Hypolipoproteinemia causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Hypolipoproteinemia is due to genetic abnormalities or other diseases such as [[malnutrition]] and [[malabsorption]], endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, renal diseases or caused by drug side effects/toxicities.


==Causes==
==Causes==
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====Low Chylomicron remnant Causes====
====Low Chylomicron remnant Causes====
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]<ref name="pmid1439810">{{cite journal| author=Wetterau JR, Aggerbeck LP, Bouma ME, Eisenberg C, Munck A, Hermier M et al.| title=Absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in individuals with abetalipoproteinemia. | journal=Science | year= 1992 | volume= 258 | issue= 5084 | pages= 999-1001 | pmid=1439810 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1439810 }} </ref>
*[[Chylomicron retention disease]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism ]]<ref name="pmid10404832">{{cite journal| author=Weintraub M, Grosskopf I, Trostanesky Y, Charach G, Rubinstein A, Stern N| title=Thyroxine replacement therapy enhances clearance of chylomicron remnants in patients with hypothyroidism. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1999 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 2532-6 | pmid=10404832 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404832 }} </ref>
*[[Lymphangiectasia|Intestinal lymphangiectasia]]
*[[Lomitapide]]
*[[Malabsorption]]


====Low Triglyceride Causes====
====Low Triglyceride Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[AIDS]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Ascorbic acid]]
*[[Asparaginase]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]<ref name="pmid14600656">{{cite journal| author=Iannello S, Cavaleri A, Milazzo P, Cantarella S, Belfiore F| title=Low fasting serum triglyceride level as a precocious marker of autoimmune disorders. | journal=MedGenMed | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 20 | pmid=14600656 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14600656  }} </ref>
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Fenofibrate]]
*[[Fish oil]]
*[[Gemfibrozil]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Hereditary abetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Low-fat diet]]
*[[Malabsorption syndrome]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Nicotinic acid]]
*[[Radiation therapy]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="pmid14600656">{{cite journal| author=Iannello S, Cavaleri A, Milazzo P, Cantarella S, Belfiore F| title=Low fasting serum triglyceride level as a precocious marker of autoimmune disorders. | journal=MedGenMed | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 20 | pmid=14600656 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14600656  }} </ref>
*[[Statins]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosis]]<ref name="pmid14600656">{{cite journal| author=Iannello S, Cavaleri A, Milazzo P, Cantarella S, Belfiore F| title=Low fasting serum triglyceride level as a precocious marker of autoimmune disorders. | journal=MedGenMed | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 20 | pmid=14600656 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14600656  }} </ref>
{{col-end}}


====Low HDL Causes====
====Low HDL Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Anabolic steroids]]<ref name="pmid20816133">{{cite journal| author=Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM| title=Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2010 | volume= 106 | issue= 6 | pages= 893-901 | pmid=20816133 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20816133 }} </ref>
*[[Androgens]]
*Apo A-1 Giessen
*Apo A-1 Marburg
*[[Apo A-1 Milano]]
*Apo A-1 Munster
*[[apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C-11 deficiency]]<ref name="BaggioManzato1986">{{cite journal|last1=Baggio|first1=G|last2=Manzato|first2=E|last3=Gabelli|first3=C|last4=Fellin|first4=R|last5=Martini|first5=S|last6=Enzi|first6=G B|last7=Verlato|first7=F|last8=Baiocchi|first8=M R|last9=Sprecher|first9=D L|last10=Kashyap|first10=M L|title=Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome. Clinical features, lipoprotein characterization, lipase activity, and correction of hypertriglyceridemia after apolipoprotein C-II administration in two affected patients.|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=77|issue=2|year=1986|pages=520–527|issn=0021-9738|doi=10.1172/JCI112332}}</ref>
*[[atazanavir|Atazanavir sulfate]]
*[[Atenolol]]
*[[Bendrofluazide]]
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*Dysglobulinemia<ref name="pmid2366654">{{cite journal| author=Cuisinier-Raynal JC, Bire F, Clerc M, Bernard J, Sarrouy J| title=[Human malaria: dysglobulinemia-hypocholesterolemia syndrome]. | journal=Med Trop (Mars) | year= 1990 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-5 | pmid=2366654 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2366654 }} </ref>
*[[cholesterylester transfer protein|Elevated cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) activity]]
*[[hepatic lipase|Elevated hepatic triglyceride lipase activity]]
*[[End-stage renal disease]]
*[[familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia|Familial Apo A-1 deficiency]]
*Familial combined hypolipidemia<ref name="pmid20942659">{{cite journal| author=Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, Peloso GM, Guiducci C, Sougnez C et al.| title=Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 23 | pages= 2220-7 | pmid=20942659 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1002926 | pmc=PMC3008575 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20942659 }} </ref>
*Familial deficiency of Apo A-1 and Apo C-III<ref name="pmid3934306">{{cite journal| author=Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM, Law SW, Ghiselli G, Kashyap ML, Srivastava LS et al.| title=Familial apolipoprotein A-I and C-III deficiency, variant II. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1985 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 1089-101 | pmid=3934306 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3934306 }} </ref>
*[[Familial HDL deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridaemia]]
*[[Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia]]
*[[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency|Familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency]]
*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]]
*[[fish eye disease|Fish eye disease (partial LCAT deficiency)]]
*[[gammopathy|Gammopathies]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[carbohydrate|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[triglyceride|High triglyceride]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Insulin resistance]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Malabsorption]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid14742767">{{cite journal| author=Ito MK| title=The metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and use of niacin. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2004 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 277-85 | pmid=14742767 | doi=10.1345/aph.1D218 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14742767 }} </ref>
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Physical inactivity]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Probucol]] <ref name="pmid19457483">{{cite journal| author=Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y| title=Where are we with probucol: a new life for an old drug? | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2009 | volume= 207 | issue= 1 | pages= 16-23 | pmid=19457483 | doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19457483 }} </ref>
*[[Progestins]]
*[[Propranolol]]
*[[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]]
*[[inflammatory disease|Severe inflammatory disease]]
*[[Severe liver disease]]
*[[Smoking]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Tangier disease]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Tibolone]]
*[[diabetes mellitus|Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus]] <ref name="pmid15265253">{{cite journal| author=Miller M, Dobs A, Yuan Z, Battisti WP, Borisute H, Palmisano J| title=Effectiveness of simvastatin therapy in raising HDL-C in patients with type 2 diabetes and low HDL-C. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2004 | volume= 20 | issue= 7 | pages= 1087-94 | pmid=15265253 | doi=10.1185/030079904125004105 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15265253}}</ref>
*[[low-fat diet|Very low-fat diet]]
{{col-end}}


====Low IDL Causes====
====Low IDL Causes====
*Estrogen plus simvastatin combination therapy<ref name="pmid10781640">{{cite journal| author=Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N| title=Effects of combination therapy with estrogen plus simvastatin on lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women with type IIa hypercholesterolemia. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2000 | volume= 150 | issue= 1 | pages= 103-11 | pmid=10781640 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10781640 }} </ref>
*Extended-release niacin/laropiprant and simvastatin<ref name="pmid22658147">{{cite journal| author=Ballantyne C, Gleim G, Liu N, Sisk CM, Johnson-Levonas AO, Mitchel Y| title=Effects of coadministered extended-release niacin/laropiprant and simvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with dyslipidemia. | journal=J Clin Lipidol | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 235-43 | pmid=22658147 | doi=10.1016/j.jacl.2011.11.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22658147 }} </ref>
*Familial apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein CIII deficiency<ref name="pmid6501564">{{cite journal| author=Forte TM, Nichols AV, Krauss RM, Norum RA| title=Familial apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein CIII deficiency. Subclass distribution, composition, and morphology of lipoproteins in a disorder associated with premature atherosclerosis. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1984 | volume= 74 | issue= 5 | pages= 1601-13 | pmid=6501564 | doi=10.1172/JCI111576 | pmc=PMC425337 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6501564 }} </ref>
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Lovastatin]]<ref name="pmid8963728">{{cite journal| author=Mack WJ, Krauss RM, Hodis HN| title=Lipoprotein subclasses in the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Treatment effects and relation to coronary angiographic progression. | journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | year= 1996 | volume= 16 | issue= 5 | pages= 697-704 | pmid=8963728 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8963728 }} </ref>
*[[Pravastatin]]<ref name="pmid10412757">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Tabata T, Inoue T, Morii H| title=Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on intermediate-density lipoprotein in uremic patients. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 71 | issue= | pages= S134-6 | pmid=10412757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10412757 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12860210">{{cite journal| author=Lee SJ, Sacks FM| title=Effect of pravastatin on intermediate-density and low-density lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein CIII in patients with diabetes mellitus. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 92 | issue= 2 | pages= 121-4 | pmid=12860210 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12860210 }} </ref>
*[[Statins]]


====Low LDL Causes====
====Low LDL Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Acute myeloid leukemia]]
*[[Acute phase proteins]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia|Bassen-Kornzweig disease]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Colesevelam (patient information)|Colesevelam hydrochlorie]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[PCSK9#PCSK9 Deficiency|Deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9]]
*[[Doxazosin]]
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita]]
*[[Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Giardiasis]]
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Cytokine|Inflammatory cytokines]]
*[[Lymphangiectasia|Intestinal lymphangiectasia]]
*[[Ketogenic diet]]
*[[Lipoma|Lipomatosis of Madelung]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Liver failure]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Ménétrier's disease]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia|Mutations of the MTTP gene]]
*[[Nicotinic acid]]
*[[NSAID]]
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt|Portosystemic shunts]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
*[[Serum amyloid A|High serum amyloid A]]<ref name="pmid23448606">{{cite journal| author=Sari I, Bakir S, Engin A, Aydin H, Poyraz O| title=Some acute phase reactants and cholesterol levels in serum of patient with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. | journal=Bosn J Basic Med Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-6 | pmid=23448606 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23448606  }} </ref>
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
*[[Statins]]
{{col-end}}


====Low VLDL Causes====
====Low VLDL Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia|Bassen-Kornzweig disease]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
*[[Cilostazol]]<ref name="pmid24139096">{{cite journal| author=Kim HJ, Moon JH, Kim HM, Yun MR, Jeon BH, Lee B et al.| title=The hypolipidemic effect of cilostazol can be mediated by regulation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) expression. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24139096 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.006 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24139096 }} </ref>
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[cistanche|Cistanche tubulosa]]<ref name="pmid24095831">{{cite journal| author=Xiong W, Gu L, Wang C, Sun H, Liu X| title=Anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Cistanche tubulosa in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. | journal=J Ethnopharmacol | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24095831 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.027 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24095831 }} </ref>
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[PCSK9#PCSK9 Deficiency|Deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9]]
*[[Docosahexaenoic acid]]<ref name="pmid24136824">{{cite journal| author=Maitin V, Andreo U, Guo L, Fisher EA| title=Docosahexaenoic Acid Impairs the Maturation of Very Low Density Lipoproteins in Rat Hepatic Cells. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24136824 | doi=10.1194/jlr.M043026 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24136824 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Doxazosin]]
*[[Exercise]]<ref name="pmid24075739">{{cite journal| author=Søndergaard E, Poulsen MK, Jensen MD, Nielsen S| title=Acute changes in lipoprotein subclasses during exercise. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24075739 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.011 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24075739 }} </ref>
*[[Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Fish oil]]
*[[Giardiasis]]
*[[Flavonoid|Hawthorn fruit]]<ref name="pmid24126122">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y, Zhang L, Geng Y, Geng Y| title=Hawthorn Fruit Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Improving the Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Activities in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. | journal=J Atheroscler Thromb | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24126122 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24126122 }} </ref>
*[[Hepatitis C]]<ref name="pmid24188401">{{cite journal| author=Rojas A, Del Campo JA, Maraver M, Aparcero R, García-Valdecasas M, Diago M et al.| title=Hepatitis C virus infection alters lipid metabolism depending on IL28B polymorphism and viral genotype and modulates gene expression in vivo and in vitro. | journal=J Viral Hepat | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24188401 | doi=10.1111/jvh.12209 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24188401 }} </ref>
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Hyperlipoproteinemia, familial type 5]]
*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]<ref name="Scanu-1974">{{Cite journal | last1 = Scanu | first1 = AM. | last2 = Aggerbeck | first2 = LP. | last3 = Kruski | first3 = AW. | last4 = Lim | first4 = CT. | last5 = Kayden | first5 = HJ. | title = A study of the abnormal lipoproteins in abetalipoproteinemia. | journal = J Clin Invest | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 440-53 | month = Feb | year = 1974 | doi = 10.1172/JCI107578 | PMID = 11344558 }}</ref><ref name="Welty-1997">{{Cite journal | last1 = Welty | first1 = FK. | last2 = Mittleman | first2 = MA. | last3 = Wilson | first3 = PW. | last4 = Sutherland | first4 = PA. | last5 = Matheney | first5 = TH. | last6 = Lipinska | first6 = I. | last7 = Muller | first7 = JE. | last8 = Levy | first8 = D. | last9 = Tofler | first9 = GH. | title = Hypobetalipoproteinemia is associated with low levels of hemostatic risk factors in the Framingham offspring population. | journal = Circulation | volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 825-30 | month = Feb | year = 1997 | doi = | PMID = 9054738 }}</ref>
*[[Lymphangiectasia|Intestinal lymphangiectasia]]
*[[Ketogenic diet]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Liver failure]]
*[[Malignancy]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Ménétrier's disease]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia|Mutations of the MTTP gene]]
*[[Nicotinic acid]]
*[[omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
*[[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="pmid24086623">{{cite journal| author=Wei Q, Wang H, Tian Y, Xu F, Chen X, Wang K| title=Reduced serum levels of triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in Parkinson's disease patients. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 9 | pages= e75743 | pmid=24086623 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075743 | pmc=PMC3784418 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24086623 }} </ref>
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt|Portosystemic shunts]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
*[[Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid insecticides]]<ref name="pmid24121187">{{cite journal| author=Liang YJ, Wang HP, Long DX, Li W, Wu YJ| title=A metabonomic investigation of the effects of 60days exposure of rats to two types of pyrethroid insecticides. | journal=Chem Biol Interact | year= 2013 | volume= 206 | issue= 2 | pages= 302-308 | pmid=24121187 | doi=10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24121187 }} </ref>
*[[Resveratrol]]<ref name="pmid24072699">{{cite journal| author=Dash S, Xiao C, Morgantini C, Szeto L, Lewis GF| title=High-Dose Resveratrol Treatment for 2 Weeks Inhibits Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production in Overweight/Obese Men. | journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24072699 | doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302342 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24072699 }} </ref>
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
*[[Statins]]
{{col-end}}


===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]<ref name="pmid1439810">{{cite journal| author=Wetterau JR, Aggerbeck LP, Bouma ME, Eisenberg C, Munck A, Hermier M et al.| title=Absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in individuals with abetalipoproteinemia. | journal=Science | year= 1992 | volume= 258 | issue= 5084 | pages= 999-1001 | pmid=1439810 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1439810 }} </ref>
*[[Acute myeloid leukemia]]
*[[Acute phase proteins]]
*[[Adrenal insufficiency]]
*[[AIDS]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Anabolic steroids]]<ref name="pmid20816133">{{cite journal| author=Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM| title=Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2010 | volume= 106 | issue= 6 | pages= 893-901 | pmid=20816133 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20816133 }} </ref>
*[[Androgens]]
*Apo A-1 Giessen
*Apo A-1 Marburg
*[[Apo A-1 Milano]]
*Apo A-1 Munster
*[[Apo A-I deficiency]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]]
*[[apolipoprotein B deficiency|Apolipoprotein B-48 deficiency]]
*[[apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C-11 deficiency]]<ref name="BaggioManzato1986">{{cite journal|last1=Baggio|first1=G|last2=Manzato|first2=E|last3=Gabelli|first3=C|last4=Fellin|first4=R|last5=Martini|first5=S|last6=Enzi|first6=G B|last7=Verlato|first7=F|last8=Baiocchi|first8=M R|last9=Sprecher|first9=D L|last10=Kashyap|first10=M L|title=Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome. Clinical features, lipoprotein characterization, lipase activity, and correction of hypertriglyceridemia after apolipoprotein C-II administration in two affected patients.|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=77|issue=2|year=1986|pages=520–527|issn=0021-9738|doi=10.1172/JCI112332}}</ref>
*[[Ascorbic acid]]
*[[Asparaginase]]
*[[atazanavir|Atazanavir sulfate]]
*[[Atenolol]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]<ref name="pmid14600656">{{cite journal| author=Iannello S, Cavaleri A, Milazzo P, Cantarella S, Belfiore F| title=Low fasting serum triglyceride level as a precocious marker of autoimmune disorders. | journal=MedGenMed | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 20 | pmid=14600656 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14600656  }} </ref>
*[[Bassen-kornzweig syndrome]]
*[[Bendrofluazide]]
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Beta thalassemia]]<ref name="pmid7590514">{{cite journal| author=Tassiopoulos T, Stamatelos G, Zakopoulos N, Fessas P, Eliopoulos GD| title=Low incidence of acute myocardial infarction in beta-thalassaemia trait carriers. | journal=Haematologia (Budap) | year= 1995 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 199-203 | pmid=7590514 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7590514  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2712866">{{cite journal| author=Maioli M, Pettinato S, Cherchi GM, Giraudi D, Pacifico A, Pupita G et al.| title=Plasma lipids in beta-thalassemia minor. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 1989 | volume= 75 | issue= 2-3 | pages= 245-8 | pmid=2712866 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2712866  }} </ref>
*[[Cachexia]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Chylomicron retention disease]]
*[[Cilostazol]]<ref name="pmid24139096">{{cite journal| author=Kim HJ, Moon JH, Kim HM, Yun MR, Jeon BH, Lee B et al.| title=The hypolipidemic effect of cilostazol can be mediated by regulation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) expression. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24139096 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.006 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24139096 }} </ref>
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[cistanche|Cistanche tubulosa]]<ref name="pmid24095831">{{cite journal| author=Xiong W, Gu L, Wang C, Sun H, Liu X| title=Anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Cistanche tubulosa in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. | journal=J Ethnopharmacol | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24095831 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.027 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24095831 }} </ref>
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Colesevelam (patient information)|Colesevelam hydrochlorie]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[PCSK9#PCSK9 Deficiency|Deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9]]
*[[Docosahexaenoic acid]]<ref name="pmid24136824">{{cite journal| author=Maitin V, Andreo U, Guo L, Fisher EA| title=Docosahexaenoic Acid Impairs the Maturation of Very Low Density Lipoproteins in Rat Hepatic Cells. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24136824 | doi=10.1194/jlr.M043026 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24136824 }} </ref>
*[[Doxazosin]]
*Dysglobulinemia<ref name="pmid2366654">{{cite journal| author=Cuisinier-Raynal JC, Bire F, Clerc M, Bernard J, Sarrouy J| title=[Human malaria: dysglobulinemia-hypocholesterolemia syndrome]. | journal=Med Trop (Mars) | year= 1990 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-5 | pmid=2366654 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2366654 }} </ref>
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita]]
*[[cholesterylester transfer protein|Elevated cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) activity]]
*[[hepatic lipase|Elevated hepatic triglyceride lipase activity]]
*[[End-stage renal disease]]
*Estrogen plus simvastatin combination therapy<ref name="pmid10781640">{{cite journal| author=Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N| title=Effects of combination therapy with estrogen plus simvastatin on lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women with type IIa hypercholesterolemia. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2000 | volume= 150 | issue= 1 | pages= 103-11 | pmid=10781640 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10781640 }} </ref>
*[[Exercise]]<ref name="pmid24075739">{{cite journal| author=Søndergaard E, Poulsen MK, Jensen MD, Nielsen S| title=Acute changes in lipoprotein subclasses during exercise. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24075739 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.011 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24075739 }} </ref>
*[[Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]]
*Extended-release niacin/laropiprant and simvastatin<ref name="pmid22658147">{{cite journal| author=Ballantyne C, Gleim G, Liu N, Sisk CM, Johnson-Levonas AO, Mitchel Y| title=Effects of coadministered extended-release niacin/laropiprant and simvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with dyslipidemia. | journal=J Clin Lipidol | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 235-43 | pmid=22658147 | doi=10.1016/j.jacl.2011.11.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22658147 }} </ref>
*[[Failure to thrive]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia|Familial Apo A-1 deficiency]]
*Familial apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein CIII deficiency<ref name="pmid6501564">{{cite journal| author=Forte TM, Nichols AV, Krauss RM, Norum RA| title=Familial apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein CIII deficiency. Subclass distribution, composition, and morphology of lipoproteins in a disorder associated with premature atherosclerosis. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1984 | volume= 74 | issue= 5 | pages= 1601-13 | pmid=6501564 | doi=10.1172/JCI111576 | pmc=PMC425337 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6501564 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3934306">{{cite journal| author=Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM, Law SW, Ghiselli G, Kashyap ML, Srivastava LS et al.| title=Familial apolipoprotein A-I and C-III deficiency, variant II. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1985 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 1089-101 | pmid=3934306 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3934306 }} </ref>
*Familial combined hypolipidemia<ref name="pmid20942659">{{cite journal| author=Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, Peloso GM, Guiducci C, Sougnez C et al.| title=Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 23 | pages= 2220-7 | pmid=20942659 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1002926 | pmc=PMC3008575 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20942659 }} </ref>
*[[Familial HDL deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridaemia]]
*[[Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency|Familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency]]
*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]]
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Fenofibrate]]
*[[fish eye disease|Fish eye disease (partial LCAT deficiency)]]
*[[Fish oil]]<ref name="pmid8317392">{{cite journal| author=Harris WS, Muzio F| title=Fish oil reduces postprandial triglyceride concentrations without accelerating lipid-emulsion removal rates. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 1993 | volume= 58 | issue= 1 | pages= 68-74 | pmid=8317392 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8317392 }} </ref>
*[[gammopathy|Gammopathies]]
*[[Gemfibrozil]]
*[[Giardiasis]]
*[[Flavonoid|Hawthorn fruit]]<ref name="pmid24126122">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y, Zhang L, Geng Y, Geng Y| title=Hawthorn Fruit Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Improving the Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Activities in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. | journal=J Atheroscler Thromb | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24126122 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24126122 }} </ref>
*[[Hepatitis C]]<ref name="pmid24188401">{{cite journal| author=Rojas A, Del Campo JA, Maraver M, Aparcero R, García-Valdecasas M, Diago M et al.| title=Hepatitis C virus infection alters lipid metabolism depending on IL28B polymorphism and viral genotype and modulates gene expression in vivo and in vitro. | journal=J Viral Hepat | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24188401 | doi=10.1111/jvh.12209 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24188401 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[carbohydrate|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[Serum amyloid A|High serum amyloid A]]<ref name="pmid23448606">{{cite journal| author=Sari I, Bakir S, Engin A, Aydin H, Poyraz O| title=Some acute phase reactants and cholesterol levels in serum of patient with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. | journal=Bosn J Basic Med Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-6 | pmid=23448606 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23448606  }} </ref>
*[[triglyceride|High triglyceride]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism ]]<ref name="pmid10404832">{{cite journal| author=Weintraub M, Grosskopf I, Trostanesky Y, Charach G, Rubinstein A, Stern N| title=Thyroxine replacement therapy enhances clearance of chylomicron remnants in patients with hypothyroidism. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1999 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 2532-6 | pmid=10404832 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404832 }} </ref>
*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]<ref name="Scanu-1974">{{Cite journal | last1 = Scanu | first1 = AM. | last2 = Aggerbeck | first2 = LP. | last3 = Kruski | first3 = AW. | last4 = Lim | first4 = CT. | last5 = Kayden | first5 = HJ. | title = A study of the abnormal lipoproteins in abetalipoproteinemia. | journal = J Clin Invest | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 440-53 | month = Feb | year = 1974 | doi = 10.1172/JCI107578 | PMID = 11344558 }}</ref><ref name="Welty-1997">{{Cite journal | last1 = Welty | first1 = FK. | last2 = Mittleman | first2 = MA. | last3 = Wilson | first3 = PW. | last4 = Sutherland | first4 = PA. | last5 = Matheney | first5 = TH. | last6 = Lipinska | first6 = I. | last7 = Muller | first7 = JE. | last8 = Levy | first8 = D. | last9 = Tofler | first9 = GH. | title = Hypobetalipoproteinemia is associated with low levels of hemostatic risk factors in the Framingham offspring population. | journal = Circulation | volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 825-30 | month = Feb | year = 1997 | doi = | PMID = 9054738 }}</ref>
*[[Cytokine|Inflammatory cytokines]]
*[[Insulin resistance]]
*[[Lymphangiectasia|Intestinal lymphangiectasia]]
*[[Ketogenic diet]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[Leukemia]]<ref name="pmid9256291">{{cite journal| author=Pandolfino J, Hakimian D, Rademaker AW, Tallman MS| title=Hypocholesterolemia in hairy cell leukemia: a marker for proliferative activity. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 1997 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 129-33 | pmid=9256291 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9256291  }} </ref>
*[[Levothyroxine]]
*[[Lipoma|Lipomatosis of Madelung]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Liver disease]]
*[[Liver failure]]
*[[Lomitapide]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Lovastatin]]<ref name="pmid8963728">{{cite journal| author=Mack WJ, Krauss RM, Hodis HN| title=Lipoprotein subclasses in the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Treatment effects and relation to coronary angiographic progression. | journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | year= 1996 | volume= 16 | issue= 5 | pages= 697-704 | pmid=8963728 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8963728 }} </ref>
*[[Malabsorption ]]
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Manganese deficiency]]
*[[Ménétrier's disease]]
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid14742767">{{cite journal| author=Ito MK| title=The metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and use of niacin. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2004 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 277-85 | pmid=14742767 | doi=10.1345/aph.1D218 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14742767 }} </ref>
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia|Mutations of the MTTP gene]]
*[[N-3 fatty acids]]<ref name="pmid9101431">{{cite journal| author=Harris WS, Hustvedt BE, Hagen E, Green MH, Lu G, Drevon CA| title=N-3 fatty acids and chylomicron metabolism in the rat. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1997 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 503-15 | pmid=9101431 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9101431 }} </ref>
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Nicotinic acid]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
*[[NSAID]]
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
*[[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="pmid24086623">{{cite journal| author=Wei Q, Wang H, Tian Y, Xu F, Chen X, Wang K| title=Reduced serum levels of triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in Parkinson's disease patients. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 9 | pages= e75743 | pmid=24086623 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075743 | pmc=PMC3784418 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24086623 }} </ref>
*[[Physical inactivity]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt|Portosystemic shunts]]
*[[Pravastatin]]<ref name="pmid10412757">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Tabata T, Inoue T, Morii H| title=Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on intermediate-density lipoprotein in uremic patients. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 71 | issue= | pages= S134-6 | pmid=10412757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10412757 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12860210">{{cite journal| author=Lee SJ, Sacks FM| title=Effect of pravastatin on intermediate-density and low-density lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein CIII in patients with diabetes mellitus. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 92 | issue= 2 | pages= 121-4 | pmid=12860210 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12860210 }} </ref>
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Probucol]] <ref name="pmid19457483">{{cite journal| author=Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y| title=Where are we with probucol: a new life for an old drug? | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2009 | volume= 207 | issue= 1 | pages= 16-23 | pmid=19457483 | doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19457483 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Progestins]]
*[[Propranolol]]
*[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
*[[Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid insecticides]]<ref name="pmid24121187">{{cite journal| author=Liang YJ, Wang HP, Long DX, Li W, Wu YJ| title=A metabonomic investigation of the effects of 60days exposure of rats to two types of pyrethroid insecticides. | journal=Chem Biol Interact | year= 2013 | volume= 206 | issue= 2 | pages= 302-308 | pmid=24121187 | doi=10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24121187 }} </ref>
*[[Radiation therapy]]
*[[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]]
*[[Resveratrol]]<ref name="pmid24072699">{{cite journal| author=Dash S, Xiao C, Morgantini C, Szeto L, Lewis GF| title=High-Dose Resveratrol Treatment for 2 Weeks Inhibits Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production in Overweight/Obese Men. | journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24072699 | doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302342 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24072699 }} </ref>
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="pmid14600656">{{cite journal| author=Iannello S, Cavaleri A, Milazzo P, Cantarella S, Belfiore F| title=Low fasting serum triglyceride level as a precocious marker of autoimmune disorders. | journal=MedGenMed | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 20 | pmid=14600656 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14600656  }} </ref>
*[[inflammatory disease|Severe inflammatory disease]]
*[[Severe liver disease]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
*[[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]]
*[[Smoking]]<ref name="AshenBlumenthal2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ashen|first1=M. Dominique|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Roger S.|title=Low HDL Cholesterol Levels|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=353|issue=12|year=2005|pages=1252–1260|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp044370}}</ref>
*[[Sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Statins]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosis]]<ref name="pmid14600656">{{cite journal| author=Iannello S, Cavaleri A, Milazzo P, Cantarella S, Belfiore F| title=Low fasting serum triglyceride level as a precocious marker of autoimmune disorders. | journal=MedGenMed | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 20 | pmid=14600656 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14600656  }} </ref>
*[[Tangier disease]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Tibolone]]
*[[diabetes mellitus|Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus]] <ref name="pmid15265253">{{cite journal| author=Miller M, Dobs A, Yuan Z, Battisti WP, Borisute H, Palmisano J| title=Effectiveness of simvastatin therapy in raising HDL-C in patients with type 2 diabetes and low HDL-C. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2004 | volume= 20 | issue= 7 | pages= 1087-94 | pmid=15265253 | doi=10.1185/030079904125004105 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15265253}}</ref>
*[[low-fat diet|Very low-fat diet]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:21, 25 November 2013

Lipid Disorders Main Page

Overview

Causes

Classification

Abetalipoproteinemia
Hypobetalipoproteinemia
Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia
LCAT Deficiency
Chylomicron retention disease
Tangier disease
Familial combined hypolipidemia

Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Hypolipoproteinemia is due to genetic abnormalities or other diseases such as malnutrition and malabsorption, endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, renal diseases or caused by drug side effects/toxicities.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes Based on Major Lipoprotein Detected in Blood Laboratory Test

Low Cholesterol Causes

Low Chylomicron Causes

Low Chylomicron remnant Causes

Low Triglyceride Causes

Low HDL Causes

Low IDL Causes

Low LDL Causes

Low VLDL Causes

Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wetterau JR, Aggerbeck LP, Bouma ME, Eisenberg C, Munck A, Hermier M; et al. (1992). "Absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in individuals with abetalipoproteinemia". Science. 258 (5084): 999–1001. PMID 1439810.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Weintraub M, Grosskopf I, Trostanesky Y, Charach G, Rubinstein A, Stern N (1999). "Thyroxine replacement therapy enhances clearance of chylomicron remnants in patients with hypothyroidism". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84 (7): 2532–6. PMID 10404832.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Scanu, AM.; Aggerbeck, LP.; Kruski, AW.; Lim, CT.; Kayden, HJ. (1974). "A study of the abnormal lipoproteins in abetalipoproteinemia". J Clin Invest. 53 (2): 440–53. doi:10.1172/JCI107578. PMID 11344558. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Welty, FK.; Mittleman, MA.; Wilson, PW.; Sutherland, PA.; Matheney, TH.; Lipinska, I.; Muller, JE.; Levy, D.; Tofler, GH. (1997). "Hypobetalipoproteinemia is associated with low levels of hemostatic risk factors in the Framingham offspring population". Circulation. 95 (4): 825–30. PMID 9054738. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tassiopoulos T, Stamatelos G, Zakopoulos N, Fessas P, Eliopoulos GD (1995). "Low incidence of acute myocardial infarction in beta-thalassaemia trait carriers". Haematologia (Budap). 26 (4): 199–203. PMID 7590514.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Maioli M, Pettinato S, Cherchi GM, Giraudi D, Pacifico A, Pupita G; et al. (1989). "Plasma lipids in beta-thalassemia minor". Atherosclerosis. 75 (2–3): 245–8. PMID 2712866.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pandolfino J, Hakimian D, Rademaker AW, Tallman MS (1997). "Hypocholesterolemia in hairy cell leukemia: a marker for proliferative activity". Am J Hematol. 55 (3): 129–33. PMID 9256291.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Harris WS, Muzio F (1993). "Fish oil reduces postprandial triglyceride concentrations without accelerating lipid-emulsion removal rates". Am J Clin Nutr. 58 (1): 68–74. PMID 8317392.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Harris WS, Hustvedt BE, Hagen E, Green MH, Lu G, Drevon CA (1997). "N-3 fatty acids and chylomicron metabolism in the rat". J Lipid Res. 38 (3): 503–15. PMID 9101431.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Iannello S, Cavaleri A, Milazzo P, Cantarella S, Belfiore F (2003). "Low fasting serum triglyceride level as a precocious marker of autoimmune disorders". MedGenMed. 5 (3): 20. PMID 14600656.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM (2010). "Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm". Am J Cardiol. 106 (6): 893–901. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013. PMID 20816133.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Baggio, G; Manzato, E; Gabelli, C; Fellin, R; Martini, S; Enzi, G B; Verlato, F; Baiocchi, M R; Sprecher, D L; Kashyap, M L (1986). "Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome. Clinical features, lipoprotein characterization, lipase activity, and correction of hypertriglyceridemia after apolipoprotein C-II administration in two affected patients". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 77 (2): 520–527. doi:10.1172/JCI112332. ISSN 0021-9738.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cuisinier-Raynal JC, Bire F, Clerc M, Bernard J, Sarrouy J (1990). "[Human malaria: dysglobulinemia-hypocholesterolemia syndrome]". Med Trop (Mars). 50 (1): 91–5. PMID 2366654.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, Peloso GM, Guiducci C, Sougnez C; et al. (2010). "Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia". N Engl J Med. 363 (23): 2220–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1002926. PMC 3008575. PMID 20942659.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM, Law SW, Ghiselli G, Kashyap ML, Srivastava LS; et al. (1985). "Familial apolipoprotein A-I and C-III deficiency, variant II". J Lipid Res. 26 (9): 1089–101. PMID 3934306.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ito MK (2004). "The metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and use of niacin". Ann Pharmacother. 38 (2): 277–85. doi:10.1345/aph.1D218. PMID 14742767.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Ashen, M. Dominique; Blumenthal, Roger S. (2005). "Low HDL Cholesterol Levels". New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (12): 1252–1260. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp044370. ISSN 0028-4793.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y (2009). "Where are we with probucol: a new life for an old drug?". Atherosclerosis. 207 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.002. PMID 19457483.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Miller M, Dobs A, Yuan Z, Battisti WP, Borisute H, Palmisano J (2004). "Effectiveness of simvastatin therapy in raising HDL-C in patients with type 2 diabetes and low HDL-C". Curr Med Res Opin. 20 (7): 1087–94. doi:10.1185/030079904125004105. PMID 15265253.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N (2000). "Effects of combination therapy with estrogen plus simvastatin on lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women with type IIa hypercholesterolemia". Atherosclerosis. 150 (1): 103–11. PMID 10781640.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Ballantyne C, Gleim G, Liu N, Sisk CM, Johnson-Levonas AO, Mitchel Y (2012). "Effects of coadministered extended-release niacin/laropiprant and simvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with dyslipidemia". J Clin Lipidol. 6 (3): 235–43. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.11.004. PMID 22658147.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Forte TM, Nichols AV, Krauss RM, Norum RA (1984). "Familial apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein CIII deficiency. Subclass distribution, composition, and morphology of lipoproteins in a disorder associated with premature atherosclerosis". J Clin Invest. 74 (5): 1601–13. doi:10.1172/JCI111576. PMC 425337. PMID 6501564.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mack WJ, Krauss RM, Hodis HN (1996). "Lipoprotein subclasses in the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Treatment effects and relation to coronary angiographic progression". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 16 (5): 697–704. PMID 8963728.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Tabata T, Inoue T, Morii H (1999). "Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on intermediate-density lipoprotein in uremic patients". Kidney Int Suppl. 71: S134–6. PMID 10412757.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lee SJ, Sacks FM (2003). "Effect of pravastatin on intermediate-density and low-density lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein CIII in patients with diabetes mellitus". Am J Cardiol. 92 (2): 121–4. PMID 12860210.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Sari I, Bakir S, Engin A, Aydin H, Poyraz O (2013). "Some acute phase reactants and cholesterol levels in serum of patient with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever". Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 13 (1): 21–6. PMID 23448606.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Kim HJ, Moon JH, Kim HM, Yun MR, Jeon BH, Lee B; et al. (2013). "The hypolipidemic effect of cilostazol can be mediated by regulation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) expression". Metabolism. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.006. PMID 24139096.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Xiong W, Gu L, Wang C, Sun H, Liu X (2013). "Anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Cistanche tubulosa in type 2 diabetic db/db mice". J Ethnopharmacol. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.027. PMID 24095831.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Maitin V, Andreo U, Guo L, Fisher EA (2013). "Docosahexaenoic Acid Impairs the Maturation of Very Low Density Lipoproteins in Rat Hepatic Cells". J Lipid Res. doi:10.1194/jlr.M043026. PMID 24136824.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Søndergaard E, Poulsen MK, Jensen MD, Nielsen S (2013). "Acute changes in lipoprotein subclasses during exercise". Metabolism. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.011. PMID 24075739.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Zhang Y, Zhang L, Geng Y, Geng Y (2013). "Hawthorn Fruit Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Improving the Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Activities in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice". J Atheroscler Thromb. PMID 24126122.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Rojas A, Del Campo JA, Maraver M, Aparcero R, García-Valdecasas M, Diago M; et al. (2013). "Hepatitis C virus infection alters lipid metabolism depending on IL28B polymorphism and viral genotype and modulates gene expression in vivo and in vitro". J Viral Hepat. doi:10.1111/jvh.12209. PMID 24188401.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Wei Q, Wang H, Tian Y, Xu F, Chen X, Wang K (2013). "Reduced serum levels of triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in Parkinson's disease patients". PLoS One. 8 (9): e75743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075743. PMC 3784418. PMID 24086623.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Liang YJ, Wang HP, Long DX, Li W, Wu YJ (2013). "A metabonomic investigation of the effects of 60days exposure of rats to two types of pyrethroid insecticides". Chem Biol Interact. 206 (2): 302–308. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.002. PMID 24121187.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Dash S, Xiao C, Morgantini C, Szeto L, Lewis GF (2013). "High-Dose Resveratrol Treatment for 2 Weeks Inhibits Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production in Overweight/Obese Men". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302342. PMID 24072699.
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