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{{Cystitis}}
{{Cystitis}}
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==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include female gender, sexual intercourse, [[diabetes]], [[pregnancy]], [[catheterization]], [[fecal incontinence]], old age, and [[immobility]]. Some foods are thought to have a role in increasing the risk of cystitis such as [[vitamin C]], coffee or tea, carbonated and alcoholic drinks, citrus fruit, or spicy foods.
 
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The following increase your chances of developing cystitis:
Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include:<ref name="pmid3776980">{{cite journal| author=Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, Rosner B| title=Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1986 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 977-85 | pmid=3776980 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3776980  }} </ref><ref name="hhh">Cystitis-acute. MedlinePlus.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000526.htm Accessed on February 9, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid10969044">{{cite journal| author=Hooton TM| title=Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections: an update. | journal=J Antimicrob Chemother | year= 2000 | volume= 46 Suppl A | issue=  | pages= 1-7 | pmid=10969044 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10969044  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18061019">{{cite journal| author=Nicolle LE| title=Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis. | journal=Urol Clin North Am | year= 2008 | volume= 35 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-12, v | pmid=18061019 | doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18061019  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22289552">{{cite journal| author=Zhong YH, Fang Y, Zhou JZ, Tang Y, Gong SM, Ding XQ| title=Effectiveness and safety of patient initiated single-dose versus continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. | journal=J Int Med Res | year= 2011 | volume= 39 | issue= 6 | pages= 2335-43 | pmid=22289552 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22289552  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11341472">{{cite journal| author=Nicolle LE| title=A practical guide to antimicrobial management of complicated urinary tract infection. | journal=Drugs Aging | year= 2001 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 243-54 | pmid=11341472 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11341472  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16298166">{{cite journal| author=Franco AV| title=Recurrent urinary tract infections. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 861-73 | pmid=16298166 | doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16298166  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20639019">{{cite journal| author=Scholes D, Hawn TR, Roberts PL, Li SS, Stapleton AE, Zhao LP et al.| title=Family history and risk of recurrent cystitis and pyelonephritis in women. | journal=J Urol | year= 2010 | volume= 184 | issue= 2 | pages= 564-9 | pmid=20639019 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.139 | pmc=3665335 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20639019  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21349389">{{cite journal| author=Ples R, Méchaï F, Champiat B, Droupy S, Huerre M, Guettier C et al.| title=[Pseudotumoral toxoplasmic cystitis revealing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | journal=Ann Pathol | year= 2011 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 46-9 | pmid=21349389 | doi=10.1016/j.annpat.2010.11.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21349389  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28001179">{{cite journal| author=Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB et al.| title=Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement. | journal=J Bras Nefrol | year= 2016 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 478-482 | pmid=28001179 | doi=10.5935/0101-2800.20160077 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28001179  }} </ref>
 
===General Risk Factors===
*Female gender
**Shorter [[urethra]]
**Less distance between the [[urethra]] and [[anus]]
*History of urinary tract infections
*Recent sexual intercourse (introduction of [[bacteria]] in the [[urethra]])
*Use of a [[diaphragm]] with [[spermicide]]
*Post [[menopausal]] status (low [[oestrogen]] so loss of protective [[vaginal flora]])
*Homosexual men
*[[Genetic]] predisposition or family history
*Lack of circumcision
*Old age
*[[Immobility]]


*A tube called a urinary catheter inserted in your bladder ([[catheterization]])
===Conditions===
*Blockage of the bladder or urethra
*Any blockage of the [[bladder]] or [[urethra]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]] ([[hyperglycemia]] inhibits [[neutrophil]] migration and [[phagocytosis]])
*Enlarged [[prostate]], narrowed [[urethra]], or anything that blocks the flow of urine
*[[Benign prostatic hypertrophy]]
*Loss of bowel control ([[bowel incontinence]])
*[[Fecal incontinence]]
*Older age (especially in people who live in nursing homes)
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*Problems with the patient being able to fully empty the bladder ([[urinary retention]])
*[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
*Procedures that involve the urinary tract
*[[Urinary retention]]
*Staying still (immobile) for a long period of time (for example, when a patient is recovering from a [[hip fracture]])
*[[HIV]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
 
===Medications and Procedures===
*[[Antimicrobial drug|Antimicrobial drugs]]
*[[Estrogen]] use
*[[Catheterization]]
*Procedures that involve the [[urinary tract]]
 
===Foods Increasing Risk of Cystitis===
The following foods are thought to have a role in increasing the risk of cystitis:<ref name="pmid22233286">{{cite journal| author=Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM| title=Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2012 | volume= 109 | issue= 11 | pages= 1584-91 | pmid=22233286 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22233286  }} </ref>
 
*Spicy foods
*Citrus fruit
*Carbonated and alcoholic drinks
*[[Coffee]] or tea
*[[Vitamin C]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:12, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include female gender, sexual intercourse, diabetes, pregnancy, catheterization, fecal incontinence, old age, and immobility. Some foods are thought to have a role in increasing the risk of cystitis such as vitamin C, coffee or tea, carbonated and alcoholic drinks, citrus fruit, or spicy foods.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

General Risk Factors

Conditions

Medications and Procedures

Foods Increasing Risk of Cystitis

The following foods are thought to have a role in increasing the risk of cystitis:[11]

  • Spicy foods
  • Citrus fruit
  • Carbonated and alcoholic drinks
  • Coffee or tea
  • Vitamin C

References

  1. ↑ Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, Rosner B (1986). "Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection". Am J Epidemiol. 124 (6): 977–85. PMID 3776980.
  2. ↑ Cystitis-acute. MedlinePlus.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000526.htm Accessed on February 9, 2016
  3. ↑ Hooton TM (2000). "Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections: an update". J Antimicrob Chemother. 46 Suppl A: 1–7. PMID 10969044.
  4. ↑ Nicolle LE (2008). "Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis". Urol Clin North Am. 35 (1): 1–12, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004. PMID 18061019.
  5. ↑ Zhong YH, Fang Y, Zhou JZ, Tang Y, Gong SM, Ding XQ (2011). "Effectiveness and safety of patient initiated single-dose versus continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study". J Int Med Res. 39 (6): 2335–43. PMID 22289552.
  6. ↑ Nicolle LE (2001). "A practical guide to antimicrobial management of complicated urinary tract infection". Drugs Aging. 18 (4): 243–54. PMID 11341472.
  7. ↑ Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.
  8. ↑ Scholes D, Hawn TR, Roberts PL, Li SS, Stapleton AE, Zhao LP; et al. (2010). "Family history and risk of recurrent cystitis and pyelonephritis in women". J Urol. 184 (2): 564–9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.139. PMC 3665335. PMID 20639019.
  9. ↑ Ples R, Méchaï F, Champiat B, Droupy S, Huerre M, Guettier C; et al. (2011). "[Pseudotumoral toxoplasmic cystitis revealing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]". Ann Pathol. 31 (1): 46–9. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2010.11.001. PMID 21349389.
  10. ↑ Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB; et al. (2016). "Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement". J Bras Nefrol. 38 (4): 478–482. doi:10.5935/0101-2800.20160077. PMID 28001179.
  11. ↑ Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM (2012). "Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions". BJU Int. 109 (11): 1584–91. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x. PMID 22233286.

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