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*Very early records of '''''[[Icterus]] neonatorum''''' dates back to the [[medical]] [[records]] of the Providence Lying-in [[Hospital]] in the late 19th century. A feature observed amongst several [[neonates]] in the first week of life and attributed to [[breastfeeding]].
*Very early records of '''''[[Icterus]] neonatorum''''' dates back to the [[medical]] [[records]] of the Providence Lying-in [[Hospital]] in the late 19th century. A feature observed amongst several [[neonates]] in the first week of life and attributed to [[breastfeeding]].
*'''''[[Icterus]] gravis''''', a more dire presentation was better understood in the 1940s when advances in [[immunology]] and [[genetics]] led to the discovery of the Rh group of [[red cell]] [[antigens]]. It explained its recurrent nature in families after a first [[child]] becomes affected. These advances in also birthed effective [[treatment]] modalities alongside [[screening]] methods that included [[maternal]] [[serology]] and [[amniocentesis]] in the [[perinatal]] period.  
*'''''[[Icterus]] gravis''''', a more dire presentation was better understood in the 1940s when advances in [[immunology]] and [[genetics]] led to the discovery of the Rh group of [[red cell]] [[antigens]]. It explained its recurrent nature in families after a first [[child]] becomes affected. These advances in also birthed effective [[treatment]] modalities alongside [[screening]] methods that included [[maternal]] [[serology]] and [[amniocentesis]] in the [[perinatal]] period.  
*An increase in [[birth]] rates during the Baby Boom period of the 1960s led to the development of the Rh-immune [[antiglobulin]] following a corresponding rise in the rate of [[neonatal]] [[jaundice]]. With [[screening]] and [[immunoglobulin]] [[prophylaxis]], Rh [[erythroblastosis]] subsequently became very rare . <ref>https://www.rimed.org/medhealthri/2010-05/2010-05-154.pdf</ref>
*An increase in [[birth]] rates during the Baby Boom period of the 1960s enabled the completion of clinical trials that led to the development of the Rh-immune [[antiglobulin]], following a corresponding rise in the rate of [[neonatal]] [[jaundice]]. With [[screening]] and [[immunoglobulin]] [[prophylaxis]], Rh [[erythroblastosis]] subsequently became very rare.<ref name="pmid1846439">{{cite journal| author=Mittendorf R, Williams MA| title=Rho(D) immunoglobulin (RhoGAM): how it came into being. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1991 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 301-3 | pmid=1846439 | doi=10.1097/00006250-199102000-00029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1846439  }} </ref>  
*The idea behind the development of [[Phototherapy]] was first discovered at Rochford General [[Hospital]], Essex in the 1950s. [[Babies]] carried out to the warm sunshine with the aim of having a timeout from the [[incubator]] literarily became ''less yellow'' than before. Subsequently, [[lab]] [[results]] further confirmed this discovery. <ref>https://www.viapath.co.uk/news-and-press/the-birth-of-phototherapy</ref>
*The idea behind the development of [[Phototherapy]] was first discovered at Rochford General [[Hospital]], Essex in the 1950s. [[Babies]] carried out to the warm sunshine with the aim of having a timeout from the [[incubator]] literarily became ''less yellow'' than before. Subsequently, [[lab]] [[results]] further confirmed this discovery. <ref name="pmid23650299">{{cite journal| author=Weiss EM, Zimmerman SS| title=A tale of two hospitals: the evolution of phototherapy treatment for neonatal jaundice. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2013 | volume= 131 | issue= 6 | pages= 1032-4 | pmid=23650299 | doi=10.1542/peds.2012-3651 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23650299  }} </ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==

Revision as of 02:28, 14 December 2020

Jaundice in children Microchapters

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differential Diagnosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ifeoma Anaya, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Jaundice in kids; hyperbilirubinemia

Overview

The word 'Jaundice' was derived from the french word for yellow which is jaune. Jaundice may be classified into two broad categories based on its time of onset and cause; physiologic and pathologic jaundice. Jaundice is caused by high concentrations of bilirubin in the bloodstream. A condition known as Hyperbilirubinemia. Hyperbilirubinemia can result from abnormalities in the metabolism of bilirubin which could occur at any stage from its production which is a result of the excessive breakdown of red blood cells, defects in its hepatic metabolism, and its post hepatic transport. Pathologic causes of jaundice can be classified into causes of conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Differentials for jaundice are very limited however some skin discolorations in healthy individuals can look like jaundice in certain circumstances. The prevalence of jaundice varies among patient populations. In infants born at term, 60% will develop jaundice in their first-week of life. This rises to 80% in preterms. Common risk factors in the development of Jaundice in children are a family history of jaundice, family history of a child born with jaundice, hyperthyroidism in mother, medication use by mother, etc. It is essential for every clinician to note that jaundice is not always a benign condition therefore, extensive investigation of a child with jaundice is necessary to prevent severe complications. Symptoms of Jaundice in children may include the following: yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucous membrane, time of onset, duration, and progression. Patients with jaundice usually appear yellow on the skin, mucous membranes, and/or sclera. A useful technique in assessing the severity of jaundice is by using the principle of skin discoloration progressing in a cephalo-caudal direction in newborns. Laboratory findings include measuring the serum bilirubin from a blood sample. The total and conjugated portions are measured and the unconjugated fraction is measured by subtracting the conjugated fraction from the total. Echocardiography can detect cardiac abnormalities in patients with Alagille syndrome and biliary atresia. Ultrasonography of the abdomen is used to screen for biliary atresia, choledochal cysts, or cholestatic workup in the setting of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Treatment options include phototherapy, intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG), and exchange transfusion. Pharmacological options do exist. Surgery is the mainstay of therapy or the definitive treatment for most obstructive causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Several etiologies may be generally difficult to prevent however the prevention of complications from jaundice is equally crucial. Parents should be educated on how to recognize jaundice very early in a neonate so as to present promptly for management.

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

 
 
 
 
 
 
Causes of jaundice in children
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Physiologic
 
 
 
Pathologic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
 
 
 
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hemolytic
 
 
 
Non-hemolytic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Rh incompatibility
ABO incompatibility
Hemoglobinopathies (Thalassemia)
•Hematomas
Polycythemia
Sepsis
 
 
 
Crigler-Najjar syndrome I and II
Gilbert syndrome
Breast milk jaundice
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Infectious
 
Obstructive
 
Drugs
 
Genetic/Metabolic
 
Storage disorders
 
Endocirnopathies
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Viral
Bacterial
Parasitic
 
Biliary atresia
Choledochal cyst
•Inspissated bile syndrome
Neonatal sclerosing cholangitis
Congenital hepatic fibrosis
•Intrinsic/extrinsic mass
 
Ceftriaxone
Isoniazid
Erythromycin
Rifampin
Sulfa drugs
Parenteral nutrition
Methotrexate
 
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Alagille syndrome
Cystic fibrosis
Tyrosinemia
Galactosemia
Rotor syndrome
Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 21
 
Gaucher's disease
•Niemann-pick disease
Glycogen storage diseases
Mucolipidoses
 
Hypopituitarism
Hypothyroidism
•McCune Albright syndrome
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Differentiating Jaundice in children from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Age

Gender

Race

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 30422525.
  2. Mittendorf R, Williams MA (1991). "Rho(D) immunoglobulin (RhoGAM): how it came into being". Obstet Gynecol. 77 (2): 301–3. doi:10.1097/00006250-199102000-00029. PMID 1846439.
  3. Weiss EM, Zimmerman SS (2013). "A tale of two hospitals: the evolution of phototherapy treatment for neonatal jaundice". Pediatrics. 131 (6): 1032–4. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3651. PMID 23650299.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 31334972.
  5. Mishra S, Agarwal R, Deorari AK, Paul VK (2008). "Jaundice in the newborns". Indian J Pediatr. 75 (2): 157–63. doi:10.1007/s12098-008-0024-7. PMID 18334797.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Chee YY, Chung PH, Wong RM, Wong KK (2018). "Jaundice in infants and children: causes, diagnosis, and management". Hong Kong Med J. 24 (3): 285–292. doi:10.12809/hkmj187245. PMID 29807950.
  7. Mojtahedi SY, Izadi A, Seirafi G, Khedmat L, Tavakolizadeh R (2018). "Risk Factors Associated with Neonatal Jaundice: A Cross-Sectional Study from Iran". Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 6 (8): 1387–1393. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2018.319. PMC 6108787. PMID 30159062.
  8. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/complications/
  9. https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/pediatrics/conjugated-hyperbilirubinemia-cholestasis/