likely due to malfunction of [[intercalated disc]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferreira-Cornwell MC, Luo Y, Narula N, Lenox JM, Lieberman M, Radice GL | title = Remodeling the intercalated disc leads to cardiomyopathy in mice misexpressing cadherins in the heart | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 115 | issue = Pt 8 | pages = 1623–34 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11950881 }}</ref> In agreement with this, mice with ablation of N-cadherin in adult hearts via a cardiac-specific tamoxifen-inducible Cre N-cadherin transgene showed disrupted assembly of [[intercalated disc]]s, [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], impaired cardiac function, decreased [[sarcomere]] length, increased [[sarcomere|Z-line]] thickness, decreases in [[GJA1|connexin 43]], and a loss in muscular tension. Mice died within two months of transgene expression, mainly due to spontaneous [[ventricle (heart)|ventricular]] [[tachycardia]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kostetskii I, Li J, Xiong Y, Zhou R, Ferrari VA, Patel VV, Molkentin JD, Radice GL | title = Induced deletion of the N-cadherin gene in the heart leads to dissolution of the intercalated disc structure | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 96 | issue = 3 | pages = 346–54 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15662031 | doi = 10.1161/01.RES.0000156274.72390.2c }}</ref> Further analysis of N-cadherin knockout mice revealed that the [[arrhythmia]]s were likely due to [[ion channel]] remodeling and aberrant Kv1.5 channel function. These animals showed a prolonged [[action potential]] duration, reduced density of [[Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel|inward rectifier potassium channel]] and decreased expression of [[KCNA5|Kv1.5]], [[KCNE2]] and [[CTTN|cortactin]] combined with disrupted [[actin]] [[cytoskeleton]] at the [[sarcolemma]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=L|last2=Yung|first2=A|last3=Covarrubias|first3=M|last4=Radice|first4=GL|title=Cortactin is required for N-cadherin regulation of Kv1.5 channel function.|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=10 June 2011|volume=286|issue=23|pages=20478–89|pmid=21507952|doi=10.1074/jbc.m111.218560|pmc=3121477}}</ref>
*{{cite journal | author=Salomon D, Ayalon O, Patel-King R, ''et al.'' |title=Extrajunctional distribution of N-cadherin in cultured human endothelial cells. |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=102 ( Pt 1) |issue= |pages= 7-17 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1500442 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ |title=Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=118 |issue= 3 |pages= 671-9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1639850 |doi= }}
=== Role in neurons ===
*{{cite journal  | author=Reid RA, Hemperly JJ |title=Human N-cadherin: nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=18 |issue= 19 |pages= 5896 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2216790 |doi= }}
In neural cells, at certain central nervous system [[chemical synapse|synapse]]s, presynaptic to postsynaptic [[cell adhesion|adhesion]] is mediated at least in part by N-cadherin.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CDH2 cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1000| accessdate = }}</ref> N-cadherins interact with catenins to play an important role in learning and memory (''For full article see [[Cadherin-catenin complex in learning and memory]]'').
*{{cite journal | author=Walsh FS, Barton CH, Putt W, ''et al.'' |title=N-cadherin gene maps to human chromosome 18 and is not linked to the E-cadherin gene. |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=55 |issue= 3 |pages= 805-12 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2384753 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Selig S, Bruno S, Scharf JM, ''et al.'' |title=Expressed cadherin pseudogenes are localized to the critical region of the spinal muscular atrophy gene. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=92 |issue= 9 |pages= 3702-6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7731968 |doi= }}
=== Role in cancer metastasis ===
*{{cite journal | author=Wallis J, Fox MF, Walsh FS |title=Structure of the human N-cadherin gene: YAC analysis and fine chromosomal mapping to 18q11.2. |journal=Genomics |volume=22 |issue= 1 |pages= 172-9 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7959764 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1994.1358 }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Andersson AM, Edvardsen K, Skakkebaek NE |title=Expression and localization of N- and E-cadherin in the human testis and epididymis. |journal=Int. J. Androl. |volume=17 |issue= 4 |pages= 174-80 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7995652 |doi= }}
N-Cadherin is commonly found in cancer cells and provides a mechanism for transendothelial migration. When a cancer cell adheres to the endothelial cells of a blood vessel it up-regulates the [[Src (gene)|src kinase]] pathway, which phosphorylates [[beta-catenin]]s attached to both N-cadherin (this protein) and [[CDH1 (gene)|E-cadherins]]. This causes the intercellular connection between two adjacent endothelial cells to fail and allows the cancer cell to slip through.<ref name="pmid19321920">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramis-Conde I, Chaplain MA, Anderson AR, Drasdo D | title = Multi-scale modelling of cancer cell intravasation: the role of cadherins in metastasis | journal = Phys Biol | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 016008 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19321920 | doi = 10.1088/1478-3975/6/1/016008 | url =  | issn =  }}</ref>
*{{cite journal  | author=Matsuyoshi N, Imamura S |title=Multiple cadherins are expressed in human fibroblasts. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=235 |issue= 2 |pages= 355-8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9199196 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6707 }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Navarro P, Ruco L, Dejana E |title=Differential localization of VE- and N-cadherins in human endothelial cells: VE-cadherin competes with N-cadherin for junctional localization. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=140 |issue= 6 |pages= 1475-84 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9508779 |doi= }}
== Clinical significance ==
*{{cite journal | author=Gaidar YA, Lepekhin EA, Sheichetova GA, Witt M |title=Distribution of N-cadherin and NCAM in neurons and endocrine cells of the human embryonic and fetal gastroenteropancreatic system. |journal=Acta Histochem. |volume=100 |issue= 1 |pages= 83-97 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9542583 |doi=  }}
Mutations in ''CDH2'' have not been conclusively linked to any human disorders. One study investigating genetic underpinnings of [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] and [[Tourette syndrome|Tourette disorder]] found that while ''CDH2'' variants are likely not disease-causing as single entities, they may confer risk when examined as part of a panel of related cell–cell adhesion genes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moya|first1=PR|last2=Dodman|first2=NH|last3=Timpano|first3=KR|last4=Rubenstein|first4=LM|last5=Rana|first5=Z|last6=Fried|first6=RL|last7=Reichardt|first7=LF|last8=Heiman|first8=GA|last9=Tischfield|first9=JA|last10=King|first10=RA|last11=Galdzicka|first11=M|last12=Ginns|first12=EI|last13=Wendland|first13=JR|title=Rare missense neuronal cadherin gene (CDH2) variants in specific obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette disorder phenotypes.|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=August 2013|volume=21|issue=8|pages=850–4|pmid=23321619|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2012.245|pmc=3722668}}</ref> Further studies in larger cohorts will be required to unequivocally determine this.
*{{cite journal  | author=Kremmidiotis G, Baker E, Crawford J, ''et al.'' |title=Localization of human cadherin genes to chromosome regions exhibiting cancer-related loss of heterozygosity. |journal=Genomics |volume=49 |issue= 3 |pages= 467-71 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9615235 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1998.5281 }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Lu Q, Paredes M, Medina M, ''et al.'' |title=delta-catenin, an adhesive junction-associated protein which promotes cell scattering. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=144 |issue= 3 |pages= 519-32 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9971746 |doi= }}
In human [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], it was shown that N-cadherin expression was enhanced and arranged in a disarrayed fashion, suggesting that disorganization of N-cadherin protein in [[heart disease]] may be a component of remodeling.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tsipis|first1=A|last2=Athanassiadou|first2=AM|last3=Athanassiadou|first3=P|last4=Kavantzas|first4=N|last5=Agrogiannis|first5=G|last6=Patsouris|first6=E|title=Apoptosis-related factors p53, bcl-2 and the defects of force transmission in dilated cardiomyopathy.|journal=Pathology, research and practice|date=15 September 2010|volume=206|issue=9|pages=625–30|pmid=20591580|doi=10.1016/j.prp.2010.05.007}}</ref>
*{{cite journal  | author=Shan WS, Tanaka H, Phillips GR, ''et al.'' |title=Functional cis-heterodimers of N- and R-cadherins. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=148 |issue= 3 |pages= 579-90 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10662782 |doi=  }}
 
*{{cite journal  | author=Husi H, Ward MA, Choudhary JS, ''et al.'' |title=Proteomic analysis of NMDA receptor-adhesion protein signaling complexes. |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=3 |issue= 7 |pages= 661-9 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10862698 |doi= 10.1038/76615 }}
== Interactions ==
}}
 
CDH2 has been shown to [[Protein–protein interaction|interact]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Beta-catenin]],<ref name = pmid14625392>{{cite journal | vauthors = Straub BK, Boda J, Kuhn C, Schnoelzer M, Korf U, Kempf T, Spring H, Hatzfeld M, Franke WW | title = A novel cell–cell junction system: the cortex adhaerens mosaic of lens fiber cells | journal = J. Cell Sci. | volume = 116 | issue = Pt 24 | pages = 4985–95 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14625392 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.00815 }}</ref><ref name = pmid12604612>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wahl JK, Kim YJ, Cullen JM, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ | title = N-cadherin-catenin complexes form prior to cleavage of the proregion and transport to the plasma membrane | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 19 | pages = 17269–76 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12604612 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M211452200 }}</ref>
* [[CDH11]],<ref name = pmid14625392/>
* type IIb RPTPs including PTPmu ([[CTNND1]]),<ref name = pmid14625392/><ref name = pmid12604612/>
* [[Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1|CTNNA1]],<ref name = pmid14625392/><ref name = pmid12604612/>
* [[LRRC7]],<ref name = pmid11729199>{{cite journal | vauthors = Izawa I, Nishizawa M, Ohtakara K, Inagaki M | title = Densin-180 interacts with delta-catenin/neural plakophilin-related armadillo repeat protein at synapses | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 7 | pages = 5345–50 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11729199 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M110052200 }}</ref>
* [[PTPRM]])<ref name = "pmid7642713">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brady-Kalnay SM, Rimm DL, Tonks NK | title = Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPmu associates with cadherins and catenins in vivo | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 130 | issue = 4 | pages = 977–86 | pmid = 7642713 | pmc = 2199947 | doi =  10.1083/jcb.130.4.977}}</ref><ref name = "pmid9531566">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brady-Kalnay SM, Mourton T, Nixon JP, Pietz GE, Kinch M, Chen H, Brackenbury R, Rimm DL, Del Vecchio RL, Tonks NK | title = Dynamic interaction of PTPmu with multiple cadherins in vivo | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 141 | issue = 1 | pages = 287–96 | pmid = 9531566 | pmc = 2132733 | doi =  10.1083/jcb.141.1.287}}</ref>
* PTPrho ([[PTPRT]]),<ref name = "pmid16973135">{{cite journal | vauthors = Besco JA, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Frostholm A, Rotter A | title = Intracellular substrates of brain-enriched receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase rho (RPTPrho/PTPRT) | journal = Brain Res. | volume = 1116 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–7 | pmid = 16973135 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.122 | date=October 2006}}</ref> and
* [[Plakoglobin]].<ref name = pmid14625392/><ref name = pmid7650039>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sacco PA, McGranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR | title = Identification of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 34 | pages = 20201–6 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7650039 | doi =  10.1074/jbc.270.34.20201}}</ref>
* [[XIRP1]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinn HW, Balsamo J, Lilien J, Lin JJ | title = Localization of the novel Xin protein to the adherens junction complex in cardiac and skeletal muscle during development | journal = Developmental Dynamics | volume = 225 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12203715 | doi = 10.1002/dvdy.10131 }}</ref>
* [[SCARB2]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schroen B, Leenders JJ, van Erk A, Bertrand AT, van Loon M, van Leeuwen RE, Kubben N, Duisters RF, Schellings MW, Janssen BJ, Debets JJ, Schwake M, Høydal MA, Heymans S, Saftig P, Pinto YM | title = Lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 is a novel component of the cardiac intercalated disc and vital for load-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 204 | issue = 5 | pages = 1227–35 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17485520 | doi = 10.1084/jem.20070145 | pmc=2118572}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
 
==See also==
*[[ADH-1]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Doherty P, Smith P, Walsh FS | title = Shared cell adhesion molecule (CAM) homology domains point to CAMs signalling via FGF receptors | journal = Perspectives on developmental neurobiology | volume = 4 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 157–68 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9168198 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Makrigiannakis A, Coukos G, Blaschuk O, Coutifaris C | title = Follicular atresia and luteolysis. Evidence of a role for N-cadherin | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 900 | issue =  | pages = 46–55 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10818391 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06215.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hazan RB, Qiao R, Keren R, Badano I, Suyama K | title = Cadherin switch in tumor progression | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 1014 | issue =  | pages = 155–63 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15153430 | doi = 10.1196/annals.1294.016 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cavallaro U | title = N-cadherin as an invasion promoter: a novel target for antitumor therapy? | journal = Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs | volume = 5 | issue = 12 | pages = 1274–8 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15648948 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Salomon D, Ayalon O, Patel-King R, Hynes RO, Geiger B | title = Extrajunctional distribution of N-cadherin in cultured human endothelial cells | journal = J. Cell Sci. | volume = 102 | issue =  1| pages = 7–17 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1500442 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ | title = Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 671–9 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1639850 | pmc = 2289540 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.118.3.671 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Reid RA, Hemperly JJ | title = Human N-cadherin: nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 18 | issue = 19 | pages = 5896–5896 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2216790 | pmc = 332345 | doi = 10.1093/nar/18.19.5896 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Walsh FS, Barton CH, Putt W, Moore SE, Kelsell D, Spurr N, Goodfellow PN | title = N-cadherin gene maps to human chromosome 18 and is not linked to the E-cadherin gene | journal = J. Neurochem. | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 805–12 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2384753 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04563.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Selig S, Bruno S, Scharf JM, Wang CH, Vitale E, Gilliam TC, Kunkel LM | title = Expressed cadherin pseudogenes are localized to the critical region of the spinal muscular atrophy gene | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 3702–6 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7731968 | pmc = 42029 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.9.3702 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wallis J, Fox MF, Walsh FS | title = Structure of the human N-cadherin gene: YAC analysis and fine chromosomal mapping to 18q11.2 | journal = Genomics | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 172–9 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7959764 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1994.1358 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson AM, Edvardsen K, Skakkebaek NE | title = Expression and localization of N- and E-cadherin in the human testis and epididymis | journal = Int. J. Androl. | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 174–80 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7995652 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1994.tb01239.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuyoshi N, Imamura S | title = Multiple cadherins are expressed in human fibroblasts | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 235 | issue = 2 | pages = 355–8 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9199196 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6707 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Navarro P, Ruco L, Dejana E | title = Differential localization of VE- and N-cadherins in human endothelial cells: VE-cadherin competes with N-cadherin for junctional localization | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 140 | issue = 6 | pages = 1475–84 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9508779 | pmc = 2132661 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.140.6.1475 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gaidar YA, Lepekhin EA, Sheichetova GA, Witt M | title = Distribution of N-cadherin and NCAM in neurons and endocrine cells of the human embryonic and fetal gastroenteropancreatic system | journal = Acta Histochem. | volume = 100 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–97 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9542583 | doi =  10.1016/s0065-1281(98)80008-1}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kremmidiotis G, Baker E, Crawford J, Eyre HJ, Nahmias J, Callen DF | title = Localization of human cadherin genes to chromosome regions exhibiting cancer-related loss of heterozygosity | journal = Genomics | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 467–71 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9615235 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1998.5281 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lu Q, Paredes M, Medina M, Zhou J, Cavallo R, Peifer M, Orecchio L, Kosik KS | title = delta-catenin, an adhesive junction-associated protein that promotes cell scattering | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 144 | issue = 3 | pages = 519–32 | year = 1999 | pmid = 9971746 | pmc = 2132907 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.144.3.519 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shan WS, Tanaka H, Phillips GR, Arndt K, Yoshida M, Colman DR, Shapiro L | title = Functional cis-heterodimers of N- and R-cadherins | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 148 | issue = 3 | pages = 579–90 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10662782 | pmc = 2174798 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.148.3.579 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Husi H, Ward MA, Choudhary JS, Blackstock WP, Grant SG | title = Proteomic analysis of NMDA receptor-adhesion protein signaling complexes | journal = Nat. Neurosci. | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = 661–9 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10862698 | doi = 10.1038/76615 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|CDH2+protein,+human}}
* {{MeshName|CDH2+protein,+human}}
* {{UCSC genome browser|CDH2}}
* {{UCSC gene details|CDH2}}


{{membrane-protein-stub}}
{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=1000}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
{{Cell adhesion molecules}}
[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]
[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Revision as of 22:40, 2 December 2017

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N-cadherin, also known as Cadherin-2 (CDH2) or neural cadherin (NCAD) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH2 gene.[1][2] CDH2 has also been designated as CD325 (cluster of differentiation 325). N-cadherin is a transmembrane protein expressed in multiple tissues and functions to mediate cell–cell adhesion. In cardiac muscle, N-cadherin is an integral component in adherens junctions residing at intercalated discs, which function to mechanically and electrically couple adjacent cardiomyocytes. While mutations in CDH2 have not thus far been associated with human disease, alterations in expression and integrity of N-cadherin protein has been observed in various forms of disease, including human dilated cardiomyopathy.

Structure

N-cadherin is a protein with molecular weight of 99.7 kDa, and 906 amino acids in length.[3] N-cadherin, a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily, is composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. N-cadherin, as well as other cadherins, interact with N-cadherin on an adjacent cell in an anti-parallel conformation, thus creating a linear, adhesive "zipper" between cells.[4]

Function

N-cadherin, originally named for its role in neural tissue, plays a role in neurons and later was found to also play a role in cardiac muscle and in cancer metastasis. N-cadherin is a transmembrane, homophilic glycoprotein belonging to the calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule family. These proteins have extracellular domains that mediate homophilic interactions between adjacent cells, and C-terminal, cytoplasmic tails that mediate binding to catenins, which in turn interact with the actin cytoskeleton.[5][6][7]

Role in development

N-cadherin plays a role in development as a calcium dependent cell–cell adhesion glycoprotein that functions during gastrulation and is required for establishment of left-right asymmetry.[8]

N-cadherin is widely expressed in the embryo post-implantation, showing high levels in the mesoderm with sustained expression through adulthood.[9] N-cadherin mutation during development has the most significant effect on cell adhesion in the primitive heart; dissociated myocytes and abnormal heart tube development occur.[10] N-cadherin plays a role in the development of the vertebrate heart at the transition of epithelial cells to trabecular and compact myocardial cell layer formation.[11] An additional study showed that myocytes expressing a dominant negative N-cadherin mutant showed significant abnormalities in myocyte distribution and migration towards the endocardium, resulting in defects in trabecular formation within the myocardium.[12][13]

Role in cardiac muscle

In cardiac muscle, N-cadherin is found at intercalated disc structures which provide end-on cell–cell connections that facilitate mechanical and electrical coupling between adjacent cardiomyocytes. Within intercalated discs are three types of junctions: adherens junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions;[14] N-cadherin is an essential component in adherens junctions, which enables cell–cell adhesion and force transmission across the sarcolemma.[15] N-cadherin complexed to catenins has been described as a master regulator of intercalated disc function.[16] N-cadherin appears at cell–cell junctions prior to gap junction formation,[17][18] and is critical for normal myofibrillogenesis.[19] Expression of a mutant form of N-cadherin harboring a large deletion in the extracellular domain inhibited the function of endogenous N-cadherin in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes, and neighboring cardiomyocytes lost cell–cell contact and gap junction plaques as well.[20]

Mouse models employing transgenesis have highlighted the function of N-cadherin in cardiac muscle. Mice with altered expression of N-cadherin and/or E-cadherin showed a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype, likely due to malfunction of intercalated discs.[21] In agreement with this, mice with ablation of N-cadherin in adult hearts via a cardiac-specific tamoxifen-inducible Cre N-cadherin transgene showed disrupted assembly of intercalated discs, dilated cardiomyopathy, impaired cardiac function, decreased sarcomere length, increased Z-line thickness, decreases in connexin 43, and a loss in muscular tension. Mice died within two months of transgene expression, mainly due to spontaneous ventricular tachycardia.[22] Further analysis of N-cadherin knockout mice revealed that the arrhythmias were likely due to ion channel remodeling and aberrant Kv1.5 channel function. These animals showed a prolonged action potential duration, reduced density of inward rectifier potassium channel and decreased expression of Kv1.5, KCNE2 and cortactin combined with disrupted actin cytoskeleton at the sarcolemma.[23]

Role in neurons

In neural cells, at certain central nervous system synapses, presynaptic to postsynaptic adhesion is mediated at least in part by N-cadherin.[24] N-cadherins interact with catenins to play an important role in learning and memory (For full article see Cadherin-catenin complex in learning and memory).

Role in cancer metastasis

N-Cadherin is commonly found in cancer cells and provides a mechanism for transendothelial migration. When a cancer cell adheres to the endothelial cells of a blood vessel it up-regulates the src kinase pathway, which phosphorylates beta-catenins attached to both N-cadherin (this protein) and E-cadherins. This causes the intercellular connection between two adjacent endothelial cells to fail and allows the cancer cell to slip through.[25]

Clinical significance

Mutations in CDH2 have not been conclusively linked to any human disorders. One study investigating genetic underpinnings of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette disorder found that while CDH2 variants are likely not disease-causing as single entities, they may confer risk when examined as part of a panel of related cell–cell adhesion genes.[26] Further studies in larger cohorts will be required to unequivocally determine this.

In human dilated cardiomyopathy, it was shown that N-cadherin expression was enhanced and arranged in a disarrayed fashion, suggesting that disorganization of N-cadherin protein in heart disease may be a component of remodeling.[27]

Interactions

CDH2 has been shown to interact with:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Walsh FS, Barton CH, Putt W, Moore SE, Kelsell D, Spurr N, Goodfellow PN (September 1990). "N-cadherin gene maps to human chromosome 18 and is not linked to the E-cadherin gene". J. Neurochem. 55 (3): 805–12. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04563.x. PMID 2384753.
  2. ↑ Reid RA, Hemperly JJ (October 1990). "Human N-cadherin: nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (19): 5896–5896. doi:10.1093/nar/18.19.5896. PMC 332345. PMID 2216790.
  3. ↑ "Protein sequence of human CDH2 (Uniprot ID: P19022)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  4. ↑ Shapiro L, Fannon AM, Kwong PD, Thompson A, Lehmann MS, Grübel G, Legrand JF, Als-Nielsen J, Colman DR, Hendrickson WA (March 1995). "Structural basis of cell–cell adhesion by cadherins". Nature. 374 (6520): 327–37. doi:10.1038/374327a0. PMID 7885471.
  5. ↑ Buxton RS, Magee AI (June 1992). "Structure and interactions of desmosomal and other cadherins". Seminars in Cell Biology. 3 (3): 157–67. doi:10.1016/s1043-4682(10)80012-1. PMID 1623205.
  6. ↑ Takeichi M (1990). "Cadherins: a molecular family important in selective cell–cell adhesion". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 59: 237–52. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.001321. PMID 2197976.
  7. ↑ Ozawa M, Baribault H, Kemler R (June 1989). "The cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin associates with three independent proteins structurally related in different species". The EMBO Journal. 8 (6): 1711–7. PMC 401013. PMID 2788574.
  8. ↑ García-Castro MI, Vielmetter E, Bronner-Fraser M (May 2000). "N-Cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule involved in establishment of embryonic left-right asymmetry". Science. 288 (5468): 1047–51. doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1047. PMID 10807574.
  9. ↑ Angst BD, Khan LU, Severs NJ, Whitely K, Rothery S, Thompson RP, Magee AI, Gourdie RG (January 1997). "Dissociated spatial patterning of gap junctions and cell adhesion junctions during postnatal differentiation of ventricular myocardium". Circulation Research. 80 (1): 88–94. doi:10.1161/01.res.80.1.88. PMID 8978327.
  10. ↑ Radice GL, Rayburn H, Matsunami H, Knudsen KA, Takeichi M, Hynes RO (January 1997). "Developmental defects in mouse embryos lacking N-cadherin". Developmental Biology. 181 (1): 64–78. doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.8443. PMID 9015265.
  11. ↑ Kostetskii I, Moore R, Kemler R, Radice GL (June 2001). "Differential adhesion leads to segregation and exclusion of N-cadherin-deficient cells in chimeric embryos". Developmental Biology. 234 (1): 72–9. doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0250. PMID 11356020.
  12. ↑ Linask KK, Knudsen KA, Gui YH (May 1997). "N-cadherin-catenin interaction: necessary component of cardiac cell compartmentalization during early vertebrate heart development". Developmental Biology. 185 (2): 148–64. doi:10.1006/dbio.1997.8570. PMID 9187080.
  13. ↑ Ong LL, Kim N, Mima T, Cohen-Gould L, Mikawa T (January 1998). "Trabecular myocytes of the embryonic heart require N-cadherin for migratory unit identity". Developmental Biology. 193 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1006/dbio.1997.8775. PMID 9466883.
  14. ↑ Peters NS, Severs NJ, Rothery SM, Lincoln C, Yacoub MH, Green CR (August 1994). "Spatiotemporal relation between gap junctions and fascia adherens junctions during postnatal development of human ventricular myocardium". Circulation. 90 (2): 713–25. doi:10.1161/01.cir.90.2.713. PMID 8044940.
  15. ↑ Forbes MS, Sperelakis N (1985). "Intercalated discs of mammalian heart: a review of structure and function". Tissue & Cell. 17 (5): 605–48. doi:10.1016/0040-8166(85)90001-1. PMID 3904080.
  16. ↑ Vite, A; Radice, GL (June 2014). "N-cadherin/catenin complex as a master regulator of intercalated disc function". Cell communication & adhesion. 21 (3): 169–79. doi:10.3109/15419061.2014.908853. PMID 24766605.
  17. ↑ Zuppinger C, Schaub MC, Eppenberger HM (April 2000). "Dynamics of early contact formation in cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes studied by N-cadherin fused to green fluorescent protein". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 32 (4): 539–55. doi:10.1006/jmcc.1999.1086. PMID 10756112.
  18. ↑ Dou, JP; Jiao, B; Sheng, JJ; Yu, ZB (25 October 2014). "[Dynamic assembly of intercalated disc during postnatal development in the rat myocardium]". Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica]. 66 (5): 569–74. PMID 25332002.
  19. ↑ Goncharova EJ, Kam Z, Geiger B (January 1992). "The involvement of adherens junction components in myofibrillogenesis in cultured cardiac myocytes". Development. 114 (1): 173–83. PMID 1576958.
  20. ↑ Hertig CM, Eppenberger-Eberhardt M, Koch S, Eppenberger HM (January 1996). "N-cadherin in adult rat cardiomyocytes in culture. I. Functional role of N-cadherin and impairment of cell–cell contact by a truncated N-cadherin mutant". Journal of Cell Science. 109 (1): 1–10. PMID 8834785.
  21. ↑ Ferreira-Cornwell MC, Luo Y, Narula N, Lenox JM, Lieberman M, Radice GL (April 2002). "Remodeling the intercalated disc leads to cardiomyopathy in mice misexpressing cadherins in the heart". Journal of Cell Science. 115 (Pt 8): 1623–34. PMID 11950881.
  22. ↑ Kostetskii I, Li J, Xiong Y, Zhou R, Ferrari VA, Patel VV, Molkentin JD, Radice GL (February 2005). "Induced deletion of the N-cadherin gene in the heart leads to dissolution of the intercalated disc structure". Circulation Research. 96 (3): 346–54. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000156274.72390.2c. PMID 15662031.
  23. ↑ Cheng, L; Yung, A; Covarrubias, M; Radice, GL (10 June 2011). "Cortactin is required for N-cadherin regulation of Kv1.5 channel function". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (23): 20478–89. doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.218560. PMC 3121477. PMID 21507952.
  24. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CDH2 cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal)".
  25. ↑ Ramis-Conde I, Chaplain MA, Anderson AR, Drasdo D (2009). "Multi-scale modelling of cancer cell intravasation: the role of cadherins in metastasis". Phys Biol. 6 (1): 016008. doi:10.1088/1478-3975/6/1/016008. PMID 19321920.
  26. ↑ Moya, PR; Dodman, NH; Timpano, KR; Rubenstein, LM; Rana, Z; Fried, RL; Reichardt, LF; Heiman, GA; Tischfield, JA; King, RA; Galdzicka, M; Ginns, EI; Wendland, JR (August 2013). "Rare missense neuronal cadherin gene (CDH2) variants in specific obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette disorder phenotypes". European Journal of Human Genetics. 21 (8): 850–4. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.245. PMC 3722668. PMID 23321619.
  27. ↑ Tsipis, A; Athanassiadou, AM; Athanassiadou, P; Kavantzas, N; Agrogiannis, G; Patsouris, E (15 September 2010). "Apoptosis-related factors p53, bcl-2 and the defects of force transmission in dilated cardiomyopathy". Pathology, research and practice. 206 (9): 625–30. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2010.05.007. PMID 20591580.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Straub BK, Boda J, Kuhn C, Schnoelzer M, Korf U, Kempf T, Spring H, Hatzfeld M, Franke WW (December 2003). "A novel cell–cell junction system: the cortex adhaerens mosaic of lens fiber cells". J. Cell Sci. 116 (Pt 24): 4985–95. doi:10.1242/jcs.00815. PMID 14625392.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Wahl JK, Kim YJ, Cullen JM, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ (May 2003). "N-cadherin-catenin complexes form prior to cleavage of the proregion and transport to the plasma membrane". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (19): 17269–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M211452200. PMID 12604612.
  30. ↑ Izawa I, Nishizawa M, Ohtakara K, Inagaki M (February 2002). "Densin-180 interacts with delta-catenin/neural plakophilin-related armadillo repeat protein at synapses". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (7): 5345–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110052200. PMID 11729199.
  31. ↑ Brady-Kalnay SM, Rimm DL, Tonks NK. "Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPmu associates with cadherins and catenins in vivo". J. Cell Biol. 130 (4): 977–86. doi:10.1083/jcb.130.4.977. PMC 2199947. PMID 7642713.
  32. ↑ Brady-Kalnay SM, Mourton T, Nixon JP, Pietz GE, Kinch M, Chen H, Brackenbury R, Rimm DL, Del Vecchio RL, Tonks NK. "Dynamic interaction of PTPmu with multiple cadherins in vivo". J. Cell Biol. 141 (1): 287–96. doi:10.1083/jcb.141.1.287. PMC 2132733. PMID 9531566.
  33. ↑ Besco JA, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Frostholm A, Rotter A (October 2006). "Intracellular substrates of brain-enriched receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase rho (RPTPrho/PTPRT)". Brain Res. 1116 (1): 50–7. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.122. PMID 16973135.
  34. ↑ Sacco PA, McGranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR (August 1995). "Identification of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (34): 20201–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.20201. PMID 7650039.
  35. ↑ Sinn HW, Balsamo J, Lilien J, Lin JJ (September 2002). "Localization of the novel Xin protein to the adherens junction complex in cardiac and skeletal muscle during development". Developmental Dynamics. 225 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/dvdy.10131. PMID 12203715.
  36. ↑ Schroen B, Leenders JJ, van Erk A, Bertrand AT, van Loon M, van Leeuwen RE, Kubben N, Duisters RF, Schellings MW, Janssen BJ, Debets JJ, Schwake M, Høydal MA, Heymans S, Saftig P, Pinto YM (May 2007). "Lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 is a novel component of the cardiac intercalated disc and vital for load-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 204 (5): 1227–35. doi:10.1084/jem.20070145. PMC 2118572. PMID 17485520.

Further reading

External links

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