Central cyanosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}}
<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' ABG= [[Arterial blood gas]], ANP= [[Atrial natriuretic peptide]], BNP= [[Brain natriuretic peptide]], CBC= [[Complete blood count]], COPD= [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], CRP= [[C-reactive protein]], CT= [[Computed tomography]], CXR= [[Chest X-ray]], DVT= [[Deep vein thrombosis]], ESR= [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], HRCT= [[High Resolution CT]], IgE= [[Immunoglobulin E]], LDH= [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], PCWP= [[Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure]].</span>
<small><small>
{| align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diseases
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Cyanosis
| colspan="6" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gold standard
! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Additional findings
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Physical examination
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab Findings
! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Central
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dyspnea
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fever
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Chest pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clubbing
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral edema
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Auscultation
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CBC
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT scan
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
|-
! rowspan="13"  align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary diseases]]
! rowspan="3"  align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Airway]] disorder
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Sleep apnea]]<ref name="pmid26336596">{{cite journal| author=Spicuzza L, Caruso D, Di Maria G| title=Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and its management. | journal=Ther Adv Chronic Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue= 5 | pages= 273-85 | pmid=26336596 | doi=10.1177/2040622315590318 | pmc=4549693 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26336596  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Polycythemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Polysomnography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Polysomnography|'''Polysomnography''']]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Nightmares]], [[Snoring]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Chronic [[bronchitis]]<ref name="pmid23204254">{{cite journal| author=Kim V, Criner GJ| title=Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2013 | volume= 187 | issue= 3 | pages= 228-37 | pmid=23204254 | doi=10.1164/rccm.201210-1843CI | pmc=4951627 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23204254  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Rales]], [[crackles]], [[Wheeze]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypokalemia]], [[Hypernatremia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Gram stain]] of [[sputum]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elongated [[heart]], Flattened [[Diaphragm|diaphragms]], Prominent [[hilar]] [[vasculature]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bronchial]] wall thickening with increased bronchovascular markings
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[High Resolution CT|HRCT]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Productive cough]], [[Chest tightness]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Atelectasis]]<ref name="pmid12531090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peroni DG, Boner AL |title=Atelectasis: mechanisms, diagnosis and management |journal=Paediatr Respir Rev |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=274–8 |date=September 2000 |pmid=12531090 |doi=10.1053/prrv.2000.0059 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Localized diminished [[breath sounds]], [[Wheeze]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Localized increased [[opacity]], Deviation ''toward'' the [[atelectasis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Local crowding of [[pulmonary vessels]] and [[bronchi]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[MRI]] for distinguishing obstructive from non-obstructive
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[High Resolution CT|HRCT]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cough]], [[Shallow breathing]]
|-
! rowspan="8" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Parenchymal lung disease|Parenchymal disorder]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Alveolitis]]<ref name="pmid1620846">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC |title=Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT |journal=Radiology |volume=184 |issue=2 |pages=451–4 |date=August 1992 |pmid=1620846 |doi=10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620846 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Crackles]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[Eosinophilia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[ESR]], ↑[[CRP]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Scattered [[Opacity|opacities]], Fine reticulation
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Homogeneous [[Ground glass opacification on CT|ground-glass opacity]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[High Resolution CT|HRCT]] PLUS [[Physical examination|Clinical findings]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Malaise]], [[Chills]], [[Headache]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid25165554">{{cite journal| author=Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J| title=Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. | journal=Ther Adv Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-16 | pmid=25165554 | doi=10.1177/2049936113518041 | pmc=4072047 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25165554  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Rales]], [[Crackles]], [[Wheeze]], [[Pleural friction rub]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with [[neutrophilia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Entire lobe [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidated]], Air bronchograms
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Focal [[Ground glass opacification on CT|ground-glass opacity]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[High Resolution CT|HRCT]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachycardia]], [[Bradycardia]] ([[Legionella]])
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Asthma]] (Late)<ref name="pmid19365260">{{cite journal |vauthors=Litonjua AA |title=Childhood asthma may be a consequence of vitamin D deficiency |journal=Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=202–7 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19365260 |doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832b36cd |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |End expiratory [[wheeze]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Eosinophilia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ [[IgE]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Atelectasis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]], [[Bronchiectasis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Spirometry]] before and after [[bronchodilator]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Triad of [[asthma]], [[nasal polyps]], and [[rash]] is indicative of [[Aspirin desensitization|aspirin sensitivity]].
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="OlalekanOluwaseun2015">{{cite journal|last1=Olalekan|first1=Adebimpe Wasiu|last2=Oluwaseun|first2=Faremi Ayodeji|last3=Oladele|first3=Hassan Abdul-Wasiu|last4=Akeem|first4=Adeyemi Damilare|title=Evaluation of electrolyte imbalance among tuberculosis patients receiving treatments in Southwestern Nigeria|journal=Alexandria Journal of Medicine|volume=51|issue=3|year=2015|pages=255–260|issn=20905068|doi=10.1016/j.ajme.2014.10.003}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reduced [[breath sounds]], [[Wheeze]], [[Inspiration|Inspiratory]] [[crackles]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Lymphocyte]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]], [[Hyperkalemia]],  [[Hypochloremia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[PPD]], [[Interferon-gamma release assay|interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Dense, homogeneous [[Consolidation (medicine)|parenchymal consolidation]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Nodules]] with low-density centers and rim enhancement
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pet scan|Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (FDG PET/CT)]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Sputum culture]], [[QuantiFERON-TB Gold|QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT)]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Loss of appetite]], [[Night sweats]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]<ref name="pmid29268540">{{cite journal| author=Shaw J, Marshall T, Morris H, Hayton C, Chaudhuri N| title=Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a holistic approach to disease management in the antifibrotic age. | journal=J Thorac Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 9 | issue= 11 | pages= 4700-4707 | pmid=29268540 | doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.10.111 | pmc=5721024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29268540  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Inspiratory [[crackles]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Matrix metalloproteinases|Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Honeycombing
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Traction [[bronchiectasis]],
Interlobular septal thickening
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[High Resolution CT|HRCT]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[High Resolution CT|HRCT]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fatigue]], [[Weight loss]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pneumoconiosis]]<ref name="pmid27336897">{{cite journal| author=Yen CM, Lin CL, Lin MC, Chen HY, Lu NH, Kao CH| title=Pneumoconiosis increases the risk of congestive heart failure: A nationwide population-based cohort study. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 25 | pages= e3972 | pmid=27336897 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003972 | pmc=4998335 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27336897  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |End expiratory [[wheeze]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[Anemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypercalcemia|Hyper]]/[[Hypocalcemia]],
[[Hypermagnesemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Small to large round [[nodular]] [[Opacity|opacities]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Diffuse distribution of small [[nodules]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[MRI]] and [[PET scan|PET-CT scan]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[CT-scans|CT]]/[[High Resolution CT|HRCT]] scan
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tightness in the [[chest]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Lung cancer]]<ref name="pmid20493989">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartwig MG, D'Amico TA |title=Thoracoscopic lobectomy: the gold standard for early-stage lung cancer? |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=S2098–101 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20493989 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.02.102 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absence of [[breath sounds]], [[Stridor]], [[Wheezing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[Anemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[CRP]], ↑[[ESR]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary nodule]] or [[Pulmonary mass|mass]],
[[Mediastinal widening]]
[[Hilar lymphadenopathy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Massive [[lymphadenopathy]], Direct [[mediastinal]] invasion
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[MRI]], [[PET scan|PET-CT scan]], [[Bronchoscopy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Computed tomography|Low dose computed tomography scan (LDCT)]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Weight loss]], [[Loss of appetite]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid26045965">{{cite journal| author=Ochiai R| title=Mechanical ventilation of acute respiratory distress syndrome. | journal=J Intensive Care | year= 2015 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 25 | pmid=26045965 | doi=10.1186/s40560-015-0091-6 | pmc=4456061 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26045965  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Inspiratory [[crackles]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leukopenia]]/[[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↓[[CO2]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]], [[Hyperkalemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Von Willebrand factor|Von Willebrand factor (VWF)]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bilateral [[pulmonary]] infiltrates (patchy to diffuse)
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Emphysema]], [[Pneumothorax]] and [[pneumomediastinum]], [[Mediastinal lymphadenopathy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring ([[PCWP]]), [[Bronchoscopy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Chest]] [[CT scan]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], [[Muscle weakness]]
|-
! rowspan="2"  align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary vascular congestion|Pulmonary vascular disorders]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation]]<ref name="pmid119300212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khurshid I, Downie GH |title=Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=78 |issue=918 |pages=191–7 |year=2002 |pmid=11930021 |pmc=1742331 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid195683982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doshi HM, Robinson S, Chalhoub T, Jack S, Denison A, Gibson G |title=Massive spontaneous hemothorax during the immediate postpartum period |journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=247–9 |year=2009 |pmid=19568398 |pmc=2696501 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15541322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chanatry BJ |title=Acute hemothorax owing to pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy |journal=Anesth. Analg. |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=613–5 |year=1992 |pmid=1554132 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary]] [[bruit]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |One or more rounded or multilobular [[Opacity|opacities]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Connecting [[vessel]] in [[hilum]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Magnetic resonance angiography]], [[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Contrast enhanced [[magnetic resonance angiography]] 
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cerebral arteriovenous malformation]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonary hypertension]]<ref name="pmid28241922">{{cite journal| author=Hoeper MM, Ghofrani HA, Grünig E, Klose H, Olschewski H, Rosenkranz S| title=Pulmonary Hypertension. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2017 | volume= 114 | issue= 5 | pages= 73-84 | pmid=28241922 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0073 | pmc=5331483 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28241922  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tricuspid regurgitation]] murmur, [[Pulmonic insufficiency]] murmur
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mild [[anemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypernatremia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Atrial natriuretic peptide|ANP]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Right deviated [[cardiac apex]],
Prominent [[pulmonary artery]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ill-defined [[nodules]], Interlobular septal thickening
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), [[Magnetic resonance angiography|MRA]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiac catheterization]] ([[PCWP]])
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fatigue]], Inability to exercise
|-
! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Disease
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Central
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dyspnea
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fever
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Chest pain
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clubbing
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral edema
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Auscultation
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CBC
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT scan
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gold standard
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Additional findings
|-
! rowspan="13" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiac disease|Cardiac diseases]]
! rowspan="8" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Congenital disorder|Congenital disorders]]
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Atrioventricular canal defect (patient information)|Atrioventricular canal defect]]<ref name="pmid15227445">{{cite journal| author=Macris MP, Ott DA, Cooley DA| title=Complete atrioventricular canal defect: surgical considerations. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 239-43 | pmid=15227445 | doi= | pmc=326195 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15227445  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]],[[Holosystolic murmur|Holosystolic]] or [[systolic ejection murmur]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], Increased [[Pulmonary vascular congestion|pulmonary vascular markings]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]], [[MRI]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], Lack of [[appetite]], [[Pale skin color]], Excessive [[sweating]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Ebstein anomaly]]<ref name="pmid27439413">{{cite journal |vauthors=Safi LM, Liberthson RR, Bhatt A |title=Current Management of Ebstein's Anomaly in the Adult |journal=Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=56 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27439413 |doi=10.1007/s11936-016-0478-2 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Loud [[S1]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], "Box shape" [[heart]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Apical displacement of the septal and posterior leaflets of the [[tricuspid valve]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |"Atrialisation" of the [[right ventricle]] in MRI, [[Tricuspid regurgitation]] in [[echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fatigue]], [[Palpitations]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]<ref name="pmid19144126">{{cite journal| author=Bailliard F, Anderson RH| title=Tetralogy of Fallot. | journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 4 | issue=  | pages= 2 | pmid=19144126 | doi=10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 | pmc=2651859 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19144126  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Systolic murmurs|Harsh systolic murmur]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |"Boot-shaped" [[heart]] with an upturned [[cardiac apex]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Aortopulmonary fistula|Aortopulmonary collateral vessels]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Peripheral [[Pulmonary valve stenosis|pulmonary stenosis]] and [[atresia]] in [[echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fainting]], [[Palpitation]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Pulmonic stenosis]]<ref name="pmid23807889">{{cite journal| author=Yoo BW, Park HK| title=Pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary regurgitation: both ends of the spectrum in residual hemodynamic impairment after tetralogy of Fallot repair. | journal=Korean J Pediatr | year= 2013 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 235-41 | pmid=23807889 | doi=10.3345/kjp.2013.56.6.235 | pmc=3693041 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23807889  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Crescendo-decrescendo [[ejection murmur]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Schistocyte]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Right ventricular hypertrophy]], Dilated main [[pulmonary artery]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Stenosis of pulmonary artery|Stenotic segment]], Post stenotic [[dilatation]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Severity of the [[stenosis]] by velocity encoded phase contrast (VEC) cine sequences
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fainting]], [[Palpitation]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage|Total anomalous pulmonary]] [[Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage|venous connection]]<ref name="pmid17352891">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stein P |title=Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection |journal=AORN J |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=509–20; quiz 521–4 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17352891 |doi=10.1016/S0001-2092(07)60123-9 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Systolic murmurs|Systolic murmur]] over the [[pulmonary]] area
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Snowman sign
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Venous return|Anomalous venous return]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Blind ended [[left atrium]] with no connecting [[veins]] in [[echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Pounding [[heart]], Weak [[pulse]], Extreme [[sleepiness]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Transposition of the great vessels]]<ref name="pmid18851735">{{cite journal| author=Martins P, Castela E| title=Transposition of the great arteries. | journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue=  | pages= 27 | pmid=18851735 | doi=10.1186/1750-1172-3-27 | pmc=2577629 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18851735  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Heart murmur|Diastolic]] and [[Systolic murmur]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiomegaly]] with narrow  superior [[mediastinum]] (egg on a string sign)
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Abnormal great vessel anatomy
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Flow dynamics on Steady-state free precession (SSFP) MRI
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Lack of appetite]], [[Poor weight gain]]
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Truncus arteriosus]]<ref name="pmid2856609">{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Praagh R |title=Truncus arteriosus: what is it really and how should it be classified? |journal=Eur J Cardiothorac Surg |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=65–70 |date=1987 |pmid=2856609 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Holosystolic Murmur|Holosystolic]] or [[Ejection murmur|ejection type murmur]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Moderate [[cardiomegaly]], [[pulmonary]] [[plethora]], [[Widened mediastinum]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Single [[cardiac]] trunk
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Anomalous [[anatomy]] in [[MRI]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fatigue]], [[Sweating]], [[Pale skin|Pale]] or cool [[skin]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]<ref name="urlPatent Ductus Arteriosus - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293/. |title=Patent Ductus Arteriosus - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Continuous machinery murmur
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiomegaly]],  [[Aortopulmonary window]] obsecuration
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tortuous]] morphology of [[Ductus arteriosus|ductus]] ('''Krichenko classification''')
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Spiral [[CT pulmonary angiogram]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Failure to thrive]], [[Respiratory distress]]
|-
! rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Acquired disorder|Acquired disorders]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="urlMyocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023216/ |title=Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[S3]] and [[S4]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]], [[Hypokalemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elevated [[troponin I]] and [[CKMB]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Rolling out other causes
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Coronary vasoconstriction|Coronary luminal narrowing]] in [[CT angiography|CT perfusion scan]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Wall motion abnormality in [[echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]], [[Fatigue]], [[Lightheadedness]], [[Cold sweat]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiogenic shock]]<ref name="pmid22675405">{{cite journal| author=Werdan K, Ruß M, Buerke M, Delle-Karth G, Geppert A, Schöndube FA et al.| title=Cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction: diagnosis, monitoring and treatment: a German-Austrian S3 Guideline. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2012 | volume= 109 | issue= 19 | pages= 343-51 | pmid=22675405 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2012.0343 | pmc=3364528 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22675405  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Muffled heart sounds|Muffled heart sound]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperkalemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[PaO2]] in [[pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]] 
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Clinical]] findings
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tachypnea]], [[Palpitation]], [[Hypotension]], Weak [[pulse]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid28912181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marian AJ, Braunwald E |title=Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy |journal=Circ. Res. |volume=121 |issue=7 |pages=749–770 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28912181 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311059 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[S3]] and [[S4]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Lymphocytosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[PaO2]] in [[pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Enlarged left ventricle]] and [[Enlarged left atrium|atria]], [[Pulmonary edema]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[MRI]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Arrhythmias|Arrhythmia]], [[Bloating]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Heart tumors]]<ref name="pmid24717305">{{cite journal| author=Hoffmeier A, Sindermann JR, Scheld HH, Martens S| title=Cardiac tumors--diagnosis and surgical treatment. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2014 | volume= 111 | issue= 12 | pages= 205-11 | pmid=24717305 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2014.0205 | pmc=3983698 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24717305  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Early [[diastolic]] tumor plop
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mild ↓[[PaO2]] in [[pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Calcification]] in lateral view
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Intracardiac Myxoma|Intracardiac mass]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]] 
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Histologic]] diagnosis ([[biopsy]])
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Syncope]], [[Weight loss]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Mitral Stenosis]]<ref name="pmid21189882">{{cite journal| author=Kannan M, Vijayanand G| title=Mitral stenosis and pregnancy: Current concepts in anaesthetic practice. | journal=Indian J Anaesth | year= 2010 | volume= 54 | issue= 5 | pages= 439-44 | pmid=21189882 | doi=10.4103/0019-5049.71043 | pmc=2991654 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21189882  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Diastolic murmur]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mild ↓[[PaO2]] in [[pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Left atrial enlargement]], [[Mitral annular calcification]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Secondary [[Hemosiderosis|pulmonary hemosiderosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Velocity-encoded cine-[[magnetic resonance imaging]] (VEC-MRI)
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]], [[Hemoptysis]]
|-
! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Disease
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Central
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dyspnea
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fever
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Chest pain
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clubbing
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Peripheral edema
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Auscultation
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CBC
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT scan
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gold standard
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Additional findings
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Hematologic diseases]]
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Methemoglobinemia]]<ref name="pmid21954509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ashurst J, Wasson M |title=Methemoglobinemia: a systematic review of the pathophysiology, detection, and treatment |journal=Del Med J |volume=83 |issue=7 |pages=203–8 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21954509 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]], [[Methemoglobinemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal [[PaO2]], ↑[[Oxygen saturation|SaO2]], "Saturation gap"
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen saturation|SaO2]] in [[pulse oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Echocardiography]] for ruling out other causes
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Oximetry|Co-oximetry]], [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] paired with [[pulse oximetry]]. Serum [[methemoglobin]] levels
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Headache]], [[Altered mental status]], [[Delirium]], [[Seizure]], [[Coma]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid11841424">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spivak JL |title=The optimal management of polycythaemia vera |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=243–54 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11841424 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[WBC]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], ↑[[Platelet|Plt]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperkalemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase]], ↑[[Ferritin]], ↑[[Erythropoietin]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Arteriovenous malformation|AVM]], [[COPD]], [[pulmonary hypertension]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Ultrasound|Abdominal ultrasound]] or renal vascular studies for ruling out [[renal artery stenosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[RBC]] mass (RCM) and [[Blood plasma|plasma volume]] measurement
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Itchiness]], [[Headache]]. [[Dizziness]]. [[Blurred vision]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Neurological disease]]
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Breath-holding spells]]<ref name="pmid25676645">{{cite journal| author=Goldman RD| title=Breath-holding spells in infants. | journal=Can Fam Physician | year= 2015 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 149-50 | pmid=25676645 | doi= | pmc=4325862 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25676645  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Microcytic anemia|Hypochromic microcytic anemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypocalcemia]], [[Hypokalemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Iron deficiency]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ruling out [[foreign body aspiration]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[EEG]] monitoring
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Clinical]] findings
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fainting]], [[Twitching|Twitching muscles]], [[Seizure]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Seizure]]<ref name="pmid20689626">{{cite journal| author=Goldenberg MM| title=Overview of drugs used for epilepsy and seizures: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. | journal=P T | year= 2010 | volume= 35 | issue= 7 | pages= 392-415 | pmid=20689626 | doi= | pmc=2912003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20689626  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyponatremia]], [[Hypocalcemia|Hypo]]/[[Hypercalcemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑[[Creatine kinase|CPK]], ↑[[LDH]],
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[EEG]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[EEG]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fainting]], [[Tonic-clonic|Tonic-clonic movements]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Coma]]<ref name="pmid21190458">{{cite journal| author=Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND| title=General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 27 | pages= 2638-50 | pmid=21190458 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra0808281 | pmc=3162622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21190458  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Underlying [[disease]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Underlying [[disease]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Glasgow coma scale|Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Depressed [[brainstem]] reflexes, [[Agonal breathing]]
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Head trauma]]<ref name="pmid22033563">{{cite journal| author=McAllister TW| title=Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury. | journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 287-300 | pmid=22033563 | doi= | pmc=3182015 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22033563  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Skull fracture]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[MRI]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[CT scan]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Nausea]], [[Hypertension]], [[Bradycardia]],[[Tachypnea]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |Miscellaneous
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[High altitude exposure]]<ref name="pmid29340578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parati G, Agostoni P, Basnyat B, Bilo G, Brugger H, Coca A, Festi L, Giardini G, Lironcurti A, Luks AM, Maggiorini M, Modesti PA, Swenson ER, Williams B, Bärtsch P, Torlasco C |title=Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=January 2018 |pmid=29340578 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx720 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Polycythemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↓[[CO2]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperphosphatemia]], [[Hypercalcemia]], [[Hyponatremia]], [[Hypokalemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Decreased [[bicarbonate]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Central [[interstitial edema]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary consolidation]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypoxic challenge test
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]], [[Coma]],  Death
|-
! align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |[[Smoke inhalation]]<ref name="pmid20161170">{{cite journal| author=Rehberg S, Maybauer MO, Enkhbaatar P, Maybauer DM, Yamamoto Y, Traber DL| title=Pathophysiology, management and treatment of smoke inhalation injury. | journal=Expert Rev Respir Med | year= 2009 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 283-297 | pmid=20161170 | doi=10.1586/ERS.09.21 | pmc=2722076 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20161170  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/-
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Wheezing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Anemia]], [[Carboxyhemoglobin]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulse oximetry|CO-oximetry]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Diffuse [[Opacity|opacities]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary]] infiltration
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pulmonary function testing]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cough]], [[Hoarseness]], [[Hemoptysis]], [[Headache]], [[Fainting]]
|-
|}
</small></small>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 20:26, 15 March 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.

Diseases Cyanosis Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging
Peripheral Central Dyspnea Fever Chest pain Clubbing Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Electrolytes Other X-ray CT scan Other
Pulmonary diseases Airway disorder Sleep apnea[1] - + + - - - - Normal Polycythemia O2, ↑CO2 Normal - Normal Normal Polysomnography Polysomnography Nightmares, Snoring
Chronic bronchitis[2] - + + +/- +/- + - Rales, crackles, Wheeze Leukocytosis O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis Hypokalemia, Hypernatremia Gram stain of sputum Elongated heart, Flattened diaphragms, Prominent hilar vasculature Bronchial wall thickening with increased bronchovascular markings - HRCT Productive cough, Chest tightness
Atelectasis[3] - + + - + - - Localized diminished breath sounds, Wheeze Leukocytosis O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis Normal - Localized increased opacity, Deviation toward the atelectasis Local crowding of pulmonary vessels and bronchi MRI for distinguishing obstructive from non-obstructive HRCT Cough, Shallow breathing
Parenchymal disorder Alveolitis[4] +/- + + + + +/- - Wheeze, Crackles Leukocytosis, Eosinophilia O2, ↑CO2 Normal ESR, ↑CRP Scattered opacities, Fine reticulation Homogeneous ground-glass opacity - HRCT PLUS Clinical findings Malaise, Chills, Headache
Pneumonia[5] - + + + + +/- - Rales, Crackles, Wheeze, Pleural friction rub Leukocytosis with neutrophilia Normal Hyponatremia - Entire lobe consolidated, Air bronchograms Focal ground-glass opacity - HRCT Tachycardia, Bradycardia (Legionella)
Asthma (Late)[6] - + + - +/- +/- - End expiratory wheeze Eosinophilia O2, ↑CO2 Normal IgE Atelectasis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Bronchiectasis - Spirometry before and after bronchodilator Triad of asthma, nasal polyps, and rash is indicative of aspirin sensitivity.
Tuberculosis[7] - + + + + +/- - Reduced breath sounds, Wheeze, Inspiratory crackles Leukocytosis, ↑Lymphocyte O2, ↑CO2 Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Hypochloremia PPD, interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) Dense, homogeneous parenchymal consolidation Nodules with low-density centers and rim enhancement Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (FDG PET/CT) Sputum culture, QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) Loss of appetite, Night sweats
Pulmonary fibrosis[8] - + + - + + - Inspiratory crackles Anemia O2, ↑CO2 Normal Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Honeycombing Traction bronchiectasis,

Interlobular septal thickening

HRCT HRCT Fatigue, Weight loss
Pneumoconiosis[9] - + + - +/- +/- - End expiratory wheeze Leukocytosis, Anemia O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis Hyper/Hypocalcemia,

Hypermagnesemia

- Small to large round nodular opacities Diffuse distribution of small nodules MRI and PET-CT scan CT/HRCT scan Tightness in the chest
Lung cancer[10] - + + - +/- + - Absence of breath sounds, Stridor, Wheezing Leukocytosis, Anemia O2, ↑CO2 Hyponatremia CRP, ↑ESR Pulmonary nodule or mass,

Mediastinal widening

Hilar lymphadenopathy

Massive lymphadenopathy, Direct mediastinal invasion MRI, PET-CT scan, Bronchoscopy Low dose computed tomography scan (LDCT) Weight loss, Loss of appetite
Acute respiratory distress syndrome[11] - + + +/- + - - Inspiratory crackles Leukopenia/Leukocytosis O2, ↓CO2, Respiratory alkalosis Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia BNP, ↑Von Willebrand factor (VWF) Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (patchy to diffuse) Emphysema, Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum, Mediastinal lymphadenopathy Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring (PCWP), Bronchoscopy Chest CT scan Tachypnea, Muscle weakness
Pulmonary vascular disorders Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation[12][13][14] - + + - + + - Pulmonary bruit Normal O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis Normal - One or more rounded or multilobular opacities Connecting vessel in hilum Magnetic resonance angiography, Echocardiography Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography  Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
Pulmonary hypertension[15] - + + - +/- +/- - Tricuspid regurgitation murmur, Pulmonic insufficiency murmur Mild anemia O2, ↑CO2 Hypernatremia BNP, ↑ANP Right deviated cardiac apex,

Prominent pulmonary artery

Ill-defined nodules, Interlobular septal thickening CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), MRA Cardiac catheterization (PCWP) Fatigue, Inability to exercise
Disease Peripheral Central Dyspnea Fever Chest pain Clubbing Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Electrolytes Other X-ray CT scan Other Gold standard Additional findings
Cardiac diseases Congenital disorders Atrioventricular canal defect[16] +/- + + - +/- +/- - Wheezing,Holosystolic or systolic ejection murmur Normal Normal Normal Pulse oximetry Cardiomegaly, Increased pulmonary vascular markings Normal Echocardiography, MRI Echocardiography Tachypnea, Lack of appetite, Pale skin color, Excessive sweating
Ebstein anomaly[17] - + +/- - +/- - - Loud S1 Normal Normal Normal Pulse oximetry Cardiomegaly, "Box shape" heart Apical displacement of the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve "Atrialisation" of the right ventricle in MRI, Tricuspid regurgitation in echocardiography Echocardiography Fatigue, Palpitations
Tetralogy of Fallot[18] - + +/- - +/- - - Harsh systolic murmur Normal Normal Normal Pulse oximetry "Boot-shaped" heart with an upturned cardiac apex Aortopulmonary collateral vessels Peripheral pulmonary stenosis and atresia in echocardiography Echocardiography Fainting, Palpitation
Pulmonic stenosis[19] - + + - + +/- - Crescendo-decrescendo ejection murmur Schistocyte O2 Normal Pulse oximetry Right ventricular hypertrophy, Dilated main pulmonary artery Stenotic segment, Post stenotic dilatation Severity of the stenosis by velocity encoded phase contrast (VEC) cine sequences Echocardiography Fainting, Palpitation
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection[20] - + + - +/- +/- - Systolic murmur over the pulmonary area Normal O2 Normal Pulse oximetry Snowman sign Anomalous venous return Blind ended left atrium with no connecting veins in echocardiography Echocardiography Pounding heart, Weak pulse, Extreme sleepiness
Transposition of the great vessels[21] - + + - +/- +/- - Diastolic and Systolic murmur Normal O2 Normal Pulse oximetry Cardiomegaly with narrow superior mediastinum (egg on a string sign) Abnormal great vessel anatomy Flow dynamics on Steady-state free precession (SSFP) MRI Echocardiography Lack of appetite, Poor weight gain
Truncus arteriosus[22] - + +/- - +/- +/- - Holosystolic or ejection type murmur Normal O2 Normal Pulse oximetry Moderate cardiomegalypulmonary plethoraWidened mediastinum Single cardiac trunk Anomalous anatomy in MRI Echocardiography Fatigue, Sweating, Pale or cool skin
Patent ductus arteriosus[23] - + +/- - +/- +/- - Continuous machinery murmur Normal O2, ↑CO2 Normal Pulse oximetry Cardiomegaly, Aortopulmonary window obsecuration Tortuous morphology of ductus (Krichenko classification) Spiral CT pulmonary angiogram Echocardiography Failure to thrive, Respiratory distress
Acquired disorders Myocardial infarction[24] - + + +/- + - - S3 and S4 Normal Normal Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia Elevated troponin I and CKMB Rolling out other causes Coronary luminal narrowing in CT perfusion scan Wall motion abnormality in echocardiography Cardiac troponin I Dizziness, Fatigue, Lightheadedness, Cold sweat
Cardiogenic shock[25] +/- + + - - - + Muffled heart sound Anemia O2, ↑CO2 Hyperkalemia PaO2 in pulse oximetry Normal Normal Echocardiography  Clinical findings Tachypnea, Palpitation, Hypotension, Weak pulse
Cardiomyopathy[26] - + + - + + + S3 and S4 Lymphocytosis O2, ↑CO2 Normal PaO2 in pulse oximetry Enlarged left ventricle and atria, Pulmonary edema Normal MRI Endomyocardial biopsy Arrhythmia, Bloating
Heart tumors[27] - + + - +/- +/- +/- Early diastolic tumor plop Normal Normal Normal Mild ↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry Calcification in lateral view Intracardiac mass Echocardiography  Histologic diagnosis (biopsy) Syncope, Weight loss
Mitral Stenosis[28] - + + - +/- +/- +/- Diastolic murmur Normal Normal Normal Mild ↓PaO2 in pulse oximetry Left atrial enlargement, Mitral annular calcification Secondary pulmonary hemosiderosis Velocity-encoded cine-magnetic resonance imaging (VEC-MRI) Echocardiography Dizziness, Hemoptysis
Disease Peripheral Central Dyspnea Fever Chest pain Clubbing Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Electrolytes Other X-ray CT scan Other Gold standard Additional findings
Hematologic diseases Methemoglobinemia[29] - + + +/- + - - Wheezing Anemia, Methemoglobinemia Normal PaO2, ↑SaO2, "Saturation gap" Normal SaO2 in pulse oximetry Normal Normal Echocardiography for ruling out other causes Co-oximetry, ABG paired with pulse oximetry. Serum methemoglobin levels Headache, Altered mental status, Delirium, Seizure, Coma
Polycythemia[30] + + + +/- +/- + - Normal RBC, ↑WBC, ↑HGB, ↑Plt O2 Hyperkalemia Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, ↑Ferritin, ↑Erythropoietin AVM, COPD, pulmonary hypertension Normal Abdominal ultrasound or renal vascular studies for ruling out renal artery stenosis RBC mass (RCM) and plasma volume measurement Itchiness, Headache. Dizziness. Blurred vision
Neurological disease Breath-holding spells[31] - + + - +/- - - Wheezing Hypochromic microcytic anemia O2 Hypocalcemia, Hypokalemia Iron deficiency Ruling out foreign body aspiration Normal EEG monitoring Clinical findings Fainting, Twitching muscles, Seizure
Seizure[32] - + + +/- - - - Normal Normal O2, ↑CO2 Hyponatremia, Hypo/Hypercalcemia CPK, ↑LDH, Normal Normal EEG EEG Fainting, Tonic-clonic movements
Coma[33] - + - - - - +/- Wheezing Normal O2, ↑CO2 Normal - Underlying disease Underlying disease - Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Depressed brainstem reflexes, Agonal breathing
Head trauma[34] - + + - - - - Normal Normal O2, ↑CO2 Normal - Skull fracture Intracranial hemorrhage MRI CT scan Nausea, Hypertension, Bradycardia,Tachypnea
Miscellaneous High altitude exposure[35] +/- + + - +/- + - Wheezing Polycythemia O2, ↓CO2, Respiratory alkalosis Hyperphosphatemia, Hypercalcemia, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia Decreased bicarbonate Central interstitial edema Pulmonary consolidation - Hypoxic challenge test Dizziness, Coma, Death
Smoke inhalation[36] +/- + + - + - - Wheezing Anemia, Carboxyhemoglobin O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis Normal CO-oximetry Diffuse opacities Pulmonary infiltration Pulmonary function testing Bronchoscopy Cough, Hoarseness, Hemoptysis, Headache, Fainting

References

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