Gonadoblastoma differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2]

Overview

Gonadoblastoma must be differentiated from other diseases that is associated with virilization, and primary amenorrhea and also must be differentiated pathologically from dysgerminoma, Sex-cord stromal tumors, and Sertoli-cell nodules.

Differentiating Gonadoblastoma from other Diseases

Gonadoblastoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause disorders of sex development, ambiguous genitalia, virilization, and primary amenorrhea such as:[1][2][3][4]

Gonadoblastoma must be differentiated pathologically from:

Differentiating gonadoblastoma from other diseases on the basis of age of onset, vaginal discharge, and constitutional symptoms

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Age of onset Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Immunohistopathology
pelvic/abdominal pain or pressure vaginal bleeding/discharge GI dysturbance Fever Tenderness CT scan/US MRI
Gynecologic
Ovarian Embryonal carcinoma[5][6][7][8][9]
  • Individuals of any age, especially young adults
+/– +/– _ _ _
Gonadoblastoma
[3][4][10][11][12][13]
  • Individuals of any age,but more common prior to 15 years of age
+/– +/– _ _ _
  • NA
Follicular cysts
[14]
+/– +/–
  • In US we may see a >3 cm simple cyst with no internal echo and with posterior acoustic enhancement
  • simple cyst with no internal echo or septa
  • NA
Theca lutein cysts
[15][16][17]
+/– +/–
Serous cystadenoma/carcinoma
[18][19][20][21]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–
  • In US we may see simple or multiloculated cyst
  • In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see papillary projection inside the cyst
  • In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see ascites
  • In Serous cystadenoma we may see a simple cyst with beak sign, hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2
  • In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see some Solid malignant components inside the cyst with intermediate signal on T1 and T2
Mucinous cystadenoma/carcinoma
[22][23][24]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–
  • Stained glass appearance due to variable signal intensity on T1 and T2
  • The more mucin we have, there is more intensity on T1
  • and less intensity on T2
Endometrioma
[25][26][27]
+ + +/– +
  • hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and a hypointensity on T2-weighted images
  • Powder burn hemorrhages
Teratoma
[28][29][30][31]
  • 10-30 y/o
+/– +/–
  • We may see evidence of fat components
Dysgerminoma
[32][33]
  • in the second to third decade of life
+ +/– +/–
  • We may see ovarian mass with septation which are hyperintense on T1 and hypo or isointense on T2 imaging
  • Sheets fried egg appearance cells
Yolk sac tumor
[34][35][36]
+ +
  • High levels of AFP
  • In US we may see a combination of echogenic and hypoechoic components
  • Yellow appearance
  • Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruli like structures)
Fibroma
[37][38][39]
  • >50 y/o
  • Pulling sensation in the groin
+/–
  • In CT scan we may see a unilateral mass with poor contrast enhancement
  • Low signal intensity on T1 and T2
Thecoma
[40][41][42]
  • >50 y/o
+/–
Granulosa cell tumor
[43][44][45][46]
  • 50-60 y/o
+ +/–
Sertoli-leydig cell tumor
[47][48]
  • 15 to 35 y/o
+/–
  • In US we may see unilateral Well-defined hypoechoic lesion
  • Low T2 signal intensity
  • areas of high signal intensity
Brenner tumor
[49][50]
  • >55 y/o
+/–
  • Hypointense on T2 because of fibrous content
  • Most of the times it's an accidental finding
Krukenberg tumor
[51][52]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–

Based on underlying malignancy

Tubal tubo-ovarian abscess
[53][54][55][56]
+ + + +
  • hypointense in T1 and heterogeneous in T2
Ectopic pregnancy
[57]
+ + +/– +
  • NA
  • NA
Hydrosalpinx
[58][59][60]
  • NA
+ +/–
  • NA
Salpingitis
[61]
+ + + +
  • In US we may see , edematous and thickened endosalpingeal folds
  • NA
  • NA
Fallopian tube carcinoma
[62]
  • >60 y/o
+ + + +/–
  • Low signal on T1
  • In case of hemorrhage inside the tumor we may see high signal intensity on T1
  • Low or of intermediate signal on T2
  • Based on the tumor type we may have different biopsy finding
Uterine Leiomyoma
[63][64]
+ + +/–
  • Low to intermediate signal intensity on T1 and T2
  • In case of necrosis inside the mass, there might be some high signal lesions on T2
Choriocarcinoma
[65][66][67][68]
+ + +/– +
  • We may see an infiltrative uterine mass and thickening of uterine wall
Leiomyosarcoma
[69][70][71][72][73]
  • >55 y/o
+ + +/–
  • Increased uterine size
  • Irregular central zones of low signal intensity (tumor necrosis)
Pregnancy
[74]
+/− +/− +/−
  • NA
Non-gynecologic
GIT Appendiceal abscess
[75]
  • NA
+ + +/– +
  • NA
Appendiceal neoplasm
[76][77][78][79][80]
+ + +/–
  • Soft tissue mass in the appendix
  • We may see invasion to other structures
  • Gray/yellowi color
  • Cystic structures with angiolymphatic invasion
Diverticular abscess
[81]
  • >50 y/o
+ + +/– +
  • Ill-defined lesion with air and fluid inside
  • Adjacent bowel loop wall thickening
  • Smudged mesenteric fat
  • We may see a lesion with air and fluid inside
  • NA
Colorectal cancer
[82][83][84][85]
  • >50 y/o
+ + +/–
  • We may see tumor mass and the extension of tumor to other structures
Renal

Bladder

Pelvic kidney
[86][87]
  • NA
−/+

In case of sever hydronephrosis or renal stone we may have pelvic pain

  • We may see normal kidney structure
  • NA
  • It may cause tract infection (UTI), obstruction, and renal calculi.
  • It may be associated with RCC
Bladder cancer
[88][89][90]
  • ≥65 y/o
+
  • isointense compared to muscle in T1
  • slightly hyperintense compared to muscle in T2
Others Retroperitoneal sarcoma
[91][92][93][94]
  • 40-50 y/o
+ +

ABBREVIATIONS

BTA=Bladder tumor associated antigen, NMP= Nuclear matrix proteins, CEA= Carcinoembryonic antigen, US= Ultrasound, HCG= Human chorionic gonadotropin, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, AFP= Alpha fitoprotein, CA125= Cancer antigen 125, H&E= Hematoxylin and eosin, MRI= Magnetic resonance imaging, GI= Gastrointestinal tract, PID= Pelvic inflammatory disease, CA19-9= Carbohydrate antigen 19-9, 5HIAA= 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, MEN syndrome= Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, HNPCC= Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, UTI= Urinary tract infection, RCC= Renal cell carcinoma

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