Apolipoprotein D

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDs	GeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Apolipoprotein D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOD gene. Unlike other lipoproteins, which are mainly produced in the liver, apolipoprotein D is mainly produced in the brain and testes.

Function

Apolipoprotein D (Apo-D) is a component of high-density lipoprotein that has no marked similarity to other apolipoprotein sequences. It has a high degree of homology to plasma retinol-binding protein and other members of the alpha 2 microglobulin protein superfamily of carrier proteins, also known as lipocalins. It is a glycoprotein of estimated molecular weight 33 KDa. Apo-D is closely associated with the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase - an enzyme involved in lipoprotein metabolism. ApoD has also been shown to be an important link in the transient interaction between HDL and LDL particles and between HDL particles and cells.

Clinical significance

APOD is a biomarker of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). APOD is an androgen up-regulated gene in normal scrotal fibroblast cells in comparison to CAIS labia majora cells.

APOD is associated with neurological disorders and nerve injury, especially related to myelin sheath. APOD was shown to be elevated in a rat model of stroke. APOD is elevated in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease.

Further reading

• Rassart E, Bedirian A, Do Carmo S, et al. (2000). "Apolipoprotein D". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1482 (1–2): 185–98. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00162-X. PMID 11058760.
• Peitsch MC, Boguski MS (1991). "Is apolipoprotein D a mammalian bilin-binding protein?". New Biol. 2 (2): 197–206. PMID 2083249.
• Balbín M, Freije JM, Fueyo A, et al. (1990). "Apolipoprotein D is the major protein component in cyst fluid from women with human breast gross cystic disease". Biochem. J. 271 (3): 803–7. PMC 1149635. PMID 2244881.
• Drayna D, Scott JD, Lawn R (1988). "Multiple RFLPs at the human apolipoprotein D (APOD) locus". Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (22): 9617. doi:10.1093/nar/15.22.9617. PMC 306509. PMID 2891117.
• Fielding PE, Fielding CJ (1980). "A cholesteryl ester transfer complex in human plasma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77 (6): 3327–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.6.3327. PMC 349608. PMID 6774335.
• Schindler PA, Settineri CA, Collet X, et al. (1995). "Site-specific detection and structural characterization of the glycosylation of human plasma proteins lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and apolipoprotein D using HPLC/electrospray mass spectrometry and sequential glycosidase digestion". Protein Sci. 4 (4): 791–803. doi:10.1002/pro.5560040419. PMC 2143102. PMID 7613477.
• Yang CY, Gu ZW, Blanco-Vaca F, et al. (1994). "Structure of human apolipoprotein D: locations of the intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide links". Biochemistry. 33 (41): 12451–5. doi:10.1021/bi00207a011. PMID 7918467.
• Holzfeind P, Merschak P, Dieplinger H, Redl B (1996). "The human lacrimal gland synthesizes apolipoprotein D mRNA in addition to tear prealbumin mRNA, both species encoding members of the lipocalin superfamily". Exp. Eye Res. 61 (4): 495–500. doi:10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80145-9. PMID 8549691.
• Zeng C, Spielman AI, Vowels BR, et al. (1996). "A human axillary odorant is carried by apolipoprotein D". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (13): 6626–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.13.6626. PMC 39076. PMID 8692868.
• Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, et al. (1999). "Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes". Nat. Genet. 22 (3): 231–8. doi:10.1038/10290. PMID 10391209.
• Liu Z, Chang GQ, Leibowitz SF (2001). "Apolipoprotein D interacts with the long-form leptin receptor: a hypothalamic function in the control of energy homeostasis". FASEB J. 15 (7): 1329–31. doi:10.1096/fj.00-0530fje. PMID 11344130.
• Sánchez D, Ganfornina MD, Martínez S (2002). "Expression pattern of the lipocalin apolipoprotein D during mouse embryogenesis". Mech. Dev. 110 (1–2): 225–9. doi:10.1016/S0925-4773(01)00578-0. PMID 11744388.
• Mahadik SP, Khan MM, Evans DR, Parikh VV (2002). "Elevated plasma level of apolipoprotein D in schizophrenia and its treatment and outcome". Schizophrenia Research. 58 (1): 55–62. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00378-4. PMID 12363390.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Desai PP, Hendrie HC, Evans RM, et al. (2003). "Genetic variation in apolipoprotein D affects the risk of Alzheimer disease in African-Americans". Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 116 (1): 98–101. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10798. PMID 12497622.
• Kang MK, Kameta A, Shin KH, et al. (2003). "Senescence-associated genes in normal human oral keratinocytes". Exp. Cell Res. 287 (2): 272–81. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00061-2. PMID 12837283.
• Thomas EA, Laws SM, Sutcliffe JG, et al. (2003). "Apolipoprotein D levels are elevated in prefrontal cortex of subjects with Alzheimer's disease: no relation to apolipoprotein E expression or genotype". Biol. Psychiatry. 54 (2): 136–41. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01976-5. PMID 12873803.

External links

• Apolipoproteins+D at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Applied Research on Apolipoproteins
• Human APOD genome location and APOD gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.