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====Bacteria – Gram-Negative Bacilli====   
====Bacteria – Gram-Negative Bacilli====   
{{PBI|Achromobacter xylosoxidans}}
{{PBI|Achromobacter xylosoxidans}}
{{PBI|Acinetobacter baumannii}}
{{PBI|Acinetobacter baumannii}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Imipenem]] 0.5-1 g IV q6h
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Imipenem]] 0.5-1 g IV q6h
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Ampicillin/sulbactam]]  3 g q4h  
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Ampicillin/sulbactam]]  3 g q4h  
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:::::* Preferred regimen(3): [[Clarithromycin]] 15 mg/kg PO (1 g daily Maximum) bid for 7 days
:::::* Preferred regimen(3): [[Clarithromycin]] 15 mg/kg PO (1 g daily Maximum) bid for 7 days
:::::* Preferred regimen(4): [[TMP]] 8 mg/kg/day {{and}} [[Sulfamethoxazole|SMX]] 40 mg/kg/day bid for 14 days
:::::* Preferred regimen(4): [[TMP]] 8 mg/kg/day {{and}} [[Sulfamethoxazole|SMX]] 40 mg/kg/day bid for 14 days
:::* 1.4 '''Post exposure prophylaxis'''
 


{{PBI|Burkholderia cepacia}}
{{PBI|Burkholderia cepacia}}
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::::* 1.1.1 '''Triple therapy'''
::::* 1.1.1 '''Triple therapy'''


:::::* Preferred regimen: PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid {{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid  for 7-14 days
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[PPI]] (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid {{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid  for 7-14 days
::::* 1.1.2 '''Quadruple therapy'''
::::* 1.1.2 '''Quadruple therapy'''


:::::* Preferred regimen: PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 250 mg q6h {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] 500 mg q6h {{and}} [[Bismuth]] (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[PPI]] (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 250 mg q6h {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] 500 mg q6h {{and}} [[Bismuth]] (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
::::* 1.1.3 '''Sequential therapy'''
::::* 1.1.3 '''Sequential therapy'''


:::::* Preferred regimen: PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid for 1-5 days followed by PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid {{and}} [[Tinidazole]] 500 mg bid for  6-10 days
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[PPI]] (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid for 1-5 days {{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid {{and}} [[Tinidazole]] 500 mg bid for  6-10 days
:::* 1.2 '''Second-Line Therapies'''
:::* 1.2 '''Second-Line Therapies'''
::::* 1.2.1 '''Triple therapy'''
::::* 1.2.1 '''Triple therapy'''


:::::* Preferred regimen: PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 500 mg bid
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[PPI]] (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 500 mg bid


:::::* Alternative regimen (1) (allergy to amoxicillin): (PPI {{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] {{and}} [[Metronidazole]])  
:::::* Alternative regimen (1) (allergy to amoxicillin): ([[PPI]] {{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] {{and}} [[Metronidazole]])  


:::::* Alternative regimen (2) (allergy to amoxicillin): ([[PPI]] {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] {{and}} [[Metronidazole]]).
:::::* Alternative regimen (2) (allergy to amoxicillin): ([[PPI]] {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] {{and}} [[Metronidazole]]).
::::* 1.2.2 '''Quadruple therapy'''
::::* 1.2.2 '''Quadruple therapy'''


:::::* Preferred regimen: PPI (standard dose twice daily){{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 250 mg q6h {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] 500 mg q6h {{and}} [[Bismuth]] (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[PPI]] (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 250 mg q6h {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] 500 mg q6h {{and}} [[Bismuth]] (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
::::* 1.2.3 '''Levofloxacin triple therapy'''
::::* 1.2.3 '''Levofloxacin triple therapy'''


:::::* Preferred regimen: PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid  {{and}}  [[Levofloxacin]] 500 mg bid for 10 days
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[PPI]] (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid  {{and}}  [[Levofloxacin]] 500 mg bid for 10 days
::::* 1.2.4 '''Rifabutin triple therapy'''
::::* 1.2.4 '''Rifabutin triple therapy'''


:::::* Preferred regimen: PPI (standard dose twice daily)  {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]]  1 g bid {{and}} [[Rifabutin]] 150-300 mg/day for 10 days
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[PPI]] (standard dose twice daily)  {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]]  1 g bid {{and}} [[Rifabutin]] 150-300 mg/day for 10 days


----
----
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{{PBI|Klebsiella pneumoniae}}
{{PBI|Klebsiella pneumoniae}}
::* Klebsiella pneumoniae<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:* Klebsiella pneumoniae<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::* 1. '''Severe, nosocomial infection'''
::* 1. '''Severe, nosocomial infection'''
::::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Cefepime]] 2g IV q8h  
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Cefepime]] 2g IV q8h  


::::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Ceftazidime]] 2g IV q8h  
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Ceftazidime]] 2g IV q8h  


::::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Imipenem]] 500mg IV q6h  
:::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Imipenem]] 500mg IV q6h  


::::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Meropenem]] 1g IV q8h  
:::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Meropenem]] 1g IV q8h  


::::* Preferred regimen (5): [[Piperacillin]]-[[tazobactam]] 4.5 g IV q6h {{and}} [[Aminoglycoside]]  
:::* Preferred regimen (5): [[Piperacillin]]-[[tazobactam]] 4.5 g IV q6h {{and}} [[Aminoglycoside]]  


::::* Preferred regimen (6): Respiratory fluoroquinolone
:::* Preferred regimen (6): Respiratory fluoroquinolone
::::* Preferred regimen (7) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): [[Imipenem]] 500mg IV q6h  
:::* Preferred regimen (7) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): [[Imipenem]] 500mg IV q6h  


::::* Preferred regimen (8) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): [[Meropenem]] 1g IV q8h  
:::* Preferred regimen (8) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): [[Meropenem]] 1g IV q8h  


::::* Preferred regimen (9) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): [[Ertapenem]] 1g IV q24h  
:::* Preferred regimen (9) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): [[Ertapenem]] 1g IV q24h  


::::* Preferred regimen (10) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): [[Doripenem]] 500mg IV q8h
:::* Preferred regimen (10) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): [[Doripenem]] 500mg IV q8h
::::* Note: In ESBLs,inconsistent activity seen with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and piperacillin-tazobactam. Avoid cephalosporins
:::* Note: In ESBLs,inconsistent activity seen with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and piperacillin-tazobactam. Avoid cephalosporins
::::* Alternate regimen (1): [[Ceftriaxone]] 1 gm IV q24h {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 500 mg IV q6h {{or}} 1 gm IV q12h
:::* Alternate regimen (1): [[Ceftriaxone]] 1 gm IV q24h {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 500 mg IV q6h {{or}} 1 gm IV q12h


::::* Alternate regimen (2): [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg IV/PO q24h  
:::* Alternate regimen (2): [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg IV/PO q24h  
----
----


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{{PBI|Legionella pneumophila}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
{{PBI|Legionella pneumophila}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>


:*Legionella pneumophila
:* Legionella pneumophila
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Levofloxacin]] 750 mg PO/IV qd for 7-10 days  
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Levofloxacin]] 750 mg PO/IV qd for 7-10 days  


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::* Preferred regimen (8): [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid {{or}} XL 1 g PO  
::* Preferred regimen (8): [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid {{or}} XL 1 g PO  


::* Preferred regimen (9): [[Azithromycin]] 500 mg single dose {then}} 250 mg PO
::* Preferred regimen (9): [[Azithromycin]] 500 mg single dose {{then}} 250 mg PO


::* Preferred regimen (10): Flouroquinolones such as [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg IV/PO qd   
::* Preferred regimen (10): Flouroquinolones such as [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg IV/PO qd   
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{{PBI|Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}
{{PBI|Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}
:*Pseudomonas aeruginosa<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:*Pseudomonas aeruginosa<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
::*Preferred regimen (1): [[Cefepime]] 2 g IV q8h  
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Cefepime]] 2 g IV q8h  


::*Preferred regimen (2): [[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h  
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h  


::*Preferred regimen (3): [[Piperacillin]] 3-4 g IV q4h in (no benefit for pseudomonas from beta-lactamase inhibitor)
::*Preferred regimen (3): [[Piperacillin]] 3-4 g IV q4h in (no benefit for pseudomonas from beta-lactamase inhibitor)


::*Preferred regimen (4): [[Ticarcillin]] 3-4 g IV q4h (no benefit for pseudomonas from beta-lactamase inhibitor).
::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Ticarcillin]] 3-4 g IV q4h (no benefit for pseudomonas from beta-lactamase inhibitor).
::*Preferred regimen (5): [[Imipenem]] 500 mg—1 g IV q6h  
::* Preferred regimen (5): [[Imipenem]] 500 mg—1 g IV q6h  


::*Preferred regimen (6): [[Meropenem]] 1 g IV q8h  
::* Preferred regimen (6): [[Meropenem]] 1 g IV q8h  


::*Preferred regimen (7): [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IV q8h  
::* Preferred regimen (7): [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IV q8h  


::*Preferred regimen (8): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q8h {{or}} 750mg PO q12h(for less serious infections).  
::* Preferred regimen (8): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q8h {{or}} 750mg PO q12h (for less serious infections).  


::*Preferred regimen (9): [[Aztreonam]] 2 g IV q6-8h.
::* Preferred regimen (9): [[Aztreonam]] 2 g IV q6-8h.


::*Preferred regimen (10): [[Colistin]] 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h.  
::* Preferred regimen (10): [[Colistin]] 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h.  


::*Preferred regimen (11): [[Polymyxin B]] 0.75-1.25 mg/kg IV q12h  
::* Preferred regimen (11): [[Polymyxin B]] 0.75-1.25 mg/kg IV q12h  


::*Preferred regimen (12): [[Gentamicin]]  
::* Preferred regimen (12): [[Gentamicin]]  


::*Preferred regimen (13): [[Tobramycin]] 1.7-2.0 mg/Kg IV q8h {{or}} 5-7mg/kg IV  
::* Preferred regimen (13): [[Tobramycin]] 1.7-2.0 mg/Kg IV q8h {{or}} 5-7 mg/kg IV  


::*Preferred regimen (14): [[Amikacin]] 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h
::* Preferred regimen (14): [[Amikacin]] 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h


::* Note: Amikacin > Tobramycin > Gentamicin with respect to P.aeruginosa susceptibility percentages at most institutions.
::* Note: Amikacin > Tobramycin > Gentamicin with respect to P.aeruginosa susceptibility percentages at most institutions.
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:::*Preferred regimen (3): [[Ciprofloxacin]] IV for 1-2 weeks {{then}} [[Ciprofloxacin|oral Ciprofloxacin]] {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] for 6 weeks)
:::*Preferred regimen (3): [[Ciprofloxacin]] IV for 1-2 weeks {{then}} [[Ciprofloxacin|oral Ciprofloxacin]] {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] for 6 weeks)
::* 10. '''HIV and salmonellosis'''
::* 10. '''HIV and salmonellosis'''
:::*Preferred regimen: (IV [[Cephalosporin]] {{or}} IV [[Fluoroquinolone]]) {{then}} oral flouroquinolones ([[Ciprofloxacin]] 500-750 mg PO bid for 4weeks).
:::* Preferred regimen: (IV [[Cephalosporin]] {{or}} IV [[Fluoroquinolone]]) {{then}} oral flouroquinolones ([[Ciprofloxacin]] 500-750 mg PO bid for 4 weeks).
:::*Note: If relapse occurs within 6weeks give life-long abx or until immune recovery post-ART
:::* Note: If relapse occurs within 6 weeks give life-long abx or until immune recovery post-ART
:::*'''11.Carrier state''' : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg PO bid for 4-6weeks {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 1DS bid PO for 6weeks{{or}} [[Amoxicillin]] 500mg PO for 6weeks.
::* 11. '''Carrier state'''
 
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg PO bid for 4-6 weeks
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[TMP-SMX]] 1DS bid PO for 6 weeks
:::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Amoxicillin]] 500 mg PO for 6 weeks.
{{PBI|Serratia marcescens}}
{{PBI|Serratia marcescens}}
::*Serratia marcescens<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:* Serratia marcescens<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*'''1.Bacteremia,Pneumonia or SeriousInfections'''
::* 1. '''Bacteremia, pneumonia or serious infections'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Cefepime]] 1-2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 0.5-1.0 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400mg IV q8h.
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Cefepime]] 1-2 g IV q8h
::::*Alternative regimen : [[Aztreonam]], [[Gentamicin]] {{or}} [[Amikacin]] {{or}} [[Piperacillin]]/[[tazobactam]] also often effective.
 
::::*Note : Duration depends on clinical response,usually 7-14days.
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Imipenem]] 0.5-1.0 g IV q6h
:::*'''2.Endocarditis'''
 
::::*Preferred regimen : Choice dictated by sensitivities. 4to6 week duration of parenteral therapy.
:::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400mg IV q8h.
:::*'''3.Osteomyelitis'''
:::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Aztreonam]]
::::*Preferred regimen : Choice dictated by sensitivity profile. Treat for 6-12weeks depending upon response. Use IV treatment until stable/clinically improved(10-14days min)then may convert to PO therapy if appropriate
 
:::*'''4.UTI'''
:::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Gentamicin]]  
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250mg PO bid or 400mg IV q12h {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 250mg PO everyday or 500mg IV q24h
 
::::*Note : Fluoroquinolones often sensitive but in seriously ill patient consider empiric coverage with two drugs(e.g.,[[Beta-lactam]] and [[Aminoglycoside]] {{or}} [[Fluoroquinolones]] {{and}} [[Carbapenem]])until susceptibilities known.
:::* Alternative regimen (3): [[Amikacin]]  
 
:::* Alternative regimen (4): [[Piperacillin]]/[[tazobactam]] also often effective.
:::* Note: Duration depends on clinical response, usually 7-14days.
::* 2. '''Endocarditis'''
:::* Note: Choice dictated by sensitivities. 4to6 week duration of parenteral therapy.
::* 3. '''Osteomyelitis'''
:::* Note (1): Choice dictated by sensitivity profile. Treat for 6-12 weeks depending upon response.  
 
:::* Note (2): Use IV treatment until stable/clinically improved (10-14days Minimum) then may convert to PO therapy if appropriate
::* 4. '''UTI'''
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250 mg PO bid {{or}} 400 mg IV q12h
 
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Levofloxacin]] 250 mg PO qd {{or}} 500mg IV q24h
:::* Note: Fluoroquinolones often sensitive but in seriously ill patient consider empiric coverage with two drugs(e.g.,beta-lactam and aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolones and carbapenem)until susceptibilities known.


{{PBI|Shigella}}
{{PBI|Shigella}}
::*Shigella<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:* Shigella<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen
::* Preferred regimen (1) (if known sulfa sensitive): [[TMP]](160 mg) {{and}} [[Sulfamethoxazole|SMX]] (800 mg) PO q12h for 3-5 days
::::*If known sulfa sensitive : TMP(160mg)/SMX(800mg) PO q12h for 3-5days.
::* Preferred regimen (2) (pediatric dose): [[TMP]] 5 mg {{and}} [[Sulfamethoxazole|SMX]] 25 mg/kg PO bid.
::::*Pediatric dose : TMP5mg/SMX 25mg/kg PO bid.
::* Preferred regimen (3) (if TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg
::::*If TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg {{or}} [[Norfloxacin]] 400mg {{or}} [[Ofloxacin]] 200mg PO bid for 3-5days.
 
:::*Alternative regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 1g IV q24h {{or}}} [[Azithromycin]] 500mg PO single dose, then 250mg PO for 4days {{or}} [[Nalidixicacid]] 250mg PO q6h or pediatric dose 55kg/day) {{or}} [[Ampicillin]](500mg PO q6h depending on susceptibility patterns.
::* Preferred regimen (4) (if TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility): [[Norfloxacin]] 400 mg
:::*Note : In southeast Asia, growing resistance seen to fluoroquinolones, azithromycin maybe preferred.
::* Preferred regimen (5) (if TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility): [[Ofloxacin]] 200 mg PO bid for 3-5 days
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Ceftriaxone]] 1 g IV q24h  
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Azithromycin]] 500 mg PO single dose {{then}} 250 mg PO for 4 days
::* Alternative regimen (3): [[Nalidixic acid]] 250 mg PO q6h {{or}} pediatric dose 55kg/day)  
::* Alternative regimen (4) (depending on susceptibility patterns): [[Ampicillin]] 500 mg PO q6h  
::* Note: In southeast Asia, growing resistance seen to fluoroquinolones, azithromycin maybe preferred
{{PBI|Stenotrophomonas maltophilia}}
{{PBI|Stenotrophomonas maltophilia}}
::*Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:*Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred treatment : [[TMP-SMX]] 15-20(TMP component)mg/kg/day IV/PO q8h.
::* Preferred treatment: [[TMP-SMX]] 15-20 mg/kg/day (TMP component) IV/PO q8h.
:::*Alternative treatment (1) : [[Ceftazidime]] 2g IV q8h {{or}} [[Ticarcillin]]/[[clavulanate]] 3.1g IV q4h {{or}} [[Tigecycline]] 100mg IV Single dose,then 50mg IV q12h.
::* Alternative treatment (1): [[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h  
:::*Alternative treatment (2) : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500-750mg PO /400mg IV q12h {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400mg PO/IV {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 750mg PO/IV .
 
:::*Alternative treatment (3) : Multiply-resistantance [[Colistin]] 2.5mg/kg q12h IV.
::* Alternative treatment (2): [[Ticarcillin]]/[[clavulanate]] 3.1 g IV q4h
:::*Note : Treatment duration uncertain,but usually ≥14days
 
::* Alternative treatment (3): [[Tigecycline]] 100 mg IV single dose {{then}} 50 mg IV q12h.
::* Alternative treatment (4): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500-750 mg PO /400 mg IV q12h  
 
::* Alternative treatment (5): [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg PO/IV  
::* Alternative treatment (6): [[Levofloxacin]] 750 mg PO/IV .
::* Alternative treatment (7) (Multiply-resistantance): [[Colistin]] 2.5 mg/kg q12h IV.
::* Note: Treatment duration uncertain, but usually ≥14days
{{PBI|Vibrio cholerae}}
{{PBI|Vibrio cholerae}}
{{PBI|Vibrio parahaemolyticus}}
{{PBI|Vibrio parahaemolyticus}}

Revision as of 06:07, 20 July 2015

Bacteria – Gram-Negative Bacilli

  • Preferred regimen (1): Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin/sulbactam 3 g q4h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (4): Colistin 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (5): Tigecycline 100 mg IV THEN 50 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (6): Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV OR 15 mg/kg/day IV
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV qd
  • Alternative regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2-3 g IV q6-8h
  • Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q8-12h OR 750 mg PO bid
  • Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 15-20 mg (TMP)/kg/day IV divided 3 OR 4 doses/day OR 2 DS PO bid
  • 1. Cat scratch disease
  • 1.1 If extensive adenopathy
  • 2. Retinitis
  • 3. Bacillary angiomatosis
  • 4. Peliosis hepatitis
  • 5. Oroya fever
  • 6. Endocarditis
  • Bordetella pertussis[3]
  • 1. Whooping cough
  • 1.1 Adults
  • Preferred regimen (1): Azithromycin 500 mg PO single dose on day 1 THEN 250 mg PO qd on 2-5 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Erythromycin 2 g/day PO qid for 14 days
  • Preferred regimen (3): Clarithromycin 1 g PO bid for 7 days.
  • Alternative regimen (intolerant of macrolides): Trimethoprim 320 mg/day AND Sulfamethoxazole 1600 mg/day PO bid for 14 days
  • 1.2 Infants <6 months of age
  • 1.2.1 Infants <1 month
  • Preferred regimen (1): Azithromycin 10 mg/kg PO qd for 5 days
  • Preferred regimen (2) (if azithromycin unavailable): Erythromycin 40-50 mg/kg/day PO q6h for 14 days
  • Note: TMP-SMX contraindicated for infants aged <2 months
  • 1.2.2 Infants of 1-5 months of age
  • Preferred regimen (1): Azithromycin 10 mg/kg PO qd for 5 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Erythromycin 40-50 mg/kg/day qid for 14 days
  • Preferred regimen (3): Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg PO bid for 7 days,
  • Alternative regimen: For infants aged ≥2 months TMP 8 mg/kg/day AND SMX 40 mg/kg/day bid for 14 days
  • 1.3 Infants ≥6 months of age-children
  • Preferred regimen(1): Azithromycin 10 mg/kg single dose THEN 5 mg/kg (500 mg Maximum) qd for 2-5 days
  • Preferred regimen(2): Erythromycin 40-50 mg/kg PO (2 g daily Maximum) qid for 14 days
  • Preferred regimen(3): Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg PO (1 g daily Maximum) bid for 7 days
  • Preferred regimen(4): TMP 8 mg/kg/day AND SMX 40 mg/kg/day bid for 14 days


  • Burkholderia cepacia[4]
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • 1. Melioidosis[5]
  • 1.1 Intial intensive therapy (Minimum of 10-14 days)
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ceftazidime 50 mg/kg upto 2 g q6h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Meropenem 25 mg/kg upto 1g q8h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Imipenem 25 mg/kg upto 1g
  • Note: Any one of the three may be combined with TMP-SMX 6/30 mg/kg upto 320/1600 mg/kg q12h (recommended for neurologic, bone, joint, cutaneous and prostatic melioidosis)
  • 1.2 Eradication therapy (Minimum of 3 months)
  • Preferred regimen: TMP-SMX 6/30 mg/kg upto 320/1600 mg/kg q12h
  • Campylobacter fetus[6]
  • 1. Serious infections
  • 2. Endovascular infections
  • 3. CNS
  • Capnocytophaga canimorsus[7]
  • 1. Severe cellulitis/sepsis or endocarditis
  • Preferred regimen (1) (Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor): Ampicillin/sulbactam 3 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (2) (Non-beta-lactamase producing): Penicillin G 2-4 MU IV q24h
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV q24h
  • Alternative regimen (2): Meropenem 1 g IV q8h.
  • 2. Complicated infections or immunocompromise
  • Preferred regimen: Clindamycin 600 mg IV q8h may be combined with above agents
  • Note (1): Resistance to aztreonam described, and variable susceptibility reported to TMP-SMX and aminoglycosides.
  • Note (2): For endocarditis, alternatives to penicillins not well established, treated for duration of 6 weeks.
  • Note (3): For non-endocarditis infections, duration not well established, but most authorities recommend at least 14-21 days of therapy.
  • 3. Mild cellulitis/dog or cat bites
  • 4. Meningitis or brain abscess
  • 5. Prevention
  • Although no firm data supports this recommendation, many clinicians do give prophylaxis for dog and cat bites in asplenic patients with Amoxicillin/clavulanate for 7-10 days.
  • Citrobacter freundii[8]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Meropenem 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (4): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (5): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h OR 500 mg PO bid for UTI
  • Preferred regimen (6): Gentamicin 5 mg/kg/day.
  • Alternate regimen (1): Piperacillin/tazobactam 3.375 mg q6h IV
  • Alternate regimen (2): Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q6h
  • Alternate regimen (3): TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg q6h IV OR DS PO bid for UTI.
  • Citrobacter koseri[9]
  • Escherichia coli[12]
  • 1. Meningitits
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 8–12 g/day IV q4–6h
  • Alternative regimen (1): Aztreonam 6–8 g/day IV q6–8h
  • Alternative regimen (4): Meropenem 6 g/day IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (6): Ampicillin 12 g/day IV q4h
  • 2. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection
  • Preferred agents (IDSA/AUA Guidelines): TMP-SMX DS PO bid for 3 days
  • Alternative regimen(1): Ciprofloxacin 250 mg PO bid
  • Alternative regimen(5): Nitrofurantoin macrocrystals 100 mg PO bid for 7 days
  • Alternative regimen(6): Fosfomycin 3 g sachet PO single dose
  • Note: For older patients, those with comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus) use 7-10 days course.
  • 3. Pyelonephritis
  • 3.1 Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis
  • Alternative regimen (2): Oral Cephalosporins
  • Alternative regimen (3): TMP-SMX 2 mg/kg IV q6h PO for 14 days
  • 3.2 Acute pyelonephritis (Hospitalized)
  • Alternative regimen (4): Ertapenem 1 gm IV q24h
  • Alternative regimen (5): Doripenem 500 mg q8h for 14 days
  • 4. Traveler’s diarrhea
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO OD for 1-3 days or other Fluoroquinolones
  • Preferred regimen (2) (pediatrics & pregnancy): Azithromycin 10 mg/kg/day single dose
  • Preferred regimen (3) (pediatrics & pregnancy): Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/day IV qd for 3 days.
  • Note: Avoid fluoroquinolones in pediatrics and pregnancy.
  • 5. Malacoplakia
  • Preferred regimen (2): TMP-SMX 2 mg/kg (TMP component IV q6h)
  • 6. Bacteremia/pneumonia
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV q24h OR other third or fourth generation cephalosporin
  • Preferred regimen (2): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h OR 500 mg PO q12h
  • Preferred regimen (5): Ampicillin(if sensitive) 2 g IV q6h
  • Francisella tularensis[13]
  • 1. Tularemia
  • Preferred regimen (2): Gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV q24h for 10 days.
  • Preferred regimen (3) (pregnancy): Gentamicin 5 mg/kg/day IV for 10 days
  • Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg IV bid
  • Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV bid until stable THEN PO for 14-21 days (total)
  • Alternative regimen (4) (pregnancy): Ciprofloxacin
  • Helicobacter pylori[14]
  • 1. Peptic ulcer disease
  • 1.1 Regimens for Initial Treatment
  • 1.1.1 Triple therapy
  • 1.1.2 Quadruple therapy
  • 1.1.3 Sequential therapy
  • 1.2 Second-Line Therapies
  • 1.2.1 Triple therapy
  • 1.2.2 Quadruple therapy
  • 1.2.3 Levofloxacin triple therapy
  • 1.2.4 Rifabutin triple therapy
  • Preferred regimen: PPI (standard dose twice daily) AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Rifabutin 150-300 mg/day for 10 days
  • Klebsiella granulomatis (formly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
  • 1. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)[15]
  • Preferred regimen: Azithromycin 1 g PO once a week OR 500 mg qd for 3 weeks THEN until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 3 weeks THEN until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (2): Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO bid for at least 3 weeks THEN until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (3): Erythromycin base 500 mg PO qid for at least 3 weeks THEN until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (4): Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole DS (160 mg/800 mg) tablet PO bid for at least 3 weeks THEN until all lesions have completely healed
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae[16]
  • 1. Severe, nosocomial infection
  • Preferred regimen (1): Cefepime 2g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Imipenem 500mg IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (6): Respiratory fluoroquinolone
  • Preferred regimen (7) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): Imipenem 500mg IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (8) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): Meropenem 1g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (9) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): Ertapenem 1g IV q24h
  • Preferred regimen (10) (For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia, sepsis, complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections): Doripenem 500mg IV q8h
  • Note: In ESBLs,inconsistent activity seen with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and piperacillin-tazobactam. Avoid cephalosporins
  • Alternate regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1 gm IV q24h AND Metronidazole 500 mg IV q6h OR 1 gm IV q12h
  • Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 500–750 mg PO bid for 2–3 months
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • Preferred regimen (1): Levofloxacin 750 mg PO/IV qd for 7-10 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO/IV qd for 7-10 days
  • Preferred regimen (3): Azithromycin 500 mg PO/IV qd for 7-10 days
  • Preferred regimen (4): Rifampin 300 mg PO/IV bid
  • Alternative regimen (1): Erythromycin 1 g IV q6h and THEN 500 mg PO q6h for 7-10 days
  • Alternative regimen (2): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h THEN 750 mg PO bid 7-10 days
  • Pneumonia
  • Preferred regimen (2): Oral cephalosporins such as Cefprozil 200-500 mg bid
  • Preferred regimen (5): Cefdinir 300 mg bid
  • Preferred regimen (7): Macrolides such as Erythromycin 500 mg PO q6h
  • Preferred regimen (9): Azithromycin 500 mg single dose THEN 250 mg PO
  • Preferred regimen (10): Flouroquinolones such as Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV/PO qd
  • Preferred regimen (12): TMP-SMX DS PO bid
  • Morganella morganii[22]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Meropenem 1.0 g IV q8h (adjust dose if necessary for renalfunction).
  • Note (1): Carbapenems are considered first line therapy due to inducible cephalosporinases, and presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in some isolates.
  • Note (2): Duration of treatment for UTI (generally complicated) is 7 days and Duration of treatment for bacteremia is 14 days.
  • Note (3): Tigecycline is not reliably effective
  • Alternative Regimen (1): Cefepime 2.0 g IV q8-12h
  • Alternative Regimen (6): Tobramycin 1 mg/kg IV q24h
  • Alternative Regimen (7): Amikacin 3 mg/kg IV q24h
  • Note: Aminoglycosides can be used alone for treatment of UTI
  • Plesiomonas shigelloides[23]
  • 1. Immunocompetent hosts or severe Infection
  • Preferred regimen : Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid OR 400 mg IV q12h
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ofloxacin 300 mg PO bid
  • Alternative regimen (3): TMP-SMX DS PO bid for 3 days
  • Alternative regimen (4) (severe cases): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV qd
  • 2. Immunocompromised hosts
  • Alternative regimen (3) (if susceptible): TMP-SMX DS PO bid for 3 days
  • Proteus mirabilis[24]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ampicillin 500 mg PO q6h or 2 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefuroxime 250 mg PO bid or 750 mg IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 250-500 mg PO bid or 400 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (4): Levofloxacin 500 mg PO OD or 500 mg IV q24h
  • Note: Uncomplicated UTI 3 days, pyelonephritis 7-14 days, complicated UTI 10-21 days and bacteremia 7-14 days
  • Indole positive Proteus species[25]
  • 1. Complicated uti/bacteremia/acute prostatitis
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 500-750 mg PO q12h OR 400 mg IV q8-12h
  • Preferred regimen (4): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV q24h (donot use if ESBL suspected or critically ill)
  • Preferred regimen (5): Meropenem 1 g IV q8h (consider if critically ill or ESBL suspected)
  • Preferred regimen (6): Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (8): Tobramycin acceptable if susceptible but many species are resistant.
  • Note (1): Duration of treatment for (UTI) is 7 days common or 3-5 days after defervescence or control/elimination of complicating factors (e.g.,removal of foreign material catheter).
  • Note (2): Duration of treatment for (bacteremia) is 10-14 days or 3-5 days after defervescence or control/elimination of complicating factors.
  • Note (3): Duration for acute prostatitis (2weeks), shorter than chronic prostatitis (4-6wks)
  • Alternative regimen: TMP-SMX DS PO q12h for 10-14 days OR TMP 5-10 mg/kg/day IV q6h.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa[27]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Cefepime 2 g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Piperacillin 3-4 g IV q4h in (no benefit for pseudomonas from beta-lactamase inhibitor)
  • Preferred regimen (4): Ticarcillin 3-4 g IV q4h (no benefit for pseudomonas from beta-lactamase inhibitor).
  • Preferred regimen (5): Imipenem 500 mg—1 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (7): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (8): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q8h OR 750mg PO q12h (for less serious infections).
  • Preferred regimen (9): Aztreonam 2 g IV q6-8h.
  • Preferred regimen (10): Colistin 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h.
  • Preferred regimen (11): Polymyxin B 0.75-1.25 mg/kg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (13): Tobramycin 1.7-2.0 mg/Kg IV q8h OR 5-7 mg/kg IV
  • Preferred regimen (14): Amikacin 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h
  • Note: Amikacin > Tobramycin > Gentamicin with respect to P.aeruginosa susceptibility percentages at most institutions.
  • 1.Gastroenteritis
  • 1.1 Immunocompetent
  • Preferred treatment (1): TMP-SMX DS PO bid
  • Preferred treatment (3): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 5-7 days.
  • 1.2 Immunosuppressed
  • Preferred treatment (1): TMP-SMX DS PO bid
  • Preferred treatment (3): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for ≥ 14 days.
  • 2. Typhoid fever
  • 3. Non-typhoid (serious infection)
  • 4. Bacteremia
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q6-8h for 7-14 days
  • Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 7-14 days
  • 5. Vascular prosthesis infection
  • 6. Osteomyelitis
  • Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO bid for ≥ 4 weeks
  • 7. Arthritis
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q6-8h for 6 weeks.
  • 8.Endocarditis
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q6-8h for 6 weeks.
  • 9.UTI
  • 10. HIV and salmonellosis
  • Preferred regimen: (IV Cephalosporin OR IV Fluoroquinolone) THEN oral flouroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin 500-750 mg PO bid for 4 weeks).
  • Note: If relapse occurs within 6 weeks give life-long abx or until immune recovery post-ART
  • 11. Carrier state
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid for 4-6 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): TMP-SMX 1DS bid PO for 6 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (3): Amoxicillin 500 mg PO for 6 weeks.
  • Serratia marcescens[29]
  • 1. Bacteremia, pneumonia or serious infections
  • Preferred regimen (1): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Imipenem 0.5-1.0 g IV q6h
  • Alternative regimen (4): Piperacillin/tazobactam also often effective.
  • Note: Duration depends on clinical response, usually 7-14days.
  • 2. Endocarditis
  • Note: Choice dictated by sensitivities. 4to6 week duration of parenteral therapy.
  • 3. Osteomyelitis
  • Note (1): Choice dictated by sensitivity profile. Treat for 6-12 weeks depending upon response.
  • Note (2): Use IV treatment until stable/clinically improved (10-14days Minimum) then may convert to PO therapy if appropriate
  • 4. UTI
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 250 mg PO bid OR 400 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Levofloxacin 250 mg PO qd OR 500mg IV q24h
  • Note: Fluoroquinolones often sensitive but in seriously ill patient consider empiric coverage with two drugs(e.g.,beta-lactam and aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolones and carbapenem)until susceptibilities known.
  • Preferred regimen (1) (if known sulfa sensitive): TMP(160 mg) AND SMX (800 mg) PO q12h for 3-5 days
  • Preferred regimen (2) (pediatric dose): TMP 5 mg AND SMX 25 mg/kg PO bid.
  • Preferred regimen (3) (if TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg
  • Preferred regimen (4) (if TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility): Norfloxacin 400 mg
  • Preferred regimen (5) (if TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility): Ofloxacin 200 mg PO bid for 3-5 days
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1 g IV q24h
  • Alternative regimen (2): Azithromycin 500 mg PO single dose THEN 250 mg PO for 4 days
  • Alternative regimen (3): Nalidixic acid 250 mg PO q6h OR pediatric dose 55kg/day)
  • Alternative regimen (4) (depending on susceptibility patterns): Ampicillin 500 mg PO q6h
  • Note: In southeast Asia, growing resistance seen to fluoroquinolones, azithromycin maybe preferred
  • Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[31]
  • Preferred treatment: TMP-SMX 15-20 mg/kg/day (TMP component) IV/PO q8h.
  • Alternative treatment (1): Ceftazidime 2 g IV q8h
  • Alternative treatment (3): Tigecycline 100 mg IV single dose THEN 50 mg IV q12h.
  • Alternative treatment (4): Ciprofloxacin 500-750 mg PO /400 mg IV q12h
  • Alternative treatment (5): Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO/IV
  • Alternative treatment (6): Levofloxacin 750 mg PO/IV .
  • Alternative treatment (7) (Multiply-resistantance): Colistin 2.5 mg/kg q12h IV.
  • Note: Treatment duration uncertain, but usually ≥14days
  1. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  2. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  3. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  4. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  5. ↑ Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ (2012). "Melioidosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 367 (11): 1035–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204699. PMID 22970946.
  6. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  7. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  8. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  9. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  10. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  11. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  12. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  13. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  14. ↑ Lua error: expandTemplate: template "citation error" does not exist.
  15. ↑ Workowski, Kimberly A.; Bolan, Gail A. (2015-06-05). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. ISSN 1545-8601. PMID 26042815.
  16. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  17. ↑ Mukara, B. K.; Munyarugamba, P.; Dazert, S.; Löhler, J. (2014-07). "Rhinoscleroma: a case series report and review of the literature". European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 271 (7): 1851–1856. doi:10.1007/s00405-013-2649-z. ISSN 1434-4726. PMID 23904142. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ↑ de Pontual, Loïc; Ovetchkine, Philippe; Rodriguez, Diana; Grant, Audrey; Puel, Anne; Bustamante, Jacinta; Plancoulaine, Sabine; Yona, Laurent; Lienhart, Pierre-Yves; Dehesdin, Danièle; Huerre, Michel; Tournebize, Régis; Sansonetti, Philippe; Abel, Laurent; Casanova, Jean Laurent (2008-12-01). "Rhinoscleroma: a French national retrospective study of epidemiological and clinical features". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 47 (11): 1396–1402. doi:10.1086/592966. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 18947330.
  19. ↑ Gaafar, Hazem A.; Gaafar, Alaa H.; Nour, Yasser A. (2011-04). "Rhinoscleroma: an updated experience through the last 10 years". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 131 (4): 440–446. doi:10.3109/00016489.2010.539264. ISSN 1651-2251. PMID 21198342. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ↑ Mukara, B. K.; Munyarugamba, P.; Dazert, S.; Löhler, J. (2014-07). "Rhinoscleroma: a case series report and review of the literature". European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 271 (7): 1851–1856. doi:10.1007/s00405-013-2649-z. ISSN 1434-4726. PMID 23904142. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  22. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  23. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  24. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  25. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  26. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  27. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  28. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  29. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  30. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  31. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
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