Peripheral neuropathy causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2] Saumya Easaw, M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in developed countries. As a summary; aside from diabetes (see Diabetic neuropathy), the common causes of neuropathy are herpes zoster infection, HIV-AIDS, toxins, alcoholism, chronic trauma (such as repetitive motion disorders) or acute trauma (including surgery), various neurotoxins and autoimmune conditions such as celiac disease, which can account for approximately 16% of small fiber neuropathy cases. Neuropathic pain is common in cancer as a direct result of the cancer on peripheral nerves (e.g., compression by a tumor), as a side effect of manychemotherapy drugs, and as a result of electrical injury. In many cases the neuropathy is idiopathic, meaning no cause is found. A form of spinal nerve entrapment called Posterior Rami Syndrome can led to neuropathic pain. Other common causes of peripheral neuropathy may include: Friedreich's ataxia, Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome, Chronic renal failure, Porphyria, Amyloidosis, Liver failure, Hypothyroidism, Alcoholism, Vincristine, Phenytoin, Procarbazine, Isoniazid, Altretamine, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Leprosy, Sjögren's syndrome, Vitamin deficiency states(vitamin B₁₂, Vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamin), malignant disease and Radiation.

Causes

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in developed countries.

As a summary; aside from diabetes (see Diabetic neuropathy), the common causes of neuropathy are herpes zoster infection, HIV-AIDS, toxins, alcoholism, chronic trauma (such as repetitive motion disorders) or acute trauma (including surgery), various neurotoxins and autoimmune conditions such as celiac disease, which can account for approximately 16% of small fiber neuropathy cases. Neuropathic pain is common in cancer as a direct result of the cancer on peripheral nerves (e.g., compression by a tumor), as a side effect of manychemotherapy drugs, and as a result of electrical injury. In many cases the neuropathy is idiopathic, meaning no cause is found. A form of spinal nerve entrapment called Posterior Rami Syndrome can led to neuropathic pain.

Common Causes

Other common causes of peripheral neuropathy may include:

• Genetic diseases:

• Friedreich's ataxia
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome

• Metabolic / Endocrine:

• Chronic renal failure
• Porphyria
• Amyloidosis
• Liver failure
• Hypothyroidism

• Toxic causes:

• Alcoholism
• drugs

  • Vincristine
  • Phenytoin
  • Procarbazine
  • Isoniazid
  • Altretamine

• Organic metals

  • Heavy metals

• Inflammatory diseases:

• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Leprosy
• Sjögren's syndrome

• Vitamin deficiency states:

• vitamin B₁₂
• Vitamin A
• vitamin E
• Thiamin

• Others:
• Malignant disease
• Radiation

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Atherosclerosis
Chemical/Poisoning	Toxins, Thallium, Inorganic lead, Arsenic, Alcoholic polyneuropathy
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Acrylamide, Ado-trastuzumab emtansine, Amiodarone, Amphotericin B, Bortezomib, Cisplatin, Colchicine, Dapsone, Didanosine, Disulfiram, Eribulin, Ethambutol, Gentamicin, Glycerol phenylbutyrate,Hydralazine, Isoniazid, Ixabepilone, Lamivudine, Leflunomide, Linezolid, Lomefloxacin hydrochloride, Metronidazole, Miglustat, Nitrofurantoin, Nucleoside analogues, Organophosphates, Paclitaxel,Oxaliplatin, Palbociclib, Pentamidine Isethionate, Pertuzumab, Phenytoin, Pyridoxine, Radiation exposure, Sodium aurothiomalate, Stavudine, Sulfasalazine, Suramin, Taxol, Telbivudine, Thalidomide, Vincristine, Vincristine sulfate liposome Zalcitabine
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Hypothyroidism, Hypoglycemia, Diabetes mellitus, Acromegaly
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Sprue, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Malabsorption , Haemochromatosis, Chronic liver disease, Celiac disease
Genetic	Hereditary sensory neuropathy type II (HSN-II), Hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN-I), Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 4, Hereditary neuropathies, Hereditary liability to pressure palsy, Hereditary Ataxia, Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies, Arylsulphatase A deficiency, Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency
Hematologic	Solitary plasmacytoma, Polycythemia vera, Pernicious anemia, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Monoclonal gammopathy, Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia, Lymphoma including Hodgkin's, Leukemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Viral Hepatitis, Typhoid Fever, Tuberculosis, Syphillis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Malaria, Leprosy, HIV infection, Herpes zoster, Diptheria, Diphtheria toxin, Critical illness sepsis, Brucellosis, Botulism
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Spinocerebellar ataxia Machado-Joseph type III, Shy-Drager syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Nerve entrapment, Idiopathic small fiber neuropathy, Giant axonal neuropathy, Friedrich's ataxia, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4A, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1, x-linked, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 1A, Ataxia telangiectasia
Nutritional/Metabolic	Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin B1 deficiency, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, Porphyria, Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Beri-Beri
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy, Carcinoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Uremia, Renal failure, chronic
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Vasculitic neuropathy, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjogren's Syndrome, Scleroderma, Sarcoidosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Polyrediculitis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Microscopic Polyangiitis , Connective tissue disease
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Trauma, Penetrating injuries, Nerve Compression
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Superior orbital fissure syndrome, Refsum's disease, Primary systemic amyloidosis, Paraproteinemia, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Klumpke paralysis, Familial or acquired amyloid polyneuropathy, Fabry's disease, Dysproteinemia, Déjerine-Sottas neuropathy, types A and B (HMSN-III), Cryoglobulinemia, Compartment syndrome, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Aurothioglucose, Amyloid neuropathy, Adrenomyeloneuropathy, Abetalipoproteinemia

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Abetalipoproteinemia Acromegaly Acrylamide Ado-trastuzumab emtansine Adrenomyeloneuropathy AIDs Alcoholic polyneuropathy Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency Amiodarone Amphotericin B Amyloid neuropathy Arsenic Arylsulphatase A deficiency Ataxia telangiectasia Atherosclerosis Aurothioglucose Benign monoclonal gammopathy Beri-Beri Bortezomib Botulism Brucellosis Carcinoma Carpal tunnel syndrome Celiac disease Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 1A Chronic liver disease Chronic obstructive lung disease Cisplatin Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1, x-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1B Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4A Colchicine Compartment syndrome Nerve Compression Connective tissue disease Critical illness sepsis Cryoglobulinemia Dapsone Déjerine-Sottas neuropathy, types A and B (HMSN-III) Diabetes mellitus Didanosine Diphtheria toxin Diptheria Disulfiram Dysproteinemia Emtricitabine Eribulin Ethambutol

Fabry's disease Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency Familial or acquired amyloid polyneuropathy Friedrich's ataxia Gamma-Diketone hexacarbons Giant axonal neuropathy Glycerol phenylbutyrate Haemochromatosis Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies Hereditary Ataxia Hereditary liability to pressure palsy Hereditary neuropathies Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 4 Hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN-I) Hereditary sensory neuropathy type II (HSN-II) Herpes zoster HIV infection Hydralazine Hypoglycemia Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Idiopathic small fiber neuropathy Inorganic lead Isoniazid Ixabepilone Klumpke paralysis Lamivudine Leflunomide Leprosy Leukemia Linezolid Lymphoma, including Hodgkin's Lomefloxacin hydrochloride Malabsorption (sprue, celiac disease) Malaria Metachromatic leukodystrophy Metachromatic leukodystrophy Metronidazole Microscopic Polyangiitis Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia Monoclonal gammopathy Multiple myeloma Mycoplasma pneumoniae Nerve entrapment Neurofibromatosis type 1 Nitrofurantoin Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Nucleoside analogues

Organophosphates Oxaliplatin Paclitaxel Palbociclib Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy Paraproteinemia Penetrating injuries Pernicious anemia Phenytoin Polyarteritis nodosa Polycythemia vera Polyrediculitis Porphyria Primary biliary cirrhosis Primary systemic amyloidosis Pyridoxine Radiation exposure Refsum's disease Renal failure, chronic Rheumatoid arthritis Sarcoidosis Scleroderma Shy-Drager syndrome Sjogren's Syndrome Solitary plasmacytoma Spinocerebellar ataxia, Machado-Joseph type III Sprue Stavudine Superior orbital fissure syndrome Suramin Syphillis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Taxol Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Thallium Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency Toxins Trauma Tuberculosis Typhoid Fever Uremia Vasculitic neuropathy Vincristine Viral Hepatitis Vitamin B1 deficiency Vitamin B6 deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Zalcitabine

References