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'''Abbreviations'''
CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen, C-cell: Chief cells, U/S: Ultrasound, CT: Computerized tomography, PET: Position emission tomography, FNA: Fine needle aspiration, MEN: Multiple endocrine neoplasia, GI: Gastrointestinal, N/A: Not available/Not applicable, N/L: Normal, MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, PTH: Parathyroid hormone, ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, GH: Growth hormone, TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone, LH: Leutinizing hormone, FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone, NSE: Neuron specific enolase, NET: Neuroendocrine tumors, H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin, CK: Cytokeratin, Hb: Hemoglobin, IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease, VMAT: Vesicular monoamine transporter, ECL: Enterochromaffin like, GNET: Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors, PNET: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, PGP: Protein-gene-product, HCL: Hydrochloric acid, VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide, NF: Neurofibromatosis, PUD: Peptic ulcer disease, DVT: Deep vein thrombosis, PE: Pulmonary embolism, TTF:  Transcription termination factor, SIADH: Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion.
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! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |<small>Others</small>
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |<small>Others</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Medullary thyroid carcinoma<ref name="pmid29978018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Segura S, Ramos-Rivera G, Suhrland M |title=Educational Case: Endocrine Neoplasm: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma |journal=Acad Pathol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=2374289518775722 |date=2018 |pmid=29978018 |pmc=6024338 |doi=10.1177/2374289518775722 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24037980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roy M, Chen H, Sippel RS |title=Current understanding and management of medullary thyroid cancer |journal=Oncologist |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1093–100 |date=2013 |pmid=24037980 |pmc=3805151 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0053 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20664475">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen H, Sippel RS, O'Dorisio MS, Vinik AI, Lloyd RV, Pacak K |title=The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer |journal=Pancreas |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=775–83 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20664475 |pmc=3419007 |doi=10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb4f0 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Medullary thyroid cancer|Medullary thyroid carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid29978018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Segura S, Ramos-Rivera G, Suhrland M |title=Educational Case: Endocrine Neoplasm: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma |journal=Acad Pathol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=2374289518775722 |date=2018 |pmid=29978018 |pmc=6024338 |doi=10.1177/2374289518775722 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24037980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roy M, Chen H, Sippel RS |title=Current understanding and management of medullary thyroid cancer |journal=Oncologist |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1093–100 |date=2013 |pmid=24037980 |pmc=3805151 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0053 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20664475">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen H, Sippel RS, O'Dorisio MS, Vinik AI, Lloyd RV, Pacak K |title=The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer |journal=Pancreas |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=775–83 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20664475 |pmc=3419007 |doi=10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb4f0 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Dysphagia
* [[Dysphagia]]
* Hoarseness
* [[Hoarseness]]
* Respiratory difficulty
* [[Respiratory]] difficulty
* Flushing
* [[Flushing]]
* Diarrhea
* [[Diarrhea]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight]] loss
|
|
* Palpable neck mass  
* Palpable [[neck]] mass  


* Signs of Cushing syndrome  
* Signs of [[Cushing syndrome]]
|
|
* ↑ Calcitonin
* ↑ [[Calcitonin]]
* ↑ Serum calcium  
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[calcium]]
* ↑ or - Cortisol
* ↑ or N/L [[Cortisol]]
* ↑ CEA level  
* ↑ [[CEA]] level  


|
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* White or gray in color
* White or gray in color
* Firm to palpation
* Firm to [[palpation]]
|
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* Nests of uniform cells
* Nests of uniform [[cells]]
* Deposition of stromal amyloid
* Deposition of [[stromal]] [[amyloid]]
* Granular chromatin
* Granular [[chromatin]]
* C-cell hyperplasia
* [[C cell|C-cell]] [[hyperplasia]]
|
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* Calcitonin
* [[Calcitonin]]
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
* [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] ([[CEA]])
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|
* Solid thyroid nodule (US)
* Solid [[thyroid nodule]] ([[Ultrasonogram|U/S]])
* CT scan/MRI and PET scan for metastatis
* [[CT scan]]/[[MRI]] and [[PET scan]] for [[metastasis]]
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* Genetic testing
* [[Genetic testing]]
|
|
* FNA cytology with immunohisto-
* [[FNA]] [[cytology]] with [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohisto-]]
chemistry and  
[[Immunohistochemistry|chemistry]] and  


calcitonin levels
[[calcitonin]] levels
|
|
* Associated with MEN 2A and 2B
* Associated with [[MEN 2a|MEN 2A]] and [[MEN, type 2b|2B]]
* Familial association with RET mutations
* [[Familial]] association with [[RET gene|RET]] [[mutations]]
* May present as Cushing syndrome
* May present as [[Cushing syndrome]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pheochromocytoma<ref name="pmid24636754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martucci VL, Pacak K |title=Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment |journal=Curr Probl Cancer |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=7–41 |date=2014 |pmid=24636754 |pmc=3992879 |doi=10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2014.01.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20541673">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kantorovich V, Pacak K |title=Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma |journal=Prog. Brain Res. |volume=182 |issue= |pages=343–73 |date=2010 |pmid=20541673 |pmc=4714594 |doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(10)82015-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19605896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller AD, Masek-Hammerman K, Dalecki K, Mansfield KG, Westmoreland SV |title=Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of pheochromocytoma in 6 cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) |journal=Vet. Pathol. |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1221–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19605896 |doi=10.1354/vp.09-VP-0022-M-FL |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19120142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kantorovich V, Eisenhofer G, Pacak K |title=Pheochromocytoma: an endocrine stress mimicking disorder |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1148 |issue= |pages=462–8 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19120142 |pmc=2693284 |doi=10.1196/annals.1410.081 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25332315">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M |title=Laboratory evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=1486–99 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25332315 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2014.224832 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pheochromocytoma]]<ref name="pmid24636754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martucci VL, Pacak K |title=Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment |journal=Curr Probl Cancer |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=7–41 |date=2014 |pmid=24636754 |pmc=3992879 |doi=10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2014.01.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20541673">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kantorovich V, Pacak K |title=Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma |journal=Prog. Brain Res. |volume=182 |issue= |pages=343–73 |date=2010 |pmid=20541673 |pmc=4714594 |doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(10)82015-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19605896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller AD, Masek-Hammerman K, Dalecki K, Mansfield KG, Westmoreland SV |title=Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of pheochromocytoma in 6 cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) |journal=Vet. Pathol. |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1221–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19605896 |doi=10.1354/vp.09-VP-0022-M-FL |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19120142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kantorovich V, Eisenhofer G, Pacak K |title=Pheochromocytoma: an endocrine stress mimicking disorder |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1148 |issue= |pages=462–8 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19120142 |pmc=2693284 |doi=10.1196/annals.1410.081 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25332315">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M |title=Laboratory evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=1486–99 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25332315 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2014.224832 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Headaches
* [[Headaches]]
* Palpitations
* [[Palpitations]]
* Excessive sweating
* Excessive [[sweating]]
* Anxiety
* [[Anxiety]]
* Pallor
* [[Pallor]]
* Pain in chest/abdomen
* Pain in [[chest]]/[[abdomen]]
* Weakness, fatigue
* [[Weakness]], [[fatigue]]
* Nausea/vomiting
* [[Nausea]]/[[vomiting]]
* Dizziness
* [[Dizziness]]
* Paresthesias
* [[Paresthesias]]
* Constipation (rarely diarrhea)
* [[Constipation]] (rarely [[diarrhea]])
* Visual disturbance
* [[Visual disturbance]]
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* Hypertension
* [[Hypertension]]
* Postural hypotension
* Postural [[hypotension]]
* Tachycardia or reflex bradycardia
* [[Tachycardia]] or reflex [[bradycardia]]
* Tremulousness
* Tremulousness
* Pallor
* [[Pallor]]
* Flushing (rare)  
* [[Flushing]] (rare)  
* Weight loss  
* [[Weight]] loss  
* Fasting hyperglycaemia
* Fasting [[hyperglycaemia]]
* Decreased GI motility
* Decreased [[GI]] [[motility]]
* Pallor
* [[Pallor]]
* ↑ Respiratory rate
* ↑ [[Respiratory rate]]
* Psychosis
* [[Psychosis]]
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* ↑ Plasma and urine catecholamines
* ↑ [[Plasma]] and [[urine]] [[catecholamines]]
* ↑ Plasma and urine metanephrines
* ↑ [[Plasma]] and [[urine]] [[metanephrines]]
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
* ↑ Plasma methoxytyramine
* ↑ [[Plasma]] [[methoxytyramine]]


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* Loosely cohesive clusters
* Loosely cohesive clusters
* Scattered tumor cells with prominent anisokaryosis, abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and indistinct cell borders
* Scattered [[tumor]] [[cells]] with prominent anisokaryosis, abundant [[eosinophilic]] granular [[cytoplasm]] and indistinct [[cell]] borders
* Occasional binucleate cells
* Occasional bi-nucleate [[cells]]
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* Chromogranin A (CGA)
* [[Chromogranin A]] (CGA)
* Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5
* Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5
* Synaptophysin (SYN)  
* [[Synaptophysin]] (SYN)  
* CD56 (also known as neural cell adhesion molecule or N-CAM)  
* [[CD56]] (also known as neural cell adhesion molecule or [[CAM|N-CAM]])  
* Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
* [[Glial fibrillary acidic protein]] ([[GFAP]])
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* Heterogeneous appearance, often with some cystic areas. Calcifications or hemorrhage may also be present (CT)
* Heterogeneous appearance, often with some [[cystic]] areas. [[Calcification]] or [[hemorrhage]] may also be present ([[CT-scans|CT]])


* T2-bright lesions, with/without cystic or necrotic components (MRI)
* T2-bright lesions, with/without [[cystic]] or [[necrotic]] components ([[MRI]])
* Cystic or solid with necrotic areas or hemorrhages (U/S)
* [[Cystic]] or solid with [[necrotic]] areas or [[hemorrhages]] ([[Ultrasonogram|U/S]])
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* Genetic testing
* Genetic testing
* Provacative glucagon test
* Provacative [[glucagon]] test
* Clonidine suppression test
* [[Clonidine]] suppression test
* Metaiodobenzyl-guanidine scintigraphy
* Metaiodobenzyl-guanidine [[scintigraphy]]
* PET scan
* [[PET]] scan
* Octereoscan
* [[Octereoscan]]
|
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* Plasma and urine catecholamines & metanephrines combined with clinical findings
* [[Plasma]] and [[urine]] [[catecholamines]] & [[metanephrines]] combined with [[clinical]] findings
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* May mimic panic attack
* May mimic [[panic attack]]
* May be associated with  Von Hippel-Lindau disease, MEN type 2 and Neurofibromatosis type 1.
* May be associated with  [[Von Hippel-Lindau disease]], [[MEN type 2]] and [[Neurofibromatosis type 1]].
* Arise from the chromaffin cells
* Arise from the [[chromaffin cells]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Merkel cell carcinoma<ref name="pmid29072302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker JC, Stang A, DeCaprio JA, Cerroni L, Lebbé C, Veness M, Nghiem P |title=Merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers |volume=3 |issue= |pages=17077 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29072302 |pmc=6054450 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.77 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23116583">{{cite journal |vauthors=Han SY, North JP, Canavan T, Kim N, Yu SS |title=Merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1351–74 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23116583 |doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2012.08.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28916903">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amaral T, Leiter U, Garbe C |title=Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy |journal=Rev Endocr Metab Disord |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=517–532 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28916903 |doi=10.1007/s11154-017-9433-0 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Merkel cell carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid29072302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker JC, Stang A, DeCaprio JA, Cerroni L, Lebbé C, Veness M, Nghiem P |title=Merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers |volume=3 |issue= |pages=17077 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29072302 |pmc=6054450 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.77 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23116583">{{cite journal |vauthors=Han SY, North JP, Canavan T, Kim N, Yu SS |title=Merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1351–74 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23116583 |doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2012.08.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28916903">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amaral T, Leiter U, Garbe C |title=Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy |journal=Rev Endocr Metab Disord |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=517–532 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28916903 |doi=10.1007/s11154-017-9433-0 |url=}}</ref>
|
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* Asymptomatic red-to-violet nodules
* Asymptomatic red-to-violet [[nodules]]
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* Violaceous nodule
* Violaceous [[nodule]]
* Ulcerated Nodule
* [[Ulcerated lesion|Ulcerated]] [[Nodule]]
* Lympadenopathy
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
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* Seropositivity for Merkel cell polyomavirus
* [[Seropositivity]] for [[Merkel cell]] [[polyomavirus]]
* Anti-ST antibodies
* Anti-ST [[antibodies]]
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* Dermal and subcutaneous nodule
* [[Dermal]] and [[subcutaneous]] [[nodule]]
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* Monomorphic cells with 3 main types — small-cell, trabecular and intermediate
* Monomorphic [[cells]] with 3 main types — small-cell, [[Trabecula|trabecular]] and intermediate
* May show necrosis & pleomorphism
* May show [[necrosis]] & [[pleomorphism]]


* Epidermotropism
* Epidermotropism
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* Chromogranin-A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Cytokeratin 20 (CK20)
* [[Cytokeratin]] 20 (CK20)
* Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) large T antigen
* [[Merkel cell]] [[polyomavirus]] (MCPyV) large T [[antigen]]
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* U/S, CT scan, MRI and PET scan for metastasis  
* [[Ultrasonography|U/S]], [[CT scan]], [[MRI]] and [[PET scan]] for metastasis  
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* N/A
* N/A
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* Biopsy with immunohisto-chemistry
* [[Biopsy]] with [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohisto-chemistry]]
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* Higher mortality than melanoma  
* Higher [[mortality]] than [[melanoma]]
* ↑ Risk in immun-compromised
* ↑ Risk in immun-compromised
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Parathyroid adenoma<ref name="pmid20614300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wieneke JA, Smith A |title=Parathyroid adenoma |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=305–8 |date=December 2008 |pmid=20614300 |doi=10.1007/s12105-008-0088-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26985167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Madkhali T, Alhefdhi A, Chen H, Elfenbein D |title=Primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Ulus Cerrahi Derg |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=58–66 |date=2016 |pmid=26985167 |pmc=4771429 |doi=10.5152/UCD.2015.3032 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24035866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Costa-Guda J, Arnold A |title=Genetic and epigenetic changes in sporadic endocrine tumors: parathyroid tumors |journal=Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. |volume=386 |issue=1-2 |pages=46–54 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24035866 |pmc=3943641 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.005 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Parathyroid adenoma]]<ref name="pmid20614300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wieneke JA, Smith A |title=Parathyroid adenoma |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=305–8 |date=December 2008 |pmid=20614300 |doi=10.1007/s12105-008-0088-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26985167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Madkhali T, Alhefdhi A, Chen H, Elfenbein D |title=Primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Ulus Cerrahi Derg |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=58–66 |date=2016 |pmid=26985167 |pmc=4771429 |doi=10.5152/UCD.2015.3032 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24035866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Costa-Guda J, Arnold A |title=Genetic and epigenetic changes in sporadic endocrine tumors: parathyroid tumors |journal=Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. |volume=386 |issue=1-2 |pages=46–54 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24035866 |pmc=3943641 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.005 |url=}}</ref>
|
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* Depression
* [[Depression]]
* Memory loss
* [[Memory]] loss
* Fatigue
* [[Fatigue]]
* Sleep problems
* [[Sleep]] problems
* Bone or muscle pains  
* [[Bone]] or [[muscle]] pains  
* GERD
* [[GERD]]
* ↓ concentration
* ↓ concentration
* Renal colic
* [[Renal colic]]
* Constipation
* [[Constipation]]
|
|
* Nephrolithiasis
* [[Nephrolithiasis]]
* Nephrocalcinosis
* [[Nephrocalcinosis]]
* osteopenia
* [[osteopenia]]
* osteoporosis
* [[osteoporosis]]
|
|
* ↑ Serum and urinary Calcium
* ↑ [[Serum]] and [[urinary]] [[Calcium]]
* ↑ or N/L PTH
* ↑ or N/L [[PTH]]
*  
*  
|
|
* Enlarged
* Enlarged
* smooth
* [[smooth]]
* Soft  
* Soft  
* Reddish brown in color
* Reddish brown in color
|
|
* Discrete with thin fibrous capsule
* Discrete with thin [[fibrous capsule]]


* May be multinodular and irregular
* May be multi-[[nodular]] and irregular
* Proliferation of a single cell type with solid to pseudo-glandular, follicular, and acinar structure
* [[Proliferation]] of a single [[cell]] type with solid to pseudo-[[glandular]], follicular, and [[acinar]] structure
|
|
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin]]
* Parathyroid hormone
* [[Parathyroid hormone]]
|
|
* Enlarged gland on U/S and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy
* Enlarged [[gland]] on [[Ultrasonography|U/S]] and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi [[scintigraphy]]
* Single photon emission computed tomography
* Single [[Pet scan|photon emission computed tomography]]
|Staining for  
|Staining for  
* bcl-1  
* [[BCL2-related protein A1|bcl-1]]
* Ki67  
* [[Ki-67|Ki67]]
* p27
* [[P27 (gene)|p27]]
* parafibromin
* parafibromin
|
|
* Biopsy
* [[Biopsy]]
|
|
* Associated with MEN
* Associated with [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia|MEN]]
* Associated with HPRT
* Associated with [[Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase|HPRT]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Paraganglioma<ref name="pmid253323152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M |title=Laboratory evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=1486–99 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25332315 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2014.224832 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22571874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baez JC, Jagannathan JP, Krajewski K, O'Regan K, Zukotynski K, Kulke M, Ramaiya NH |title=Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: imaging characteristics |journal=Cancer Imaging |volume=12 |issue= |pages=153–62 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22571874 |pmc=3362869 |doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24133606">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu YQ, Yue JQ |title=Paraganglioma of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2247–50 |date=2013 |pmid=24133606 |pmc=3796250 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30313044">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang ZH, Wang YT, Cheng F, Hu Y |title=Pathological features of paraganglioma in the lumbar spinal canal: A case report |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=97 |issue=41 |pages=e12586 |date=October 2018 |pmid=30313044 |pmc=6203573 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000012586 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Paraganglioma]]<ref name="pmid253323152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M |title=Laboratory evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=1486–99 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25332315 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2014.224832 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22571874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baez JC, Jagannathan JP, Krajewski K, O'Regan K, Zukotynski K, Kulke M, Ramaiya NH |title=Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: imaging characteristics |journal=Cancer Imaging |volume=12 |issue= |pages=153–62 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22571874 |pmc=3362869 |doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24133606">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu YQ, Yue JQ |title=Paraganglioma of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2247–50 |date=2013 |pmid=24133606 |pmc=3796250 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30313044">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang ZH, Wang YT, Cheng F, Hu Y |title=Pathological features of paraganglioma in the lumbar spinal canal: A case report |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=97 |issue=41 |pages=e12586 |date=October 2018 |pmid=30313044 |pmc=6203573 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000012586 |url=}}</ref>
|
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* Headaches
* [[Headaches]]
* Palpitations
* [[Palpitations]]
* Tinnitus
* [[Tinnitus]]
* Decreased hearing
* Decreased [[hearing]]
* Localized pain  
* Localized [[pain]]
* GI & intracranial hemorrhage   
* [[GI]] & [[intracranial hemorrhage]]  
* Cardiomyopathy Generalized weakness
* [[Cardiomyopathy]] Generalized [[weakness]]
|
|
* Pallor  
* [[Pallor]]
* Hypertension  
* [[Hypertension]]
* Localized mass
* Localized [[mass]]
* Orthostasis  
* [[Orthostasis]]
* Incidentalomas
* [[Incidentaloma|Incidentalomas]]
* Cranial nerve palsies
* [[Cranial nerve]] [[Palsy|palsies]]
|
|
* ↑ Plasma and urine catecholamines
* ↑ [[Plasma]] and [[urine]] [[catecholamines]]
* ↑ Plasma and urine metanephrines
* ↑ [[Plasma]] and [[urine]] [[Metanephrine|metanephrines]]
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
* ↑ Plasma methoxytyramine
* ↑ [[Plasma]] [[methoxytyramine]]
|
|
* Clear margins
* Clear margins
* Encapsulated
* Encapsulated
|
|
* Honeycomb or nests patterns separated by broad bands of fibrous tissue
* Honeycomb or nests patterns separated by broad bands of [[Fibrous tissues|fibrous tissue]]
* Prominent vascularization
* Prominent [[vascularization]]
* Argyrophilic fibers
* Argyrophilic fibers
|
|
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* CD56  
* [[CD56]]
* S-100
* [[S-100]]
* Cytokeratin
* [[Cytokeratin]]
|
|
* Mass with an un-enhanced density  
* Mass with an un-enhanced [[density]]
* Internal Hemorrhage  
* Internal [[Hemorrhage]]
* Cystic changes
* [[Cystic]] changes
* Necrosis
* [[Necrosis]]
* Internal calcifications
* Internal [[calcification]]
|
|
* Genetic testing
* [[Genetic testing]]
* Provacative glucagon test
* Provacative [[glucagon]] test
* Clonidine suppression test
* [[Clonidine]] suppression test
* Metaiodobenzyl-guanidine scintigraphy
* Metaiodobenzyl-guanidine [[scintigraphy]]
* PET scan
* [[PET]] scan
* Octereoscan
* [[Octereoscan]]
|N/A
|N/A
|
|
* Paragangliomas are similar to pheochromo-cytomas but arise outside adrenal medulla
* [[Paragangliomas]] are similar to [[Pheochromocytoma|pheochromo-cytomas]] but arise outside [[adrenal medulla]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pituitary gland tumor<ref name="pmid28264912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Asa SL, Casar-Borota O, Chanson P, Delgrange E, Earls P, Ezzat S, Grossman A, Ikeda H, Inoshita N, Karavitaki N, Korbonits M, Laws ER, Lopes MB, Maartens N, McCutcheon IE, Mete O, Nishioka H, Raverot G, Roncaroli F, Saeger W, Syro LV, Vasiljevic A, Villa C, Wierinckx A, Trouillas J |title=From pituitary adenoma to pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET): an International Pituitary Pathology Club proposal |journal=Endocr. Relat. Cancer |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=C5–C8 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28264912 |doi=10.1530/ERC-17-0004 |url=}}</ref>s<ref name="pmid29275530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manojlovic-Gacic E, Engström BE, Casar-Borota O |title=Histopathological classification of non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors |journal=Pituitary |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=119–129 |date=April 2018 |pmid=29275530 |pmc=5849671 |doi=10.1007/s11102-017-0855-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19021842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim M, Yousef M, Bohnen N, Eisbruch A, Parmar H |title=Primary carcinoid tumor of the skull base: case report and review of the literature |journal=J Neuroimaging |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=390–2 |date=October 2010 |pmid=19021842 |doi=10.1111/j.1552-6569.2008.00317.x |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pituitary tumor|Pituitary gland tumor]]<ref name="pmid28264912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Asa SL, Casar-Borota O, Chanson P, Delgrange E, Earls P, Ezzat S, Grossman A, Ikeda H, Inoshita N, Karavitaki N, Korbonits M, Laws ER, Lopes MB, Maartens N, McCutcheon IE, Mete O, Nishioka H, Raverot G, Roncaroli F, Saeger W, Syro LV, Vasiljevic A, Villa C, Wierinckx A, Trouillas J |title=From pituitary adenoma to pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET): an International Pituitary Pathology Club proposal |journal=Endocr. Relat. Cancer |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=C5–C8 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28264912 |doi=10.1530/ERC-17-0004 |url=}}</ref>s<ref name="pmid29275530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manojlovic-Gacic E, Engström BE, Casar-Borota O |title=Histopathological classification of non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors |journal=Pituitary |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=119–129 |date=April 2018 |pmid=29275530 |pmc=5849671 |doi=10.1007/s11102-017-0855-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19021842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim M, Yousef M, Bohnen N, Eisbruch A, Parmar H |title=Primary carcinoid tumor of the skull base: case report and review of the literature |journal=J Neuroimaging |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=390–2 |date=October 2010 |pmid=19021842 |doi=10.1111/j.1552-6569.2008.00317.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28695048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nasi D, Perano D, Ghadirpour R, Iaccarino C, Servadei F, Romano A |title=Primary pituitary neuroendocrine tumor: Case report and literature review |journal=Surg Neurol Int |volume=8 |issue= |pages=101 |date=2017 |pmid=28695048 |pmc=5473081 |doi=10.4103/sni.sni_450_16 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Focal neurological deficit
* Focal neurological deficit
* Intracranial hypertension
* [[Intracranial hypertension]]
* Hypopituitarism
* [[Hypopituitarism]]
* Endocrine symptoms
* [[Endocrine]] symptoms
|
|
* Focal neurological deficit
* Focal neurological deficit
* Intracranial hypertension
* [[Intracranial hypertension]]
* Hypopituitarism
* [[Hypopituitarism]]
* Endocrine signs
* [[Endocrine]] signs
|
|
* ↓ Pituitary hormones
* ↓ [[Pituitary]] [[hormones]]
* ↑ in specific hormone in functional tumors
* ↑ in specific [[hormone]] in functional [[tumors]]
|
|
* Micro or macroadenomas
* [[Pituitary adenoma|Micro or macroadenomas]]
* Well-defined
* Well-defined
|
|
* uniform nuclear morphology, stippled chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli
* uniform nuclear [[morphology]], stippled [[chromatin]] and inconspicuous nucleoli
* Dense vs sparsely granulated
* [[Dense]] vs sparsely granulated
* Crooke's hyaline change
* Crooke's hyaline change
* Null cell adenomas  
* [[Null cell adenomas]]
|
|
* Synaptophysin  
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin A)
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Hormone stains include prolactin, ACTH, GH, TSH, LH, FSH and alpha subunit
* [[Hormone]] [[Stain|stains]] include [[prolactin]], [[ACTH]], [[GH]], [[TSH]], [[LH]], [[FSH]] and alpha subunit
* Reticulin
* [[Reticulin]]
* CAM5.2
* [[CAM|CAM5.2]]
* SF1, PIT-1 or T-PIT
* [[SF1 (gene)|SF1]], [[PIT-1]] or T-PIT
|
|
* Sellar/suprasellar mass
* [[Sella turcica|Sellar]]/[[suprasellar]] mass
* Diffuse homogeneous enhancement following contrast administration (MRI)
* Diffuse homogeneous enhancement following contrast administration       ([[MRI]])
* CT
* [[CT]]
|
|
* 1C-5<sup>-</sup> hydroxytryptophan PET
* 1C-5<sup>-</sup> hydroxytryptophan [[PET]]
* Somatostatin Receptor scintigraphy
* [[Somatostatin]] [[Receptor]] [[scintigraphy]]
* Pituitary hormone levels
* [[Pituitary]] [[hormone]] levels
* Thyroid hormones and cortisol level
* [[Thyroid hormones]] and [[cortisol]] level
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
Line 302: Line 305:
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Neuroendocrine tumors of the testicles<ref name="pmid28559773">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amine MM, Mohamed B, Mourad H, Majed H, Slim C, Mehdi B, Hela M, Nouri R, Rim K, Tahya B, Nabil MM |title=Neuroendocrine Testicular Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Curr Urol |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28559773 |pmc=5436018 |doi=10.1159/000447146 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16495507">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park SB, Kim JK, Cho KS |title=Imaging findings of a primary bilateral testicular carcinoid tumor associated with carcinoid syndrome |journal=J Ultrasound Med |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=413–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16495507 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid119936942">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eichhorn JH, Young RH |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the genital tract |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=115 Suppl |issue= |pages=S94–112 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11993694 |doi=10.1309/64CW-WKGK-49EF-BYD1 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Neuroendocrine tumors of the testicles<ref name="pmid28559773">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amine MM, Mohamed B, Mourad H, Majed H, Slim C, Mehdi B, Hela M, Nouri R, Rim K, Tahya B, Nabil MM |title=Neuroendocrine Testicular Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Curr Urol |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28559773 |pmc=5436018 |doi=10.1159/000447146 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16495507">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park SB, Kim JK, Cho KS |title=Imaging findings of a primary bilateral testicular carcinoid tumor associated with carcinoid syndrome |journal=J Ultrasound Med |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=413–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16495507 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid119936942">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eichhorn JH, Young RH |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the genital tract |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=115 Suppl |issue= |pages=S94–112 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11993694 |doi=10.1309/64CW-WKGK-49EF-BYD1 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Painless scrotal mass & swelling
* Painless [[scrotal mass]] & [[Scrotal swelling|swelling]]
* Scrotal pain  
* [[Scrotal examination|Scrotal]] pain  
* Carcinoid syndrome   
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]    
|
|
* Firm painless or painful scrotal mass & swelling
* Firm painless or painful [[scrotal mass]] & [[Scrotal swelling|swelling]]
* Flushing
* [[Flushing]]
* Hydrocele
* [[Hydrocele]]
|
|
* ↑ Serum NSE
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[Neuron-specific enolase|NSE]]
* ↑ Serum vanillylmandelic acid
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[vanillylmandelic acid]]
* ↑ Serum serotonin and serotonin metabolites
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[serotonin]] and [[serotonin]] [[metabolites]]
|
|
* Well-defined
* Well-defined
* Non-capsulated
* Non-capsulated
* Calcified cyst
* Calcified [[cyst]]
* Hemorrhage & necrosis
* [[Hemorrhage]] & [[necrosis]]
|
|
* Presence of argentaffin and argyrophilic cells
* Presence of argentaffin and argyrophilic cells
* Monomorphous polygonal cells
* Monomorphous polygonal [[cells]]
* Eosinophilic cytoplasm  
* [[Eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]
* Finely dispersed chromatin  
* Finely dispersed [[chromatin]]
|
|
* Cytokeratin
* [[Cytokeratin]]
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Serotonin
* [[Serotonin]]
* NSE
* [[Neuron-specific enolase|NSE]]
* Vimentin
* [[Vimentin]]
|
|
* Well-defined solid hypoechoic mass (U/S)  
* Well-defined solid hypoechoic mass     ([[Medical ultrasonography|U/S]])  
* Dense punctate calcifications (U/S)
* Dense punctate [[calcification]] ([[Medical ultrasonography|U/S]])
|For metastasis and grading:
|For [[metastasis]] and [[grading]]:
* CT scan
* [[CT scan]]
* Octreotide scintigraphy
* [[Octreotide]] [[scintigraphy]]
* Pan GI endoscopy
* Pan [[GI]] [[endoscopy]]
|
|
* Scrotal U/S with immunohisto-chemistry
* Scrotal [[Medical ultrasonography|U/S]] with [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohisto-chemistry]]
|
|
* May be associated with testicular teratoma
* May be associated with [[Teratoma|testicular teratoma]]
* Normal serum levels of testicular tumor markers
* Normal [[serum]] levels of testicular [[tumor]] markers
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Neuroendocrine tumors of the ovaries<ref name="pmid27508272">{{cite journal |vauthors=Orsi NM, Menon M |title=Primary ovarian neuroendocrine tumor arising in association with a mature cystic teratoma: A case report |journal=Gynecol Oncol Rep |volume=17 |issue= |pages=83–5 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27508272 |pmc=4971231 |doi=10.1016/j.gore.2016.07.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29326972">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaiho-Sakuma M, Toyoshima M, Watanabe M, Toki A, Kameda S, Minato T, Niikura H, Yaegashi N |title=Aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the ovary with multiple metastases treated with everolimus: A case report |journal=Gynecol Oncol Rep |volume=23 |issue= |pages=20–23 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29326972 |pmc=5760241 |doi=10.1016/j.gore.2018.01.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11993694">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eichhorn JH, Young RH |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the genital tract |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=115 Suppl |issue= |pages=S94–112 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11993694 |doi=10.1309/64CW-WKGK-49EF-BYD1 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Neuroendocrine tumors of the ovaries<ref name="pmid27508272">{{cite journal |vauthors=Orsi NM, Menon M |title=Primary ovarian neuroendocrine tumor arising in association with a mature cystic teratoma: A case report |journal=Gynecol Oncol Rep |volume=17 |issue= |pages=83–5 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27508272 |pmc=4971231 |doi=10.1016/j.gore.2016.07.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29326972">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaiho-Sakuma M, Toyoshima M, Watanabe M, Toki A, Kameda S, Minato T, Niikura H, Yaegashi N |title=Aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the ovary with multiple metastases treated with everolimus: A case report |journal=Gynecol Oncol Rep |volume=23 |issue= |pages=20–23 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29326972 |pmc=5760241 |doi=10.1016/j.gore.2018.01.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11993694">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eichhorn JH, Young RH |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the genital tract |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=115 Suppl |issue= |pages=S94–112 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11993694 |doi=10.1309/64CW-WKGK-49EF-BYD1 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Lower abdominal pain & swelling
* Lower [[abdominal pain]] & [[Abdominal Swelling|swelling]]
* Carcinoid syndrome
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
|
|
* Abdominal and/or pelvic mass
* [[Abdominal mass|Abdominal]] and/or [[Pelvic masses|pelvic mass]]
* Ascites
* [[Ascites]]
* Flushing
* [[Flushing]]
|
|
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
* ↑ or -  CA 125
* ↑ or -  [[CA-125|CA 125]]
|
|
* Well-defined
* Well-defined
* Smooth
* Smooth
* Solid with cystic areas
* Solid with [[cystic]] areas
|
|
* Insular pattern with nested areas  
* Insular pattern with nested areas  
* Cells in groups and trabeculae arrangement
* [[Cells]] in groups and [[trabeculae]] arrangement
* Mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism
* Mild to moderate nuclear [[pleomorphism]]
|
|
* CD 56
* [[CD56]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin]]
|
|
* Solid ovarian mass with significant enhancement (MRI)
* Solid [[ovarian]] mass with significant enhancement       ([[MRI]])
* Ovarian solid mass (U/S)
* [[Ovarian]] solid mass ([[Medical ultrasonography|U/S]])
|
|
For metastasis and grading:
For [[metastasis]] and [[Grading (tumors)|grading]]:
* CT scan
* [[CT scan]]
* Octreotide scintigraphy
* [[Octreotide]] [[scintigraphy]]
* Pan GI endoscopy
* Pan [[Endoscopy|GI endoscopy]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* CDX2 may distinguish primary ovarian NET from metastatic NET from GI tract
* [[CDX2]] may distinguish primary [[ovarian]] [[Neuroendocrine tumors|NET]] from [[metastatic]] [[Neuroendocrine tumors|NET]] from [[GI tract]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Thymic neuroendocrine cancer<ref name="pmid29201448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bohnenberger H, Dinter H, König A, Ströbel P |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus and mediastinum |journal=J Thorac Dis |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 15 |pages=S1448–S1457 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29201448 |pmc=5690954 |doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.02.02 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10884805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moran CA, Suster S |title=Neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumor) of the thymus. A clinicopathologic analysis of 80 cases |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=100–10 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10884805 |doi=10.1309/3PDN-PMT5-EQTM-H0CD |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28602157">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boubacar E, Atsame-Ebang G, Rabiou S, Fatimazahra A, Mazti A, Sidibé IS, Tahiri L, Hammas N, Yassine O, Mohamed S, Laila C, Hinde EF |title=Thymic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma - a rare and aggressive tumor: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=155 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28602157 |pmc=5467048 |doi=10.1186/s13256-017-1331-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30446840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Domen H, Hida Y, Sato M, Takahashi H, Ishikawa T, Shionoya Y, Hashimoto M, Nishiyama K, Aoki Y, Inoko K, Furukawa S, Ichinokawa K, Yamada H |title=Resected thymic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: report of a case |journal=Surg Case Rep |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=133 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30446840 |pmc=6240022 |doi=10.1186/s40792-018-0540-2 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Thymic neuroendocrine cancer<ref name="pmid29201448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bohnenberger H, Dinter H, König A, Ströbel P |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus and mediastinum |journal=J Thorac Dis |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 15 |pages=S1448–S1457 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29201448 |pmc=5690954 |doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.02.02 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10884805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moran CA, Suster S |title=Neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumor) of the thymus. A clinicopathologic analysis of 80 cases |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=100–10 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10884805 |doi=10.1309/3PDN-PMT5-EQTM-H0CD |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28602157">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boubacar E, Atsame-Ebang G, Rabiou S, Fatimazahra A, Mazti A, Sidibé IS, Tahiri L, Hammas N, Yassine O, Mohamed S, Laila C, Hinde EF |title=Thymic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma - a rare and aggressive tumor: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=155 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28602157 |pmc=5467048 |doi=10.1186/s13256-017-1331-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30446840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Domen H, Hida Y, Sato M, Takahashi H, Ishikawa T, Shionoya Y, Hashimoto M, Nishiyama K, Aoki Y, Inoko K, Furukawa S, Ichinokawa K, Yamada H |title=Resected thymic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: report of a case |journal=Surg Case Rep |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=133 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30446840 |pmc=6240022 |doi=10.1186/s40792-018-0540-2 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Chest pain
* [[Chest pain]]
* Cough
* [[Cough]]
* Respiratory distress  
* [[Respiratory distress]]
* Cushing’s syndrome
* [[Cushing’s syndrome]]
* Carcinoid syndrome (rare)
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] (rare)
|
|
* ↓ Breath sounds
* ↓ Breath sounds
* Flushing
* [[Flushing]]
* Cushing’s syndrome
* [[Cushing’s syndrome]]
* Hypercalcemia
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
|
|
* Usually normal
* Usually normal
* May see
* May see
** ↑ Serum calcium & ACTH
** ↑ [[Serum]] [[calcium]] & [[ACTH]]
** ↑ Serum serotonin and its metabolites
** ↑ [[Serum]] [[serotonin]] and its metabolites
|
|
* Solid mass
* Solid mass
* Hemorrhage & necrosis
* [[Hemorrhage]] & [[necrosis]]
* Calcification  
* [[Calcification]]
* Gross invasion  
* Gross invasion  
|
|
* Small cells with scant cytoplasm
* Small cells with scant [[cytoplasm]]
* Trabeculae
* [[Trabeculae]]
* Solid nests
* Solid nests
* Vascular invasion  
* [[Vascular]] invasion  
* Fine granular or vesicular chromatin
* Fine granular or vesicular [[chromatin]]
|
|
* Keratins (AE1/AE3, CAM5.2)
* [[Keratins]] (AE1/AE3, CAM5.2)
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin]]
* NSE
* [[Neuron-specific enolase|NSE]]
* CD 56
* [[CD56]]
|
|
* Mediastinal mass
* [[Mediastinal mass]]
* Necrotic areas
* [[Necrosis|Necrotic]] areas
* Unclear margins
* Unclear margins
* Adjacent compression
* Adjacent compression
|
|
For metastasis and grading:
For [[metastasis]] and [[Grading (tumors)|grading]]:
* PET scan
* [[PET scan]]
* Endoscopy
* [[Endoscopy]]
|
|
* H & E morphology
* H & E [[morphology]]
|
|
* May co-exist with thymoma
* May co-exist with [[thymoma]]
* Associated with MEN-1
* Associated with [[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]
*  
*  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Jejuno-Ileal neuroendocrine tumors<ref name="pmid26909234">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xavier S, Rosa B, Cotter J |title=Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors: From pathophysiology to clinical approach |journal=World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=117–24 |date=February 2016 |pmid=26909234 |pmc=4753177 |doi=10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.117 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28839822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheung VTF, Khan MS |title=A guide to midgut neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and carcinoid syndrome |journal=Frontline Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=264–269 |date=October 2015 |pmid=28839822 |pmc=5369594 |doi=10.1136/flgastro-2014-100483 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28778195">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen L, Zhou L, Zhang M, Shang L, Zhang P, Wang W, Fang C, Li J, Xu T, Tan H, Zhang P, Qiu M, Yu X, Jin K, Chen Y, Chen H, Lin R, Zhang Q, Shen L, Chen M, Li J, Li L, Chen J |title=Clinicopathological features and prognostic validity of WHO grading classification of SI-NENs |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=521 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28778195 |pmc=5543548 |doi=10.1186/s12885-017-3490-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24441281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banck MS, Beutler AS |title=Advances in small bowel neuroendocrine neoplasia |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=163–7 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24441281 |pmc=4388306 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0000000000000043 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Jejuno-Ileal neuroendocrine tumors<ref name="pmid26909234">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xavier S, Rosa B, Cotter J |title=Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors: From pathophysiology to clinical approach |journal=World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=117–24 |date=February 2016 |pmid=26909234 |pmc=4753177 |doi=10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.117 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28839822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheung VTF, Khan MS |title=A guide to midgut neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and carcinoid syndrome |journal=Frontline Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=264–269 |date=October 2015 |pmid=28839822 |pmc=5369594 |doi=10.1136/flgastro-2014-100483 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28778195">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen L, Zhou L, Zhang M, Shang L, Zhang P, Wang W, Fang C, Li J, Xu T, Tan H, Zhang P, Qiu M, Yu X, Jin K, Chen Y, Chen H, Lin R, Zhang Q, Shen L, Chen M, Li J, Li L, Chen J |title=Clinicopathological features and prognostic validity of WHO grading classification of SI-NENs |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=521 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28778195 |pmc=5543548 |doi=10.1186/s12885-017-3490-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24441281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banck MS, Beutler AS |title=Advances in small bowel neuroendocrine neoplasia |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=163–7 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24441281 |pmc=4388306 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0000000000000043 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Abdominal pain
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Nausea/vomiting
* [[Nausea]]/[[vomiting]]
* Bloating
* [[Bloating]]
* Bleeding
* [[Bleeding]]
* Carcinoid syndrome (rare)
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] (rare)
|
|
*  Jaundice
* [[Jaundice]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight loss]]
* Carcinoid syndrome (rare)
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] (rare)
|
|
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Submucosal tumor
* [[Submucosal]] [[tumor]]
* Solid, insular (nesting), trabecular or glandular pattern
* Solid, insular (nesting), [[Trabeculae|trabecular]] or glandular pattern
* Peripheral pallisading
* Peripheral pallisading
* Lymphovascular invasion  
* Lymphovascular invasion  
* Mucin (glandular pattern)
* [[Mucin]] (glandular pattern)
|
|
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* CK
* [[CK]]
* CEA
* [[CEA]]
* Leu7
* [[Leu|Leu7]]
* Fontana-Masson
* Fontana-Masson
|
|
* Desmoplastic fibrosis (CT scan)
* Desmoplastic [[fibrosis]] ([[CT scan]])
* Capsule enteroscopy (CE)
* Capsule [[enteroscopy]] (CE)
* Balloon-assisted enteroscopy
* Balloon-assisted [[enteroscopy]]
* MRI
* [[MRI]]


|
|
* Endoscopy
* [[Endoscopy]]
* PET with gallium 68–labeled octreotide
* [[PET]] with gallium 68–labeled [[octreotide]]
* Indium-labelled octreotide (<sup>111</sup>In-octreotide)
* Indium-labelled [[octreotide]] (<sup>111</sup>In-[[octreotide]])
|
|
* Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy
* Upper [[gastrointestinal endoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
|
|
* Ileum is mot common location
* [[Ileum]] is mot common location
* Poorer prognosis
* Poorer [[prognosis]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Appendix neuroendocrine tumors<ref name="pmid28761642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abdelaal A, El Ansari W, Al-Bozom I, Khawar M, Shahid F, Aleter A, Abunuwar MR, El-Menyar A |title=Frequency, characteristics and outcomes of appendicular neuroendocrine tumors: A cross-sectional study from an academic tertiary care hospital |journal=Ann Med Surg (Lond) |volume=21 |issue= |pages=20–24 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28761642 |doi=10.1016/j.amsu.2017.07.043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23365545">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holt N, Grønbæk H |title=Goblet cell carcinoids of the appendix |journal=ScientificWorldJournal |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=543696 |date=2013 |pmid=23365545 |doi=10.1155/2013/543696 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26793027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozcelik CK, Turanli S, Bozdogan N, Dibekoglu C |title=Clinical experience in appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms |journal=Contemp Oncol (Pozn) |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=410–3 |date=2015 |pmid=26793027 |pmc=4709403 |doi=10.5114/wo.2015.56008 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Appendix neuroendocrine tumors<ref name="pmid28761642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abdelaal A, El Ansari W, Al-Bozom I, Khawar M, Shahid F, Aleter A, Abunuwar MR, El-Menyar A |title=Frequency, characteristics and outcomes of appendicular neuroendocrine tumors: A cross-sectional study from an academic tertiary care hospital |journal=Ann Med Surg (Lond) |volume=21 |issue= |pages=20–24 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28761642 |doi=10.1016/j.amsu.2017.07.043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23365545">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holt N, Grønbæk H |title=Goblet cell carcinoids of the appendix |journal=ScientificWorldJournal |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=543696 |date=2013 |pmid=23365545 |doi=10.1155/2013/543696 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26793027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozcelik CK, Turanli S, Bozdogan N, Dibekoglu C |title=Clinical experience in appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms |journal=Contemp Oncol (Pozn) |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=410–3 |date=2015 |pmid=26793027 |pmc=4709403 |doi=10.5114/wo.2015.56008 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Acute appendicitis  
* Acute [[appendicitis]]
** localized pain
** localized [[pain]]
** shifting pain
** shifting [[pain]]
** nausea, vomiting, anorexia
** [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea]], [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]], [[anorexia]]
** rectal bleeding
** [[rectal]] [[bleeding]]
* Carcinoid syndrome
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
|
|
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Acute appendicitis
* Acute [[appendicitis]]
** localized or generalized abdominal tenderness
** localized or generalized [[abdominal tenderness]]
** fever
** [[fever]]
** abdominal distension
** [[abdominal distension]]
 
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
* Carcinoid syndrome
|
|
* Normal  
* Normal  
* ↑ WBCs (appendicitis)
* ↑ [[WBC|WBCs]] ([[appendicitis]])
* ↑ Bilirubin (appendicitis)
* ↑ [[Bilirubin]] ([[appendicitis]])
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ chromogranin A
* ↑ [[chromogranin A]]
|
|
* Ill-defined
* Ill-defined
* Firm
* Firm
* Nodular
* [[Nodular]]
*  
*  
|
|
* Infiltrates muscularis propria & periappendiceal fat
* Infiltrates muscularis propria & peri-appendiceal fat
* Solid clusters  resembling goblet cells or signet ring cells & eosinophilic cytoplasm  
* Solid clusters  resembling [[goblet cells]] or [[Signet cell|signet ring]] [[cells]] & [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]
* Scattered Paneth cells  
* Scattered [[Paneth cells]]
* Single cells
* Single [[cells]]
|
|
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* CK
* [[CK]]
* CEA
* [[CEA]]
* CDX-2  
* [[CDX2|CDX-2]]
* CAM 5.2
* [[CAM]] 5.2
|
|
* Thickened appendix wall (U/S and CT)
* Thickened [[appendix]] wall ([[Ultrasonography|U/S]] and [[CT]])
* Appendicitis (U/S and CT)
* [[Appendicitis]] ([[Ultrasonography|U/S]] and [[CT]])
** inflamed appendix
** inflamed [[appendix]]
** peri-appendicular fluid
** peri-appendicular fluid
|
|
* Chromogranin A enzyme linked immunoassay
* [[Chromogranin A]] [[enzyme]] linked [[immunoassay]]
* FDG-PET
* FDG-[[PET]]
* <sup>111</sup>In-labelled octreotide scintigraphy
* <sup>111</sup>In-labelled [[octreotide]] [[scintigraphy]]
|
|
* Histopathology
* [[Histopathology]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
Line 531: Line 533:
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Colon neuroendocrine tumors<ref name="pmid29181074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gut P, Waligórska-Stachura J, Czarnywojtek A, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Bączyk M, Ziemnicka K, Woliński K, Zybek A, Fischbach J, Ruchała M |title=Hindgut neuroendocrine neoplasms - characteristics and prognosis |journal=Arch Med Sci |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1427–1432 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29181074 |pmc=5701690 |doi=10.5114/aoms.2017.64979 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15477709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rindi G, Klöppel G |title=Endocrine tumors of the gut and pancreas tumor biology and classification |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=80 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=12–5 |date=2004 |pmid=15477709 |doi=10.1159/000080733 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23830363">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murray SE, Lloyd RV, Sippel RS, Chen H |title=Clinicopathologic characteristics of colonic carcinoid tumors |journal=J. Surg. Res. |volume=184 |issue=1 |pages=183–8 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23830363 |pmc=3759590 |doi=10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.107 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26992110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Derikx LA, Vierdag WM, Kievit W, Bosch S, Hoentjen F, Nagtegaal ID |title=Is the prevalence of colonic neuroendocrine tumors increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=139 |issue=3 |pages=535–42 |date=August 2016 |pmid=26992110 |doi=10.1002/ijc.30096 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Colon neuroendocrine tumors<ref name="pmid29181074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gut P, Waligórska-Stachura J, Czarnywojtek A, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Bączyk M, Ziemnicka K, Woliński K, Zybek A, Fischbach J, Ruchała M |title=Hindgut neuroendocrine neoplasms - characteristics and prognosis |journal=Arch Med Sci |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1427–1432 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29181074 |pmc=5701690 |doi=10.5114/aoms.2017.64979 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15477709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rindi G, Klöppel G |title=Endocrine tumors of the gut and pancreas tumor biology and classification |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=80 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=12–5 |date=2004 |pmid=15477709 |doi=10.1159/000080733 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23830363">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murray SE, Lloyd RV, Sippel RS, Chen H |title=Clinicopathologic characteristics of colonic carcinoid tumors |journal=J. Surg. Res. |volume=184 |issue=1 |pages=183–8 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23830363 |pmc=3759590 |doi=10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.107 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26992110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Derikx LA, Vierdag WM, Kievit W, Bosch S, Hoentjen F, Nagtegaal ID |title=Is the prevalence of colonic neuroendocrine tumors increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=139 |issue=3 |pages=535–42 |date=August 2016 |pmid=26992110 |doi=10.1002/ijc.30096 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Abdominal pain
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Diarrhea
* [[Diarrhea]]
* Hematochezia
* [[Hematochezia]]
* Nausea
* [[Nausea]]
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Carcinoid syndrome
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
|
|
* Abdominal tenderness
* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight loss]]
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related
|
|
* ↑ chromogranin A
* ↑ [[chromogranin A]]
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↓ Hb
* ↓ [[Hemoglobin|Hb]]
|
|
* Flat or depressed lesion
* Flat or depressed [[lesion]]
* Plaque or polypod
* Plaque or polypoid
|
|
* Islands, glandular or trabeculae
* Islands, glandular or [[trabeculae]]
* Granular cytoplasm
* Granular [[cytoplasm]]
* salt and pepper chromatin
* Salt and pepper [[chromatin]]
* Lymphovascular invasion
* Lymphovascular invasion
|
|
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin]]
|
|
* Wall thickening
* Wall thickening
* Lumen narrowing
* Lumen narrowing
|
|
* Colonoscopy
* [[Colonoscopy]]
* Chromogranin A enzyme linked immunoassay
* [[Chromogranin A]] [[enzyme]] linked [[immunoassay]]
* PET scan
* [[PET]] scan
* SSTR (somatostatin receptors) scintigraphy
* SSTR ([[somatostatin]] [[receptors]]) [[scintigraphy]]
|
|
* Biopsy and histopathology
* [[Biopsy]] and [[histopathology]]
|
|
* Cecum is most common location
* [[Cecum]] is most common location
* ↑ prevalence in IBD patient population  
* ↑ prevalence in [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]] [[patient]] [[population]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Rectum neuroendocrine tumors<ref name="pmid28280618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uppin MS, Uppin SG, Sunil CS, Hui M, Paul TR, Bheerappa N |title=Clinicopathologic study of neuroendocrine tumors of gastroenteropancreatic tract: a single institutional experience |journal=J Gastrointest Oncol |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28280618 |pmc=5334039 |doi=10.21037/jgo.2016.12.08 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29181074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gut P, Waligórska-Stachura J, Czarnywojtek A, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Bączyk M, Ziemnicka K, Woliński K, Zybek A, Fischbach J, Ruchała M |title=Hindgut neuroendocrine neoplasms - characteristics and prognosis |journal=Arch Med Sci |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1427–1432 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29181074 |pmc=5701690 |doi=10.5114/aoms.2017.64979 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29232390">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koenig A, Krug S, Mueller D, Barth PJ, Koenig U, Scharf M, Ellenrieder V, Michl P, Moll R, Homayunfar K, Kann PH, Stroebel P, Gress TM, Rinke A |title=Clinicopathological hallmarks and biomarkers of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=e0188876 |date=2017 |pmid=29232390 |pmc=5726657 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188876 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30235718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yuan H, Yang Y, Wang W, Cheng Y |title=A case report of neuroendocrine tumor (G3) at lower rectum with liver metastasis |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=97 |issue=38 |pages=e12423 |date=September 2018 |pmid=30235718 |pmc=6160253 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000012423 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21160637">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roy P, Chetty R |title=Goblet cell carcinoid tumors of the appendix: An overview |journal=World J Gastrointest Oncol |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=251–8 |date=June 2010 |pmid=21160637 |pmc=2998842 |doi=10.4251/wjgo.v2.i6.251 |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Rectum neuroendocrine tumors<ref name="pmid28280618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uppin MS, Uppin SG, Sunil CS, Hui M, Paul TR, Bheerappa N |title=Clinicopathologic study of neuroendocrine tumors of gastroenteropancreatic tract: a single institutional experience |journal=J Gastrointest Oncol |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28280618 |pmc=5334039 |doi=10.21037/jgo.2016.12.08 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29181074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gut P, Waligórska-Stachura J, Czarnywojtek A, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Bączyk M, Ziemnicka K, Woliński K, Zybek A, Fischbach J, Ruchała M |title=Hindgut neuroendocrine neoplasms - characteristics and prognosis |journal=Arch Med Sci |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1427–1432 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29181074 |pmc=5701690 |doi=10.5114/aoms.2017.64979 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29232390">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koenig A, Krug S, Mueller D, Barth PJ, Koenig U, Scharf M, Ellenrieder V, Michl P, Moll R, Homayunfar K, Kann PH, Stroebel P, Gress TM, Rinke A |title=Clinicopathological hallmarks and biomarkers of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=e0188876 |date=2017 |pmid=29232390 |pmc=5726657 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188876 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30235718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yuan H, Yang Y, Wang W, Cheng Y |title=A case report of neuroendocrine tumor (G3) at lower rectum with liver metastasis |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=97 |issue=38 |pages=e12423 |date=September 2018 |pmid=30235718 |pmc=6160253 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000012423 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21160637">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roy P, Chetty R |title=Goblet cell carcinoid tumors of the appendix: An overview |journal=World J Gastrointest Oncol |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=251–8 |date=June 2010 |pmid=21160637 |pmc=2998842 |doi=10.4251/wjgo.v2.i6.251 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Rectal pain
* [[Rectal pain]]
* Pruritus
* [[Pruritus]]
* Hematochezia
* [[Hematochezia]]
* Constipation
* [[Constipation]]
* Carcinoid syndrome (rare)  
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] (rare)  
|
|
* Abdominal tenderness
* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight loss]]
* Carcinoid signs (rare)
* [[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid]] signs (rare)
|
|
* ↑ chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↓ Hb
* ↓ [[Hemoglobin|Hb]]
|
|
* Small and multiple
* Small and multiple
* Nodules or polypoid
* [[Nodules]] or polypoid
|
|
* Islands, glandular or trabeculae
* Islands, glandular or [[trabeculae]]
* Granular cytoplasm
* Granular [[cytoplasm]]
* salt and pepper chromatin
* Salt and pepper [[chromatin]]
* Mucin secretion (rare)
* [[Mucin]] secretion (rare)
|
|
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* CD56
* [[CD56]]
|
|
* Rectal mass or nodule
* [[Rectal masses|Rectal mass]] or [[nodule]]
* Ulcerative mass (high grade)
* Ulcerative mass (high grade)
* Hemorrhage
* [[Hemorrhage]]
* Liver mass (metastatic)
* [[Liver]] mass ([[metastatic]])
|
|
* Colonoscopy
* [[Colonoscopy]]
* Chromogranin A enzyme linked immunoassay
* [[Chromogranin A]] [[enzyme]] linked [[immunoassay]]
* PET scan
* [[PET]] scan
* SSTR (somatostatin receptors) scintigraphy
* SSTR ([[somatostatin]] [[receptors]]) [[scintigraphy]]
|
|
* Biopsy and histopathology
* [[Biopsy]] and [[histopathology]]
|
|
* May exist with adenocarcinoma  
* May exist with [[adenocarcinoma]]
* Exhibits malignant potential  
* Exhibits [[malignant]] potential  
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gastric neuroendocrine tumors
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gastric neuroendocrine tumors
Line 619: Line 621:
;
;
|
|
* Dyspepsia
* [[Dyspepsia]]
* Abdominal discomfort and/or pain
* [[Abdominal]] discomfort and/or [[pain]]
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related
* Neurological symptoms  
* [[Neurological]] symptoms  
|
|
* Weight loss
* [[Weight loss]]
* Pallor  
* [[Pallor]]
* Neurological signs  
* [[Neurological|Neurological signs]]
|
|
* ↑ Gastrin level
* ↑ [[Gastrin]] level
* ↑ chromogranin A
* ↑ [[chromogranin A]]
* ↓ Hb
* ↓ [[Hemoglobin|Hb]]
* ↓ Serum iron
* ↓ [[Serum iron]]
* ↓ Serum B12 levels
* ↓ [[Serum]] [[Vitamin B12|B12]] levels


*
*
|
|
* Flattened gastric folds
* Flattened gastric folds
* Multiple polyps or nodules
* Multiple [[polyps]] or [[nodules]]
|
|
* Dense core granules
* Dense core [[granules]]
* Glandular or trabecular  
* Glandular or [[Trabeculae|trabecular]]
* Salt and pepper chromatin
* Salt and pepper [[chromatin]]
|
|
* Keratins
* [[Keratins]]
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin]]
* NSE
* [[Neuron-specific enolase|NSE]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* VMAT 2  
* [[VMAT2|VMAT 2]]


*
*
|
|
* Well demarcated hypoechoiec lesions
* Well demarcated hypoechoiec [[lesions]]
* Mucosal / submucosal
* [[Mucosal]] / [[submucosal]]
* Regular borders
* Regular borders
|
|
* Gastroscopy
* [[Gastroscopy]]
* pH on gastric aspirate
* [[pH]] on gastric aspirate
* Axial CT
* Axial [[CT]]
* Somatostatin receptor imaging
* [[Somatostatin]] [[receptor]] [[imaging]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Chronic atrophic gastritis → gastric achlorhydria and hypergastrinaemia → proliferation of ECL cells → type 1 G-NETs
* [[Chronic atrophic gastritis]] → gastric [[achlorhydria]] and [[hypergastrinaemia]] → proliferation of [[ECL cell|ECL]] cells → type 1 G-NETs
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Type II GNET<ref name="pmid28355596">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sundin A, Arnold R, Baudin E, Cwikla JB, Eriksson B, Fanti S, Fazio N, Giammarile F, Hicks RJ, Kjaer A, Krenning E, Kwekkeboom D, Lombard-Bohas C, O'Connor JM, O'Toole D, Rockall A, Wiedenmann B, Valle JW, Vullierme MP |title=ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Radiological, Nuclear Medicine & Hybrid Imaging |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=212–244 |date=2017 |pmid=28355596 |doi=10.1159/000471879 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29207862" /><ref name="pmid21443889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pritchard DM |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: still a diagnostic challenge in the 21st century? |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=140 |issue=5 |pages=1380–3 |date=May 2011 |pmid=21443889 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.026 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Type II GNET<ref name="pmid28355596">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sundin A, Arnold R, Baudin E, Cwikla JB, Eriksson B, Fanti S, Fazio N, Giammarile F, Hicks RJ, Kjaer A, Krenning E, Kwekkeboom D, Lombard-Bohas C, O'Connor JM, O'Toole D, Rockall A, Wiedenmann B, Valle JW, Vullierme MP |title=ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Radiological, Nuclear Medicine & Hybrid Imaging |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=212–244 |date=2017 |pmid=28355596 |doi=10.1159/000471879 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29207862" /><ref name="pmid21443889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pritchard DM |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: still a diagnostic challenge in the 21st century? |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=140 |issue=5 |pages=1380–3 |date=May 2011 |pmid=21443889 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.026 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Abdominal pain and/or discomfort
* [[Abdominal pain]] and/or discomfort
* Severe watery diarrhea  
* Severe watery [[diarrhea]]
* GI bleed
* [[GI]] bleed
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related
* GERD
* [[GERD]]
|
|
* Abdominal tenderness
* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
* Hypercalcemia
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related
|
|
* ↑ Gastrin or gastrin precursors
* ↑ [[Gastrin]] or [[gastrin]] precursors
* ↑ Serum calcium
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[calcium]]
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Dense core granules
* Dense core [[granules]]
* Glandular or trabecular  
* Glandular or [[Trabeculae|trabecular]]
* Salt and pepper chromatin
* Salt and pepper [[chromatin]]
|
|
* Keratins
* [[Keratins]]
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin]]
* NSE
* [[Neuron-specific enolase|NSE]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
|
|
* Hypertrophied gastric mucosal folds
* Hypertrophied [[Gastric mucosa|gastric mucosal]] folds
* Well demarcated hypoechoiec lesions
* Well demarcated hypoechoiec [[lesions]]
|
|
* Secretin test
* [[Secretin]] test
* pH on gastric aspirate
* [[pH]] on gastric aspirate
* <sup>111</sup>Indium Octreotide scintigraphy
* <sup>111</sup>Indium [[Octreotide]] [[scintigraphy]]
* <sup>68</sup>Gallium-DOTATOC/DOTATATE PET/CT
* <sup>68</sup>Gallium-DOTATOC/DOTATATE [[PET]]/[[CT]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Caused by gastrinoma  
* Caused by [[gastrinoma]]
* Most patient have MEN-1 syndrome → evaluate
* Most patient have [[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]] syndrome → evaluate
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Type III GNET<ref name="pmid292078622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chin JL, O'Toole D |title=Diagnosis and Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors |journal=Clin Endosc |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=520–529 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29207862 |pmc=5719910 |doi=10.5946/ce.2017.181 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid292578542">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dias AR, Azevedo BC, Alban LBV, Yagi OK, Ramos MFKP, Jacob CE, Barchi LC, Cecconello I, Ribeiro U, Zilberstein B |title=GASTRIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR: REVIEW AND UPDATE |journal=Arq Bras Cir Dig |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=150–154 |date=2017 |pmid=29257854 |pmc=5543797 |doi=10.1590/0102-6720201700020016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24628514">{{cite journal |vauthors=Basuroy R, Srirajaskanthan R, Prachalias A, Quaglia A, Ramage JK |title=Review article: the investigation and management of gastric neuroendocrine tumours |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=39 |issue=10 |pages=1071–84 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24628514 |doi=10.1111/apt.12698 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Type III GNET<ref name="pmid292078622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chin JL, O'Toole D |title=Diagnosis and Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors |journal=Clin Endosc |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=520–529 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29207862 |pmc=5719910 |doi=10.5946/ce.2017.181 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid292578542">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dias AR, Azevedo BC, Alban LBV, Yagi OK, Ramos MFKP, Jacob CE, Barchi LC, Cecconello I, Ribeiro U, Zilberstein B |title=GASTRIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR: REVIEW AND UPDATE |journal=Arq Bras Cir Dig |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=150–154 |date=2017 |pmid=29257854 |pmc=5543797 |doi=10.1590/0102-6720201700020016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24628514">{{cite journal |vauthors=Basuroy R, Srirajaskanthan R, Prachalias A, Quaglia A, Ramage JK |title=Review article: the investigation and management of gastric neuroendocrine tumours |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=39 |issue=10 |pages=1071–84 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24628514 |doi=10.1111/apt.12698 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Dyspepsia
* [[Dyspepsia]]
* Abdominal discomfort and/or pain
* [[Abdominal discomfort]] and/or [[Abdominal pain|pain]]
* May present with carciniod syndrome
* May present with [[carcinoid syndrome]]
|
|
* Weight loss
* [[Weight loss]]
* Anaemia related
* [[Anaemia]] related
* Flushing
* [[Flushing]]
|
|
* ↓ Hb
* ↓ [[Hemoglobin|Hb]]
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
|
|
* Large lesion with poor margins
* Large [[lesion]] with poor margins
* Ulcerated appearance
* Ulcerated appearance
|
|
* High grade
* High grade
* Invasive  
* Invasive  
* Dense core granules
* Dense core [[granules]]
* Glandular or trabecular  
* Glandular or [[Trabeculae|trabecular]]
|
|
* Keratins
* [[Keratins]]
* NSE
* [[Neuron-specific enolase|NSE]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
|
|
* Absence of surface villiform architecture
* Absence of surface [[Villus|villiform architecture]]
* Single large lesion
* Single large [[lesion]]
* Ulcerated appearance
* Ulcerated appearance
|
|
* Gastroscopy
* [[Gastroscopy]]
* CT
* [[CT]]
* <sup>111</sup>Indium octreotide scintigraphy
* <sup>111</sup>Indium [[octreotide]] [[scintigraphy]]
|
|
* Biopsy and histopathological studies
* [[Biopsy]] and [[histopathological]] studies
|
|
* Early involvement of regional lymph nodes
* Early involvement of regional [[lymph nodes]]
* May present with metastatic disease at diagnosed
* May present with [[metastatic]] disease at [[diagnosis]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Type IV GNET<ref name="pmid24415864">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li TT, Qiu F, Qian ZR, Wan J, Qi XK, Wu BY |title=Classification, clinicopathologic features and treatment of gastric neuroendocrine tumors |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=118–25 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24415864 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.118 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12673427">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hosoya Y, Nagai H, Koinuma K, Yasuda Y, Kaneko Y, Saito K |title=A case of aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach |journal=Gastric Cancer |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=55–9 |date=2003 |pmid=12673427 |doi=10.1007/s101200300007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15477709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rindi G, Klöppel G |title=Endocrine tumors of the gut and pancreas tumor biology and classification |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=80 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=12–5 |date=2004 |pmid=15477709 |doi=10.1159/000080733 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Type IV GNET<ref name="pmid24415864">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li TT, Qiu F, Qian ZR, Wan J, Qi XK, Wu BY |title=Classification, clinicopathologic features and treatment of gastric neuroendocrine tumors |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=118–25 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24415864 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.118 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12673427">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hosoya Y, Nagai H, Koinuma K, Yasuda Y, Kaneko Y, Saito K |title=A case of aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach |journal=Gastric Cancer |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=55–9 |date=2003 |pmid=12673427 |doi=10.1007/s101200300007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15477709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rindi G, Klöppel G |title=Endocrine tumors of the gut and pancreas tumor biology and classification |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=80 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=12–5 |date=2004 |pmid=15477709 |doi=10.1159/000080733 |url=}}</ref>
;
;
|
|
* Dyspepsia
* [[Dyspepsia]]
* Abdominal discomfort and/or pain
* [[Abdominal discomfort]] and/or [[Abdominal pain|pain]]
|
|
* Weight loss
* [[Weight loss]]
* Anaemia related
* [[Anaemia]] related
|
|
* ↑ Gastrin or gastrin precursors
* ↑ [[Gastrin]] or [[gastrin]] precursors
* ↑ Serum calcium
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[calcium]]
|
|
* Invasion of adjacent structures
* Invasion of adjacent structures
* Large solid lesion
* Large solid [[lesion]]
|
|
* Solid structure
* Solid structure
* Necrosis
* [[Necrosis]]
* Atypia
* [[Atypia]]
* Invasive
* Invasive
|
|
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* NSE
* [[Neuron-specific enolase|NSE]]
* PGP9.5 positive
* PGP9.5
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
Line 770: Line 772:
*
*
|
|
* Gastroscopy
* [[Gastroscopy]]
* CT
* [[CT]]
* <sup>111</sup>Indium octreotide scintigraphy
* <sup>111</sup>Indium [[octreotide]] [[scintigraphy]]
|
|
* Biopsy and histopathological studies
* [[Biopsy]] and [[histopathological]] studies
|Structural abnormality → no HCL secretion → achlorhydria →
|Structural abnormality → no [[HCL]] secretion → [[achlorhydria]] →
hypergastrinemia → hyperplasia
[[hypergastrinemia]] → [[hyperplasia]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors
| rowspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Gastrinoma<ref name="pmid23237225">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis,and treatment |journal=Chin J Cancer |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=312–24 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23237225 |pmc=3845620 |doi=10.5732/cjc.012.10295 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27123130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang WD, Liu DR, Wang P, Zhao JG, Wang ZF, Chen LI |title=Clinical treatment of gastrinoma: A case report and review of the literature |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=3433–3437 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27123130 |pmc=4840999 |doi=10.3892/ol.2016.4397 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24319020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epelboym I, Mazeh H |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: classical considerations and current controversies |journal=Oncologist |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=44–50 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24319020 |pmc=3903066 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0369 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27408649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang RH, Chu YK |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Revelation of the gastrinoma triangle |journal=Radiol Case Rep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=827 |date=2015 |pmid=27408649 |pmc=4921170 |doi=10.2484/rcr.v10i1.827 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Gastrinoma]]<ref name="pmid23237225">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis,and treatment |journal=Chin J Cancer |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=312–24 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23237225 |pmc=3845620 |doi=10.5732/cjc.012.10295 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27123130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang WD, Liu DR, Wang P, Zhao JG, Wang ZF, Chen LI |title=Clinical treatment of gastrinoma: A case report and review of the literature |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=3433–3437 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27123130 |pmc=4840999 |doi=10.3892/ol.2016.4397 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24319020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epelboym I, Mazeh H |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: classical considerations and current controversies |journal=Oncologist |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=44–50 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24319020 |pmc=3903066 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0369 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27408649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang RH, Chu YK |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Revelation of the gastrinoma triangle |journal=Radiol Case Rep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=827 |date=2015 |pmid=27408649 |pmc=4921170 |doi=10.2484/rcr.v10i1.827 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Atypical PUD
* Atypical [[PUD]]
* Abdominal pain and/or cramps
* [[Abdominal pain]] and/or [[cramps]]
* Esophagitis
* [[Esophagitis]]
* GERD
* [[GERD]]]
* Upper GI blee
* Upper [[GI]] [[bleed]]
* Secretory diarrhea
* Secretory [[diarrhea]]
|
|
* Abdominal tenderness
* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
* Hypercalcemia
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
|
|
* ↑ Gastrin or gastrin precursors
* ↑ [[Gastrin]] or [[gastrin]] precursors
* ↑ Serum calcium
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[calcium]]
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Trabeculae
* [[Trabeculae]]
* Solid nests
* Solid nests
* Presence of argentaffin and argyrophilic cells
* Presence of argentaffin and argyrophilic [[cells]]
|
|
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* Neuron-specific enolase
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Gastrin
* [[Gastrin]]
|
|
* Diffuse erosive esophagitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer (Endoscopic gastroduo-denoscopy)
* Diffuse erosive [[esophagitis]], [[Peptic ulcer|gastric and duodenal ulcer]] ([[Endoscopy|Endoscopic gastroduo-denoscopy]])
* Enhancing lobulated lesion (CT)
* Enhancing lobulated [[lesion]] ([[CT]])
|
|
* Gastrin levels
* [[Gastrin]] levels
* Pancreatic polypeptide levels
* [[Pancreatic polypeptide]] levels
* Insulin levels
* [[Insulin]] levels
* Glucagon levels
* [[Glucagon]] levels
* VIP levels
* [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide|VIP]] levels
* PET with gallium 68–labeled octreotide
* [[PET]] with gallium 68–labeled [[octreotide]]
|
|
* Provocative secretin test & biopsy
* Provocative [[secretin]] test & [[biopsy]]
|
|
* Associated with MEN-1
* Associated with [[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Somatostatinomas<ref name="pmid21943457">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williamson JM, Thorn CC, Spalding D, Williamson RC |title=Pancreatic and peripancreatic somatostatinomas |journal=Ann R Coll Surg Engl |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=356–60 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21943457 |pmc=3365451 |doi=10.1308/003588411X582681 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25905263">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Vinik A, Pacak K, Feliberti E, Perry RR |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905263 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21938182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dinesh U, Pervatikar SK, Rao R |title=FNAC diagnosis of pancreatic somatostatinoma |journal=J Cytol |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=153–5 |date=October 2009 |pmid=21938182 |pmc=3168003 |doi=10.4103/0970-9371.62187 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21437171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim JA, Choi WH, Kim CN, Moon YS, Chang SH, Lee HR |title=Duodenal somatostatinoma: a case report and review |journal=Korean J. Intern. Med. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=103–7 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21437171 |pmc=3056248 |doi=10.3904/kjim.2011.26.1.103 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Somatostatinoma|Somatostatinomas]]<ref name="pmid21943457">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williamson JM, Thorn CC, Spalding D, Williamson RC |title=Pancreatic and peripancreatic somatostatinomas |journal=Ann R Coll Surg Engl |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=356–60 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21943457 |pmc=3365451 |doi=10.1308/003588411X582681 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25905263">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Vinik A, Pacak K, Feliberti E, Perry RR |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905263 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21938182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dinesh U, Pervatikar SK, Rao R |title=FNAC diagnosis of pancreatic somatostatinoma |journal=J Cytol |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=153–5 |date=October 2009 |pmid=21938182 |pmc=3168003 |doi=10.4103/0970-9371.62187 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21437171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim JA, Choi WH, Kim CN, Moon YS, Chang SH, Lee HR |title=Duodenal somatostatinoma: a case report and review |journal=Korean J. Intern. Med. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=103–7 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21437171 |pmc=3056248 |doi=10.3904/kjim.2011.26.1.103 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Abdominal pain
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Jaundice
* [[Jaundice]]
* Gastrointestinal bleeding
* [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
* Diarrhea
* [[Diarrhea]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight loss]]
* Hypoglycemia related
* [[Hypoglycemia]] related
|
|
* Jaundice
* [[Jaundice]]
* Diabetes mellitus
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* Gallstones
* [[Gallstones]]
* Hypochlorhydria
* [[Hypochlorhydria]]
* Hypoglycemia related
* [[Hypoglycemia]] related
|
|
* ↑ Somatostatin
* ↑ [[Somatostatin]]
* Anemia
* [[Anemia]]
* Hyper or hypoglycemia
* [[Hyperglycemia|Hyper]] or [[hypoglycemia]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Acinar structures
* [[Acinar]] structures
* Trabeculae
* [[Trabecula|Trabeculae]]
* Psammoma body
* [[Psammoma body]]
* Abundant fine granular cytoplasm
* Abundant fine granular [[cytoplasm]]
* Salt and pepper chromatin
* Salt and pepper [[chromatin]]
|
|
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Leu-7
* [[Leu|Leu-7]]
|
|
* Isodense
* Isodense
* Hypervascular lesion
* Hypervascular [[lesion]]
* Dual phase CT
* Dual phase [[CT]]
* MRI  
* [[MRI]]
* Endoscopic ultrasonography
*[[Endoscopic ultrasound|Endoscopic ultrasonography]]
|
|
* <sup>68</sup>Ga-DOTATATE
* <sup>68</sup>Ga-DOTATATE
* Octreoscan
* [[Octreoscan]]
* Gastrin levels
* [[Gastrin]] levels
* Pancreatic polypeptide levels
* [[Pancreatic polypeptide]] levels
* Insulin levels
* [[Insulin]] levels
* Glucagon levels
* [[Glucagon]] levels
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Associated with NF-1
* Associated with [[NF-1]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Gangliocytic paraganglionomas<ref name="pmid26617685">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang B, Zou Y, Zhang H, Xu L, Jiang X, Sun K |title=Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma: report of two cases and review of literature |journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=9752–9 |date=2015 |pmid=26617685 |pmc=4637770 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2877566">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scheithauer BW, Nora FE, LeChago J, Wick MR, Crawford BG, Weiland LH, Carney JA |title=Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. Clinicopathologic and immunocytochemical study of 11 cases |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=559–65 |date=November 1986 |pmid=2877566 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27034808">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lei L, Cobb C, Perez MN |title=Functioning gangliocytic paraganglioma of the ampulla: clinicopathological correlations and cytologic features |journal=J Gastrointest Oncol |volume=7 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S107–13 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27034808 |pmc=4783616 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.028 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19399194">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sánchez-Pérez MA, Luque-de León E, Muñoz-Juárez M, Moreno-Paquentin E, Genovés-Gómez H, Torreblanca-Marín MA |title=Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma |journal=Can J Surg |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=E27–8 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19399194 |pmc=2673151 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Gangliocytic paraganglionomas<ref name="pmid26617685">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang B, Zou Y, Zhang H, Xu L, Jiang X, Sun K |title=Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma: report of two cases and review of literature |journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=9752–9 |date=2015 |pmid=26617685 |pmc=4637770 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2877566">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scheithauer BW, Nora FE, LeChago J, Wick MR, Crawford BG, Weiland LH, Carney JA |title=Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. Clinicopathologic and immunocytochemical study of 11 cases |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=559–65 |date=November 1986 |pmid=2877566 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27034808">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lei L, Cobb C, Perez MN |title=Functioning gangliocytic paraganglioma of the ampulla: clinicopathological correlations and cytologic features |journal=J Gastrointest Oncol |volume=7 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S107–13 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27034808 |pmc=4783616 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.028 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19399194">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sánchez-Pérez MA, Luque-de León E, Muñoz-Juárez M, Moreno-Paquentin E, Genovés-Gómez H, Torreblanca-Marín MA |title=Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma |journal=Can J Surg |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=E27–8 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19399194 |pmc=2673151 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* GI bleed
* [[GI bleed]]
* Abdominal pain
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related
* Carcinoid syndrome (rare)
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] (rare)
|
|
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related
* May mimic other neuroendocrine tumors such as somatostatinoma
* May mimic other [[neuroendocrine tumors]] such as [[somatostatinoma]]
|
|
* ↓ Hb
* ↓ [[Hemoglobin|Hb]]
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
* May have ↑ urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid or serum somatostatin
* May have ↑ [[urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid or [[serum]] [[somatostatin]]
|
|
* Solid tumor  
* Solid [[tumor]]
* Ulceration  
* Ulceration  
* Sessile or polypod
* Sessile or polypod
* Covered by the smooth  
* Covered by the smooth  
|
|
* Spindle cells, ganglion-like cells and epithelioid cells
* Spindle [[cells]], [[ganglion]]-like [[cells]] and epithelioid [[cells]]
* Nests and trabeculae
* Nests and [[trabeculae]]
|
|
* Chromogranine
* [[Chromogranin]]
* AE1–3
* AE1–3
* Cytokeratins
* [[Cytokeratin]]
* S100
* [[S-100|S100]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* CD56
* [[CD56]]
|
|
* Ampullary smooth mass (CT scan and endoscopic ultrasonography)
* Ampullary smooth mass ([[CT scan]] and [[Endoscopic ultrasound|endoscopic ultrasonography]])
|
|
* Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided FNA
* Endoscopic [[ultrasonography]]-guided [[FNA]]
* Serum serotonin assay
* [[Serum]] [[serotonin]] [[assay]]
|
|
* Biopsy with immunohisto-chemistry
* [[Biopsy]] with [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohisto-chemistry]]
|
|
* Associated with NF-1
* Associated with [[NF-1]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Nonfunctioning NET<ref name="pmid26910321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Klersy C, Grillo F, Albarello L, Inzani F, Maragliano R, Manca R, Luinetti O, Milione M, Doglioni C, Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E |title=Four Neuroendocrine Tumor Types and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Duodenum: Analysis of 203 Cases |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=112–125 |date=2017 |pmid=26910321 |doi=10.1159/000444803 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Nonfunctioning NET<ref name="pmid26910321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Klersy C, Grillo F, Albarello L, Inzani F, Maragliano R, Manca R, Luinetti O, Milione M, Doglioni C, Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E |title=Four Neuroendocrine Tumor Types and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Duodenum: Analysis of 203 Cases |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=112–125 |date=2017 |pmid=26910321 |doi=10.1159/000444803 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* GI bleed
* [[GI bleed]]
* Abdominal pain
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related


*
*
|
|
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related
|
|
* ↓ Hb
* ↓ [[Hemoglobin|Hb]]
|
|
* Solid tumor
* Solid [[tumor]]
|
|
* Trabecular or microlobular structure
* [[Trabeculae|Trabecular]] or microlobular structure
* Mucosal-submucosal tumor
* [[Mucosal]]-[[submucosal]] [[tumor]]
|
|
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Hormones such as gastrin, somatostatin, serotonin
* [[Hormones]] such as [[gastrin]], [[somatostatin]], [[serotonin]]
|
|
* CT scan
* [[CT scan]]
* Endoscopic ultrasonography
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|Endoscopic ultrasonography]]
|
|
* Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided FNA
* Endoscopic [[ultrasonography]]-guided [[FNA]]
|
|
* Biopsy with immunohisto-chemistry
* [[Biopsy]] with [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohisto-chemistry]]
|
|
* May produce hormones but do not secrete
* May produce [[hormones]] but do not secrete
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |neuroendocrine carcinomas<ref name="pmid269103212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Klersy C, Grillo F, Albarello L, Inzani F, Maragliano R, Manca R, Luinetti O, Milione M, Doglioni C, Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E |title=Four Neuroendocrine Tumor Types and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Duodenum: Analysis of 203 Cases |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=112–125 |date=2017 |pmid=26910321 |doi=10.1159/000444803 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26854147">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ilett EE, Langer SW, Olsen IH, Federspiel B, Kjær A, Knigge U |title=Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Gastroenteropancreatic System: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Diagnostics (Basel) |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=119–76 |date=April 2015 |pmid=26854147 |pmc=4665594 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics5020119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25504375">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsai SD, Kawamoto S, Wolfgang CL, Hruban RH, Fishman EK |title=Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: retrospective evaluation of CT imaging features and pattern of metastatic disease on dual-phase MDCT with pathologic correlation |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=1121–30 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25504375 |pmc=4450119 |doi=10.1007/s00261-014-0322-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23346552">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirabayashi K, Zamboni G, Nishi T, Tanaka A, Kajiwara H, Nakamura N |title=Histopathology of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms |journal=Front Oncol |volume=3 |issue= |pages=2 |date=2013 |pmid=23346552 |pmc=3551285 |doi=10.3389/fonc.2013.00002 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |neuroendocrine carcinomas<ref name="pmid269103212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vanoli A, La Rosa S, Klersy C, Grillo F, Albarello L, Inzani F, Maragliano R, Manca R, Luinetti O, Milione M, Doglioni C, Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E |title=Four Neuroendocrine Tumor Types and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Duodenum: Analysis of 203 Cases |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=112–125 |date=2017 |pmid=26910321 |doi=10.1159/000444803 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26854147">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ilett EE, Langer SW, Olsen IH, Federspiel B, Kjær A, Knigge U |title=Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Gastroenteropancreatic System: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Diagnostics (Basel) |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=119–76 |date=April 2015 |pmid=26854147 |pmc=4665594 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics5020119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25504375">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsai SD, Kawamoto S, Wolfgang CL, Hruban RH, Fishman EK |title=Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: retrospective evaluation of CT imaging features and pattern of metastatic disease on dual-phase MDCT with pathologic correlation |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=1121–30 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25504375 |pmc=4450119 |doi=10.1007/s00261-014-0322-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23346552">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirabayashi K, Zamboni G, Nishi T, Tanaka A, Kajiwara H, Nakamura N |title=Histopathology of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms |journal=Front Oncol |volume=3 |issue= |pages=2 |date=2013 |pmid=23346552 |pmc=3551285 |doi=10.3389/fonc.2013.00002 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Upper abdominal pain  
* Upper [[abdominal pain]]
* Abdominal Discomfort
* [[Abdominal discomfort]]
* Obstruction  
* [[Obstruction]]
* Gastrointestinal bleeding
* [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
|
|
* Constitutional
* Constitutional
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related


*
*
|
|
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
* Progastrin-releasing peptide (pro-GRP)  
* Progastrin-releasing peptide (pro-GRP)  
* Cytokeratin fragments (CKfr, CK8, 18, 19)
* [[Cytokeratin]] fragments (CKfr, CK8, 18, 19)
|
|
* Solid tumor  
* Solid [[tumor]]
* Ulceration  
* Ulceration  
|
|
* Poorly differentiated
* Poorly differentiated
* Necrosis
* [[Necrosis]]
* Lymphovascular invasion
* Lymphovascular invasion
* Marked pleomorphism
* Marked [[pleomorphism]]
|
|
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Protein-gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)  
* Protein-gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)  
* CD56 (N-CAM)
* [[CD56]] (N-CAM)
|
|
* Polypoid intraluminal mass (CT scan)
* Polypoid intraluminal mass ([[CT scan]])
|
|
* MRI
* [[MRI]]
* FDG-PET
* FDG-[[PET]]
* Somatostatin receptor imaging (SRI)
* [[Somatostatin]] [[receptor]] [[imaging]] (SRI)
|
|
* Biopsy with immunohisto-chemistry
* [[Biopsy]] with [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohisto-chemistry]]
|
|
* Typically non-functioning
* Typically non-functioning
* May exist with adenocarcinoma
* May exist with [[adenocarcinoma]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
| rowspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Gastrinoma<ref name="pmid23237225">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis,and treatment |journal=Chin J Cancer |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=312–24 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23237225 |pmc=3845620 |doi=10.5732/cjc.012.10295 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27123130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang WD, Liu DR, Wang P, Zhao JG, Wang ZF, Chen LI |title=Clinical treatment of gastrinoma: A case report and review of the literature |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=3433–3437 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27123130 |pmc=4840999 |doi=10.3892/ol.2016.4397 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24319020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epelboym I, Mazeh H |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: classical considerations and current controversies |journal=Oncologist |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=44–50 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24319020 |pmc=3903066 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0369 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27408649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang RH, Chu YK |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Revelation of the gastrinoma triangle |journal=Radiol Case Rep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=827 |date=2015 |pmid=27408649 |pmc=4921170 |doi=10.2484/rcr.v10i1.827 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Gastrinoma]]<ref name="pmid23237225">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis,and treatment |journal=Chin J Cancer |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=312–24 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23237225 |pmc=3845620 |doi=10.5732/cjc.012.10295 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27123130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang WD, Liu DR, Wang P, Zhao JG, Wang ZF, Chen LI |title=Clinical treatment of gastrinoma: A case report and review of the literature |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=3433–3437 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27123130 |pmc=4840999 |doi=10.3892/ol.2016.4397 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24319020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epelboym I, Mazeh H |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: classical considerations and current controversies |journal=Oncologist |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=44–50 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24319020 |pmc=3903066 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0369 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27408649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang RH, Chu YK |title=Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Revelation of the gastrinoma triangle |journal=Radiol Case Rep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=827 |date=2015 |pmid=27408649 |pmc=4921170 |doi=10.2484/rcr.v10i1.827 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Atypical PUD
* Atypical [[PUD]]
* Abdominal pain and/or cramps
* [[Abdominal pain]] and/or [[cramps]]
* Esophagitis
* [[Esophagitis]]
* GERD
* [[GERD]]
* Upper GI blee
* Upper [[GI bleed]]
* Secretory diarrhea
* Secretory [[diarrhea]]
|
|
* Abdominal tenderness
* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
* Hypercalcemia
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
|
|
* ↑ Gastrin or gastrin precursors
* ↑ [[Gastrin]] or [[gastrin]] precursors
* ↑ Serum calcium
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[calcium]]
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Trabeculae
* [[Trabeculae]]
* Solid nests
* Solid nests
* Presence of argentaffin and argyrophilic cells
* Presence of argentaffin and argyrophilic [[cells]]
|
|
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Pancreastatin
* [[Pancreastatin]]
* Gastrin
* [[Gastrin]]
|
|
* Diffuse erosive esophagitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer (Endoscopic gastroduo-denoscopy)
* Diffuse erosive [[esophagitis]], gastric and [[duodenal ulcer]] ([[Endoscopic]] gastroduo-denoscopy)
* Enhancing lobulated lesion (CT)
* Enhancing lobulated [[lesion]] ([[CT]])
|
|
* Gastrin levels
* [[Gastrin]] levels
* Insulin levels
* [[Insulin]] levels
* Glucagon levels
* [[Glucagon]] levels
* VIP levels
* [[VIP]] levels
* PET with gallium 68–labeled octreotide
* [[PET]] with gallium 68–labeled octreotide
* Indium-labelled octreotide (<sup>111</sup>In-octreotide)
* Indium-labelled [[octreotide]] (<sup>111</sup>In-octreotide)
|
|
* Provocative secretin test & biopsy
* Provocative [[secretin]] test & [[biopsy]]
|
|
* Associated with MEN-1
* Associated with [[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Insulinoma<ref name="pmid19836487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathur A, Gorden P, Libutti SK |title=Insulinoma |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1105–21 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19836487 |pmc=3470467 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20146582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shin JJ, Gorden P, Libutti SK |title=Insulinoma: pathophysiology, localization and management |journal=Future Oncol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=229–37 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20146582 |doi=10.2217/fon.09.165 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27876341">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dromain C, Déandréis D, Scoazec JY, Goere D, Ducreux M, Baudin E, Tselikas L |title=Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas |journal=Diagn Interv Imaging |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=1241–1257 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27876341 |doi=10.1016/j.diii.2016.07.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23430217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okabayashi T, Shima Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kozuki A, Ito S, Ogawa Y, Kobayashi M, Hanazaki K |title=Diagnosis and management of insulinoma |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=829–37 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23430217 |pmc=3574879 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i6.829 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Insulinoma]]<ref name="pmid19836487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathur A, Gorden P, Libutti SK |title=Insulinoma |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1105–21 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19836487 |pmc=3470467 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20146582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shin JJ, Gorden P, Libutti SK |title=Insulinoma: pathophysiology, localization and management |journal=Future Oncol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=229–37 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20146582 |doi=10.2217/fon.09.165 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27876341">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dromain C, Déandréis D, Scoazec JY, Goere D, Ducreux M, Baudin E, Tselikas L |title=Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas |journal=Diagn Interv Imaging |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=1241–1257 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27876341 |doi=10.1016/j.diii.2016.07.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23430217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okabayashi T, Shima Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kozuki A, Ito S, Ogawa Y, Kobayashi M, Hanazaki K |title=Diagnosis and management of insulinoma |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=829–37 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23430217 |pmc=3574879 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i6.829 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Visual disturbances
* [[Visual disturbance|Visual disturbances]]
* Weakness
* [[Weakness]]
* Seizures
* [[Seizures]]
* Palpitations
* [[Palpitations]]
* Sweating
* [[Sweating]]
* Hyperphagia/obesity
* [[Hyperphagia]]/[[obesity]]
|
|
* Tachycardia
* [[Tachycardia]]
* Altered mental state
* [[Altered mental state]]
* Amnesia
* [[Amnesia]]
* Confusion
* [[Confusion]]
* Coma  
* [[Coma]]
* Tremors
* [[Tremors]]
|
|
* ↓ Blood sugar level
* ↓ [[Blood sugar]] level
* ↑ or inappropriately normal insulin level
* ↑ or inappropriately normal [[insulin]] level
* ↑ Plasma proinsulin
* ↑ [[Plasma]] [[proinsulin]]
*  
*  
*  
*  
|
|
* Firm
* Firm
* Well-circumscribed nodule
* Well-circumscribed [[nodule]]
* Encapsulated mass
* Encapsulated [[mass]]
|
|
* Solid or gyriform patterns
* Solid or gyriform patterns
* May be associated with nesidioblastosis  
* May be associated with [[nesidioblastosis]]
* Amyloid
* [[Amyloid]]
|
|
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* CD56
* [[CD56]]
* Insulin
* [[Insulin]]
|
|
* Hypervascular lesion (CT)
* Hypervascular lesion ([[CT]])
* Calcification (malignant)
* [[Calcification]] (malignant)
* Homogeneously hypoechoic (endoscopic U/S)
* Homogeneously hypoechoic ([[Endoscopic ultrasound|endoscopic U/S]])
* MRI
* [[MRI]]
* Transabdominal U/S
* Transabdominal [[Ultrasonography|U/S]]
|
|
* C peptidelevel
* [[C peptide]] level
* Urinary Sulfonylurea
* [[Urinary]] [[sulfonylurea]]
* Pancreatic angiography
* Pancreatic [[angiography]]
* Transhepatic portal venous sampling (THPVS)
* Transhepatic portal venous sampling (THPVS)
* Intraoperative U/S
* Intraoperative [[Ultrasound|U/S]]
|
|
* Intra-arterial calcium stimulation (IAC)
* Intra-[[arterial]] [[calcium]] stimulation (IAC)
|
|
* Associated with MEN-1
* Associated with [[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Glucagonoma<ref name="pmid232372252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis,and treatment |journal=Chin J Cancer |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=312–24 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23237225 |pmc=3845620 |doi=10.5732/cjc.012.10295 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29435000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Song X, Zheng S, Yang G, Xiong G, Cao Z, Feng M, Zhang T, Zhao Y |title=Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=2749–2755 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29435000 |pmc=5778850 |doi=10.3892/ol.2017.7703 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30137784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandhu S, Jialal I |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30137784 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30631852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei J, Song X, Liu X, Ji Z, Ranasinha N, Wu J, Miao Y |title=Glucagonoma and Glucagonoma Syndrome: One Center's Experience of Six Cases |journal=J Pancreat Cancer |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |date=2018 |pmid=30631852 |pmc=5999015 |doi=10.1089/pancan.2018.0003 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Glucagonoma]]<ref name="pmid232372252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis,and treatment |journal=Chin J Cancer |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=312–24 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23237225 |pmc=3845620 |doi=10.5732/cjc.012.10295 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29435000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Song X, Zheng S, Yang G, Xiong G, Cao Z, Feng M, Zhang T, Zhao Y |title=Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=2749–2755 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29435000 |pmc=5778850 |doi=10.3892/ol.2017.7703 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30137784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandhu S, Jialal I |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30137784 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30631852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei J, Song X, Liu X, Ji Z, Ranasinha N, Wu J, Miao Y |title=Glucagonoma and Glucagonoma Syndrome: One Center's Experience of Six Cases |journal=J Pancreat Cancer |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |date=2018 |pmid=30631852 |pmc=5999015 |doi=10.1089/pancan.2018.0003 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Rash
* [[Rash]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight]] loss
* Anemia
* [[Anemia]]
* Diarrhea
* [[Diarrhea]]
* Abdominal pain
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Nausea or anorexia
* [[Nausea]] or [[anorexia]]
* DVT or PE related
* [[DVT]] or [[PE]] related
* Neurological symptoms
* [[Neurological]] symptoms
* Weakness or fatigue
* [[Weakness]] or [[fatigue]]
|
|
* Necrotizing migratory erythema
* Necrotizing migratory erythema
* Glossitis
* [[Glossitis]]
* Stomatitis
* [[Stomatitis]]
* Cheilitis  
* [[Cheilitis]]
* Anemia related
* [[Anemia]] related
* DVT or PE related
* [[DVT]] or [[PE]] related
* Onychodystrophy
* [[Onychodystrophy]]
* Peripheral edema
* Peripheral [[edema]]
* Depression
* [[Depression]]
|
|
* ↑ Glucagon levels
* ↑ [[Glucagon]] levels
* Diabetes or impaired fasting glucose
* [[Diabetes]] or impaired fasting [[glucose]]
* Hypoaminoacidemia
* [[Hypoaminoacidemia]]
* ↓ Serum zinc  
* ↓ [[Serum]] [[zinc]]
* ↓ Hb  
* ↓ [[Hb]]
*  
*  
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Dense core granules
* Dense core [[granules]]
* Nests pattern
* Nests pattern
* Salt and pepper chromatin
* Salt and pepper [[chromatin]]
* Amphophilic cytoplasm
* Amphophilic [[cytoplasm]]
|
|
* PGP 9.5
* PGP 9.5
* CAM 5.2
* [[CAM]] 5.2
* anti-glucagon
* anti-[[glucagon]]
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
|
|
* Helical multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT scan
* Helical multiphasic contrast-enhanced [[CT scan]]
* MRI  
* [[MRI]]
* Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS)
* [[Somatostatin]] [[receptor]] [[scintigraphy]] (SRS)
* FPET imaging technique with DOTA peptides
* F[[PET]] imaging technique with DOTA peptides
|
|
* Serum parathyroid hormone, gastrin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, serotonin, VIP, prolactin and ACTH levels
* [[Serum]] [[parathyroid hormone]], [[gastrin]], [[insulin]], [[pancreatic polypeptide]], [[serotonin]], [[VIP]], [[prolactin]] and [[ACTH]] levels
* Skin biopsy
* [[Skin]] [[biopsy]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Associated with MEN-1
* Associated with [[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Somatostatinoma<ref name="pmid21943457">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williamson JM, Thorn CC, Spalding D, Williamson RC |title=Pancreatic and peripancreatic somatostatinomas |journal=Ann R Coll Surg Engl |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=356–60 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21943457 |pmc=3365451 |doi=10.1308/003588411X582681 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25905263">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Vinik A, Pacak K, Feliberti E, Perry RR |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905263 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21938182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dinesh U, Pervatikar SK, Rao R |title=FNAC diagnosis of pancreatic somatostatinoma |journal=J Cytol |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=153–5 |date=October 2009 |pmid=21938182 |pmc=3168003 |doi=10.4103/0970-9371.62187 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Somatostatinoma]]<ref name="pmid21943457">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williamson JM, Thorn CC, Spalding D, Williamson RC |title=Pancreatic and peripancreatic somatostatinomas |journal=Ann R Coll Surg Engl |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=356–60 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21943457 |pmc=3365451 |doi=10.1308/003588411X582681 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25905263">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Vinik A, Pacak K, Feliberti E, Perry RR |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905263 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21938182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dinesh U, Pervatikar SK, Rao R |title=FNAC diagnosis of pancreatic somatostatinoma |journal=J Cytol |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=153–5 |date=October 2009 |pmid=21938182 |pmc=3168003 |doi=10.4103/0970-9371.62187 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Abdominal pain
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Jaundice
* [[Jaundice]]
* Gastrointestinal bleeding
* [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
* Diarrhea
* [[Diarrhea]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight loss]]
* Hypoglycemia related
* [[Hypoglycemia]] related
|
|
* Jaundice
* [[Jaundice]]
* Diabetes mellitus
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* Gallstones
* [[Gallstones]]
* Hypochlorhydria
* [[Hypochlorhydria]]
* Hypoglycemia related
* [[Hypoglycemia]] related
|
|
* ↑ Somatostatin
* ↑ [[Somatostatin]]
* Anemia
* [[Anemia]]
* Hyper or hypoglycemia
* [[Hyperglycemia|Hyper]] or [[hypoglycemia]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Acinar structures
* [[Acinar]] structures
* Trabeculae
* [[Trabeculae]]
* Psammoma body
* [[Psammoma body]]
* Abundant fine granular cytoplasm
* Abundant fine granular [[cytoplasm]]
* Salt and pepper chromatin
* Salt and pepper [[chromatin]]
|
|
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Leu-7
* [[Leu|Leu-7]]
|
|
* Isodense
* Isodense
* Hypervascular lesion
* Hypervascular [[lesion]]
* Dual phase CT
* Dual phase [[CT]]
* MRI  
* [[MRI]]
* Endoscopic ultrasonography
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|Endoscopic ultrasonography]]
|
|
* <sup>68</sup>Ga-DOTATATE
* <sup>68</sup>Ga-DOTATATE
* Octreoscan
* [[Octreoscan]]
* Gastrin levels
* [[Gastrin]] levels
* Pancreatic polypeptide levels
* [[Pancreatic polypeptide]] levels
* Insulin levels
* [[Insulin]] levels
* Glucagon levels
* [[Glucagon]] levels
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Associated with MEN-1
* Associated with [[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |VIPoma<ref name="pmid25905195">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Vinik A |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905195 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15317894">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lubinski SM, Hendrix T |title=Images in clinical medicine. VIPoma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=351 |issue=8 |pages=808 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15317894 |doi=10.1056/NEJMicm960440 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29939520">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandhu S, Jialal I |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29939520 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21509215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elshafie O, Grant C, Al-Hamdani A, Jain R, Woodhouse N |title=VIPoma Crisis: Immediate and life saving reduction of massive stool volumes on starting treatment with octreotide |journal=Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=104–7 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21509215 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[VIPoma]]<ref name="pmid25905195">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Vinik A |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=25905195 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15317894">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lubinski SM, Hendrix T |title=Images in clinical medicine. VIPoma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=351 |issue=8 |pages=808 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15317894 |doi=10.1056/NEJMicm960440 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29939520">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandhu S, Jialal I |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29939520 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21509215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elshafie O, Grant C, Al-Hamdani A, Jain R, Woodhouse N |title=VIPoma Crisis: Immediate and life saving reduction of massive stool volumes on starting treatment with octreotide |journal=Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=104–7 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21509215 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Secretory diarrhea with odorless and tea colored stools
* Secretory [[diarrhea]] with odorless and tea colored [[stools]]
* Lethargy
* [[Lethargy]]
* Nausea & vomiting
* [[Nausea]] & [[vomiting]]
* Muscle weakness & cramps
* [[Muscle]] [[weakness]] & [[cramps]]
* Tetany
* [[Tetany]]
|
|
* Dehydration  
* [[Dehydration]]
* Flushing  
* [[Flushing]]
* Cardiac arrhythmias, myopathy, tetany and hypovolemic shock (crisis)  
* [[Cardiac]] [[arrhythmias]], [[myopathy]], [[tetany]] and [[hypovolemic shock]] (crisis)  
|
|
* ↑ VIP levels
* ↑ [[VIP]] levels
* ↑ Serum pancreatic polypeptide level
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[pancreatic polypeptide]] level


* Hypokalemia
* [[Hypokalemia]]
 
* [[Hypomagnesemia]]
* Hypomagnesemia
* [[Hypochlorhydria]]
* Hypochlorhydria
* [[Hyperglycemia]]
* Hyperglycemia
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* Hypercalcemia
|
|
* Encapsulated
* Encapsulated
* Necrosis
* [[Necrosis]]
|
|
* Nested cells
* Nested cells
* Trabeculae
* [[Trabeculae]]
* Secretory granules  
* Secretory [[granules]]
* Granular cytoplasm
* Granular [[cytoplasm]]
|
|
* Chromogrannin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* VIP
* [[VIP]]
* Pancreatic polypeptide
* [[Pancreatic polypeptide]]
|
|
* Encapsulated and necrotic mass (CT scan & MRI)
* Encapsulated and [[necrotic]] [[mass]] ([[CT scan]] & [[MRI]])
* Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy
* [[Somatostatin receptor]] [[scintigraphy]]
* Endoscopic U/S
* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|Endoscopic U/S]]
* FPET imaging with DOTA peptides  
* F[[PET]] [[imaging]] with DOTA peptides  
|
|
* VIP radioimmunoassay
* [[VIP]] [[radioimmunoassay]]
* Celiac, superior mesentericand renal angiography
* [[Celiac artery|Celiac]], [[Superior mesenteric artery|superior mesenteric]] and [[Renal artery|renal]] [[angiography]]
* Levels of other PNETs
* Levels of other PNETs


*
*
|
|
* VIP radioimmunoassay with clinical manifestations
* [[VIP]] [[radioimmunoassay]] with clinical manifestations
|
|
* Associated with MEN-1
* Associated with [[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |ACTHoma<ref name="pmid28357177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sun J |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors |journal=Intractable Rare Dis Res |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=21–28 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28357177 |doi=10.5582/irdr.2017.01007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25353285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maragliano R, Vanoli A, Albarello L, Milione M, Basturk O, Klimstra DS, Wachtel A, Uccella S, Vicari E, Milesi M, Davì MV, Scarpa A, Sessa F, Capella C, La Rosa S |title=ACTH-secreting pancreatic neoplasms associated with Cushing syndrome: clinicopathologic study of 11 cases and review of the literature |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=374–82 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25353285 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000340 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23582916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: clinical features, diagnosis and medical treatment: advances |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=737–53 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23582916 |pmc=3627221 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28317048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Byun J, Kim SH, Jeong HS, Rhee Y, Lee WJ, Kang CM |title=ACTH-producing neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas: a case report and literature review |journal=Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=61–65 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28317048 |pmc=5353908 |doi=10.14701/ahbps.2017.21.1.61 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[ACTHoma]]<ref name="pmid28357177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sun J |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors |journal=Intractable Rare Dis Res |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=21–28 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28357177 |doi=10.5582/irdr.2017.01007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25353285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maragliano R, Vanoli A, Albarello L, Milione M, Basturk O, Klimstra DS, Wachtel A, Uccella S, Vicari E, Milesi M, Davì MV, Scarpa A, Sessa F, Capella C, La Rosa S |title=ACTH-secreting pancreatic neoplasms associated with Cushing syndrome: clinicopathologic study of 11 cases and review of the literature |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=374–82 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25353285 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000340 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23582916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT |title=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: clinical features, diagnosis and medical treatment: advances |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=737–53 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23582916 |pmc=3627221 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28317048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Byun J, Kim SH, Jeong HS, Rhee Y, Lee WJ, Kang CM |title=ACTH-producing neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas: a case report and literature review |journal=Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=61–65 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28317048 |pmc=5353908 |doi=10.14701/ahbps.2017.21.1.61 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Weight gain
* [[Weight gain]]
* Acne
* [[Acne]]
 
* [[Ophthalmology|Ophthalmologic]] discomfort
* Ophthalmologic discomfort
* Extremity [[weakness]]
* Extremity weakness
|
|
* Hypertension
* [[Hypertension]]
* Moon facies
* [[Moon facies]]
* Easy bruising
* Easy [[bruising]]
* Buffalo-hump
* [[Buffalo hump|Buffalo-hump]]
* Abdominal striae
* [[Abdominal]] [[striae]]
|
|
* ↑ Serum ACTH
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[ACTH]]
* ↑ Serum and urinary cortisol
* ↑ [[Serum]] and [[urinary]] [[cortisol]]
* Diabetes mellitus
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]


* Hypokalemic alkalosis
* Hypokalemic [[alkalosis]]
|
|
* Firm
* Firm
Line 1,253: Line 1,253:
|
|
* Nested cells
* Nested cells
* Trabeculae
* [[Trabeculae]]
* Secretory granules  
* Secretory [[granules]]
* Lymphovascular invasion
* Lymphovascular invasion
|
|
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* ACTH
* [[ACTH]]
|
|
* Hypoechoic, homogenous, solid mass (endoscopic U/S)
* Hypoechoic, homogenous, solid mass ([[Endoscopic ultrasound|endoscopic U/S]])
*  
*  
|
|
* Dexamethasone suppression test
* [[Dexamethasone suppression test]]
* Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS)
* [[Somatostatin]] [[receptor]] [[scintigraphy]] (SRS)
* FPET imaging  
* [[Positron emission tomography|FPET]] [[imaging]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* Osteoporosis
* [[Osteoporosis]]
* Menstrual irregularities
* [[Menstrual]] irregularities
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Lung neuroendocrine tumors  
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Lung neuroendocrine tumors  
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Typical carcinoid tumours<ref name="pmid24213466">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=777–98 |date=July 2012 |pmid=24213466 |pmc=3712715 |doi=10.3390/cancers4030777 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27755793">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang Z, Wang Z, Duan Y, Xu S |title=Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of resected cases of carcinoid tumors of the lung |journal=Thorac Cancer |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=633–638 |date=November 2016 |pmid=27755793 |doi=10.1111/1759-7714.12377 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26270444">{{cite journal |vauthors=Herde RF, Kokeny KE, Reddy CB, Akerley WL, Hu N, Boltax JP, Hitchcock YJ |title=Primary Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumor: A Long-term Single Institution Experience |journal=Am. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=24–29 |date=January 2018 |pmid=26270444 |doi=10.1097/COC.0000000000000221 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29770932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Papaxoinis G, Lamarca A, Quinn AM, Mansoor W, Nonaka D |title=Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors in Central and Peripheral Locations |journal=Endocr. Pathol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=May 2018 |pmid=29770932 |pmc=6097045 |doi=10.1007/s12022-018-9530-y |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Lung carcinoid tumor|Typical carcinoid tumours]]<ref name="pmid24213466">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=777–98 |date=July 2012 |pmid=24213466 |pmc=3712715 |doi=10.3390/cancers4030777 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27755793">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang Z, Wang Z, Duan Y, Xu S |title=Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of resected cases of carcinoid tumors of the lung |journal=Thorac Cancer |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=633–638 |date=November 2016 |pmid=27755793 |doi=10.1111/1759-7714.12377 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26270444">{{cite journal |vauthors=Herde RF, Kokeny KE, Reddy CB, Akerley WL, Hu N, Boltax JP, Hitchcock YJ |title=Primary Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumor: A Long-term Single Institution Experience |journal=Am. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=24–29 |date=January 2018 |pmid=26270444 |doi=10.1097/COC.0000000000000221 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29770932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Papaxoinis G, Lamarca A, Quinn AM, Mansoor W, Nonaka D |title=Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors in Central and Peripheral Locations |journal=Endocr. Pathol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=May 2018 |pmid=29770932 |pmc=6097045 |doi=10.1007/s12022-018-9530-y |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Constitutional
* Constitutional
* Cough
* [[Cough]]
* Hemoptysis  
* [[Hemoptysis]]
* Recurrent pneumonia  
* Recurrent [[pneumonia]]
* Seizures
* [[Seizures]]
|
|
* ↓ Breath sounds
* ↓ Breath sounds
* Fever
* [[Fever]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight]] loss
* Carcinoid syndrome related
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] related
* Cushing's syndrome related
* [[Cushing's syndrome]] related
|
|
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
|
|
* Central
* Central
Line 1,296: Line 1,296:
* Usually well defined
* Usually well defined
* Smooth
* Smooth
* No necrosis
* No [[necrosis]]
|
|
* Organized structure
* Organized structure
* <2 mitoses/2 mm<sup>2</sup>
* <2 [[mitoses]]/2 mm<sup>2</sup>
* No necroses
* No [[necrosis]]
* Nesting and/or trabecular pattern  
* Nesting and/or [[Trabeculae|trabecular]] pattern  
|
|
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* CD56/NCAM
* [[CD56]]/[[CAM|NCAM]]
* TTF1
* [[TTF1 (gene)|TTF1]]
* Estrogen receptor  
* [[Estrogen receptor]]
|
|
* N/L
* N/L
* Coin lesion
* [[Coin lesion]]
* Enlarged lymph nodes
* Enlarged [[lymph nodes]]
* Mass (rare)
* Mass (rare)
|
|
* Bronchoscopy (Gold standard for tumor visualization)
* [[Bronchoscopy]] (Gold standard for [[tumor]] visualization)
* Endoscopic biopsy  
* [[Endoscopic]] [[biopsy]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* 5‐year survival rate >90%
* 5‐year survival rate >90%
* 12% metastasis at presentation
* 12% [[metastasis]] at presentation
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Atypical carcinoid tumours<ref name="pmid24213466" /><ref name="pmid27755793" /><ref name="pmid26270444" /><ref name="pmid29770932" />
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Carcinoid tumor of the lung|Atypical carcinoid tumours]]<ref name="pmid24213466" /><ref name="pmid27755793" /><ref name="pmid26270444" /><ref name="pmid29770932" />
|
|
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Constitutional
* Constitutional
* Cough
* [[Cough]]
* Hemoptysis  
* [[Hemoptysis]]
* Recurrent pneumonia  
* Recurrent [[pneumonia]]
* Seizures
* [[Seizures]]
|
|
* ↓ Breath sounds
* ↓ Breath sounds
* Fever
* [[Fever]]
* Weight loss
* [[Weight]] loss
* Carcinoid syndrome related
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] related
* Cushing's syndrome related
* [[Cushing's syndrome]] related
|
|
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
|
|
* Peripheral
* Peripheral
Line 1,344: Line 1,344:
* Irregular margins
* Irregular margins
* Smooth
* Smooth
* Necrosis
* [[Necrosis]]
|
|
* More pleomorphism  
* More pleomorphism  
* 2–10 mitoses/2 mm<sup>2</sup>  
* 2–10 [[mitoses]]/2 mm<sup>2</sup>  
* Necroses
* [[Necrosis|Necroses]]
* Nesting and/or trabecular pattern
* Nesting and/or [[Trabeculae|trabecular]] pattern
|
|
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Chromogranin A
* [[Chromogranin A]]
* CD56/NCAM
* [[CD56]]/[[CAM|NCAM]]
* TTF1
* [[TTF1 (gene)|TTF1]]
* Estrogen receptor
* [[Estrogen receptor]]<nowiki/>r
|
|
* N/L
* N/L
* Coin lesion
* [[Coin lesion]]
* Enlarged lymph nodes
* Enlarged [[lymph nodes]]
* Mass (rare)
* [[Mass]] (rare)
|
|
* Bronchoscopy (Gold standard for tumor visualization)
* [[Bronchoscopy]] (Gold standard for [[tumor]] visualization)
* Endoscopic biopsy  
* [[Endoscopic]] [[biopsy]]
|
|
* N/A
* N/A
|
|
* 5‐year survival rate 40-75%
* 5‐year survival rate 40-75%
* 50% metastasis at presentation
* 50% [[metastasis]] at presentation
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Large cell lung neuroendocrine carcinomas<ref name="pmid29114469">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hiroshima K, Mino-Kenudson M |title=Update on large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma |journal=Transl Lung Cancer Res |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=530–539 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29114469 |pmc=5653527 |doi=10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.12 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26039012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Papaccio F, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F |title=Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Therapy |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=1133–41 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26039012 |pmc=4503246 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0000000000000589 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid242134662">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=777–98 |date=July 2012 |pmid=24213466 |pmc=3712715 |doi=10.3390/cancers4030777 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25114839">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanaji N, Watanabe N, Kita N, Bandoh S, Tadokoro A, Ishii T, Dobashi H, Matsunaga T |title=Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer |journal=World J Clin Oncol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=197–223 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25114839 |pmc=4127595 |doi=10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.197 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Large cell carcinoma of the lung|Large cell lung neuroendocrine carcinomas]]<ref name="pmid29114469">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hiroshima K, Mino-Kenudson M |title=Update on large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma |journal=Transl Lung Cancer Res |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=530–539 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29114469 |pmc=5653527 |doi=10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.12 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26039012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Papaccio F, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F |title=Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Therapy |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=1133–41 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26039012 |pmc=4503246 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0000000000000589 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid242134662">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=777–98 |date=July 2012 |pmid=24213466 |pmc=3712715 |doi=10.3390/cancers4030777 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25114839">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanaji N, Watanabe N, Kita N, Bandoh S, Tadokoro A, Ishii T, Dobashi H, Matsunaga T |title=Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer |journal=World J Clin Oncol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=197–223 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25114839 |pmc=4127595 |doi=10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.197 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Cough
* [[Cough]]
* Hemoptysis  
* [[Hemoptysis]]
* Recurrent infections  
* Recurrent [[infections]]
* Seizures
* [[Seizures]]
|
|
* ↓ Breath sounds
* ↓ Breath sounds
* Fever
* [[Fever]]
* Carcinoid syndrome related (rare)
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] related
* Cushing's syndrome related (rare)
* [[Cushing's syndrome]] related
|
|
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↑ Serum ACTH (rare)
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[ACTH]] (rare)
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
|
|
* Less differentiated  
* Less differentiated  
* Grey-white
* Grey-white
* Invasive
* Invasive
* Hemorrhage/necrosis
* [[Hemorrhage]]/[[necrosis]]
|
|
* Organoid or trabecular pattern
* Organoid or [[Trabecula|trabecular]] pattern
* Rosette-like structures
* [[Rosetting|Rosette]]-like structures
* Cells are ×3 the diameter of resting lymphocytes
* [[Cells]] are ×3 the diameter of resting [[lymphocytes]]
* Necrosis
* [[Necrosis]]
|
|
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin A|Chromogranin]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Somatostatin
* [[Somatostatin]]
* CD56
* [[CD56]]
|
|
* Peripheral lesion
* Peripheral [[lesion]]
* Expansively growing
* Expansively growing
* Irregular margins
* Irregular margins
* Mediastinal lymph node enlargement
* [[Mediastinum|Mediastinal]] [[lymph node]] enlargement
|
|
* Bronchoscopy (Gold standard for tumor visualization)
* [[Bronchoscopy]] (Gold standard for tumor visualization)
* SSTR (somatostatin receptors ) scintigraphy  
* SSTR ([[Somatostatin receptor|somatostatin receptors]] ) [[scintigraphy]]
|
|
* Biopsy with immunohisto-chemistry
* [[Biopsy]] with [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohisto-chemistry]]
|Associated
|Associated
* Smoking
* [[Smoking]]
* Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
* Humoral [[hypercalcemia]] of [[malignancy]]
* SIADH
* [[SIADH]]
* Hypoglycemia
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
* Acromegaly
* [[Acromegaly]]
* Carcinoid syndrome
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
* Neurological syndromes
* [[Neurological]] [[Syndrome|syndromes]]
* Gynecomastia
* [[Gynecomastia]]
* Hyperthyroidism
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |Small cell lung neuroendocrine carcinomas<ref name="pmid291144692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hiroshima K, Mino-Kenudson M |title=Update on large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma |journal=Transl Lung Cancer Res |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=530–539 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29114469 |pmc=5653527 |doi=10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.12 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid260390122">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Papaccio F, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F |title=Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Therapy |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=1133–41 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26039012 |pmc=4503246 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0000000000000589 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid242134663">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=777–98 |date=July 2012 |pmid=24213466 |pmc=3712715 |doi=10.3390/cancers4030777 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid251148392">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanaji N, Watanabe N, Kita N, Bandoh S, Tadokoro A, Ishii T, Dobashi H, Matsunaga T |title=Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer |journal=World J Clin Oncol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=197–223 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25114839 |pmc=4127595 |doi=10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.197 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: left;" |[[Small cell lung carcinoma|Small cell lung neuroendocrine carcinomas]]<ref name="pmid291144692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hiroshima K, Mino-Kenudson M |title=Update on large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma |journal=Transl Lung Cancer Res |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=530–539 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29114469 |pmc=5653527 |doi=10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.12 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid260390122">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Papaccio F, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F |title=Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Therapy |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=1133–41 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26039012 |pmc=4503246 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0000000000000589 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid242134663">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M |title=Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=777–98 |date=July 2012 |pmid=24213466 |pmc=3712715 |doi=10.3390/cancers4030777 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid251148392">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanaji N, Watanabe N, Kita N, Bandoh S, Tadokoro A, Ishii T, Dobashi H, Matsunaga T |title=Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer |journal=World J Clin Oncol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=197–223 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25114839 |pmc=4127595 |doi=10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.197 |url=}}</ref>
|
|
* Asymptomatic
* Asymptomatic
* Cough
* [[Cough]]
* Hemoptysis  
* [[Hemoptysis]]
* Recurrent infections  
* Recurrent [[infections]]
* Seizures
* [[Seizures]]
|
|
* ↓ Breath sounds
* ↓ Breath sounds
* Fever
* [[Fever]]
* Carcinoid syndrome related (rare)
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]] related (rare)
* Cushing's syndrome related (rare)
* [[Cushing's syndrome]] related (rare)
|
|
* ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↑ [[Urinary]] 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
* ↑ Serum ACTH (rare)
* ↑ [[Serum]] [[ACTH]] (rare)
* ↑ Chromogranin A
* ↑ [[Chromogranin A]]
|
|
* Less differentiated  
* Less differentiated  
* Grey-white
* Grey-white
* Invasive
* Invasive
* Hemorrhage/necrosis
* [[Hemorrhage]]/[[necrosis]]
|
|
* Diffuse sheets
* Diffuse sheets
* No prominent neucleoli
* No prominent neucleoli
* Cells < size of three small resting lymphocytes
* [[Cells]] < size of three small resting [[lymphocytes]]
* The mitotic rate averages over 60 mitoses/2 mm<sup>2</sup>
* The [[mitotic]] rate averages over 60 [[mitoses]]/2 mm<sup>2</sup>
* Extensive necrosis
* Extensive [[necrosis]]
|
|
* Chromogranin
* [[Chromogranin A|Chromogranin]]
* Neuron-specific enolase
* [[Neuron-specific enolase]]
* Synaptophysin
* [[Synaptophysin]]
* Somatostatin
* [[Somatostatin]]
* CD56
* [[CD56]]
|
|
* Homogeneous or noncontiguous parenchymal mass, or peripheral nodule
* Homogeneous or noncontiguous [[Parenchyma|parenchymal]] mass, or peripheral [[nodule]]
* Adjacent compression
* Adjacent compression
* Atelectasis   
* [[Atelectasis]]  
* Pleural effusion .
* [[Pleural effusion]]
* Intratumoral calcification
* Intratumoral [[calcification]]
* Lymphadenopathy
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
|
|
* PET scan
* [[PET scan]]
* Bronchoscopy
* [[Bronchoscopy]]
* Scintigraphy
* [[Scintigraphy]]
|
|
* Biopsy with immunohisto-chemistry
* [[Biopsy]] with [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohisto-chemistry]]
|Associated
|Associated
* Smoking
* [[Smoking]]
* Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
* Humoral [[hypercalcemia]] of [[malignancy]]
* SIADH
* [[SIADH]]
* Hypoglycemia
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
* Acromegaly
* [[Acromegaly]]
* Neurological syndromes
* [[Neurological]] [[Syndrome|syndromes]]
* Gynecomastia
* [[Gynecomastia]]
* Hyperthyroidism
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
|-
|-
| colspan="12" |
| colspan="12" |

Latest revision as of 19:36, 30 January 2019

Abbreviations

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen, C-cell: Chief cells, U/S: Ultrasound, CT: Computerized tomography, PET: Position emission tomography, FNA: Fine needle aspiration, MEN: Multiple endocrine neoplasia, GI: Gastrointestinal, N/A: Not available/Not applicable, N/L: Normal, MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, PTH: Parathyroid hormone, ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, GH: Growth hormone, TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone, LH: Leutinizing hormone, FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone, NSE: Neuron specific enolase, NET: Neuroendocrine tumors, H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin, CK: Cytokeratin, Hb: Hemoglobin, IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease, VMAT: Vesicular monoamine transporter, ECL: Enterochromaffin like, GNET: Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors, PNET: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, PGP: Protein-gene-product, HCL: Hydrochloric acid, VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide, NF: Neurofibromatosis, PUD: Peptic ulcer disease, DVT: Deep vein thrombosis, PE: Pulmonary embolism, TTF: Transcription termination factor, SIADH: Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion.

Neuroendocrine tumor Clinical manifestations Dianosis Gold

standard

Other features
Symptoms Signs Blood & Urine Gross Histology Immunohistochemistry Imaging Others
Medullary thyroid carcinoma[1][2][3]

chemistry and

calcitonin levels

Pheochromocytoma[4][5][6][7][8]
  • N/A
Merkel cell carcinoma[9][10][11]
  • Epidermotropism
  • N/A
Parathyroid adenoma[12][13][14]
  • Enlarged
  • smooth
  • Soft
  • Reddish brown in color
 Staining for
  • Associated with MEN
  • Associated with HPRT
Paraganglioma[15][16][17][18]
  • Clear margins
  • Encapsulated
 N/A
Pituitary gland tumor[19]s[20][21][22]
  • N/A
  • To learn more about pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, click here.
  • To learn more about pituitary hormones, click here.
Neuroendocrine tumors of the testicles[23][24][25] For metastasis and grading:
Neuroendocrine tumors of the ovaries[26][27][28]
  • Well-defined
  • Smooth
  • Solid with cystic areas

For metastasis and grading:

  • N/A
Thymic neuroendocrine cancer[29][30][31][32]

For metastasis and grading:

Jejuno-Ileal neuroendocrine tumors[33][34][35][36]
  • N/A
Appendix neuroendocrine tumors[37][38][39]
  • N/A
Colon neuroendocrine tumors[40][41][42][43]
  • Flat or depressed lesion
  • Plaque or polypoid
  • Wall thickening
  • Lumen narrowing
Rectum neuroendocrine tumors[44][40][45][46][47]
  • Small and multiple
  • Nodules or polypoid
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors Type I GNET[48][49][50]
  • N/A
Type II GNET[48][49][51]
  • N/A
  • N/A
Type III GNET[52][53][54]
  • ↓ Hb
  • ↑ Urinary 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (rare)
  • Large lesion with poor margins
  • Ulcerated appearance
Type IV GNET[55][56][41]
  • Invasion of adjacent structures
  • Large solid lesion
  • N/A
 Structural abnormality → no HCL secretion → achlorhydria →

hypergastrinemia → hyperplasia

Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors Gastrinoma[57][58][59][60]
  • N/A
Somatostatinomas[61][62][63][64]
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Associated with NF-1
Gangliocytic paraganglionomas[65][66][67][68]
  • Solid tumor
  • Ulceration
  • Sessile or polypod
  • Covered by the smooth
  • Associated with NF-1
Nonfunctioning NET[69]
neuroendocrine carcinomas[70][71][72][73]
  • Polypoid intraluminal mass (CT scan)
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours Gastrinoma[57][58][59][60]
  • N/A
Insulinoma[74][75][76][77]
Glucagonoma[78][79][80][81]
  • N/A
  • N/A
Somatostatinoma[61][62][63]
  • N/A
  • N/A
VIPoma[82][83][84][85]
ACTHoma[86][87][88][89]
  • Firm
  • Well circumscribed
  • Encapsulated
  • N/A
Lung neuroendocrine tumors Typical carcinoid tumours[90][91][92][93]
  • Central
  • Polypoid
  • Usually well defined
  • Smooth
  • No necrosis
  • N/A
  • 5‐year survival rate >90%
  • 12% metastasis at presentation
Atypical carcinoid tumours[90][91][92][93]
  • Peripheral
  • Polypoid
  • Irregular margins
  • Smooth
  • Necrosis
  • N/A
  • 5‐year survival rate 40-75%
  • 50% metastasis at presentation
Large cell lung neuroendocrine carcinomas[94][95][96][97] Associated
Small cell lung neuroendocrine carcinomas[98][99][100][101] Associated

References

  1. ↑ Segura S, Ramos-Rivera G, Suhrland M (2018). "Educational Case: Endocrine Neoplasm: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma". Acad Pathol. 5: 2374289518775722. doi:10.1177/2374289518775722. PMC 6024338. PMID 29978018.
  2. ↑ Roy M, Chen H, Sippel RS (2013). "Current understanding and management of medullary thyroid cancer". Oncologist. 18 (10): 1093–100. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0053. PMC 3805151. PMID 24037980.
  3. ↑ Chen H, Sippel RS, O'Dorisio MS, Vinik AI, Lloyd RV, Pacak K (August 2010). "The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer". Pancreas. 39 (6): 775–83. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb4f0. PMC 3419007. PMID 20664475.
  4. ↑ Martucci VL, Pacak K (2014). "Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment". Curr Probl Cancer. 38 (1): 7–41. doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2014.01.001. PMC 3992879. PMID 24636754.
  5. ↑ Kantorovich V, Pacak K (2010). "Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma". Prog. Brain Res. 182: 343–73. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(10)82015-1. PMC 4714594. PMID 20541673.
  6. ↑ Miller AD, Masek-Hammerman K, Dalecki K, Mansfield KG, Westmoreland SV (November 2009). "Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of pheochromocytoma in 6 cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)". Vet. Pathol. 46 (6): 1221–9. doi:10.1354/vp.09-VP-0022-M-FL. PMID 19605896.
  7. ↑ Kantorovich V, Eisenhofer G, Pacak K (December 2008). "Pheochromocytoma: an endocrine stress mimicking disorder". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1148: 462–8. doi:10.1196/annals.1410.081. PMC 2693284. PMID 19120142.
  8. ↑ Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M (December 2014). "Laboratory evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma". Clin. Chem. 60 (12): 1486–99. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2014.224832. PMID 25332315.
  9. ↑ Becker JC, Stang A, DeCaprio JA, Cerroni L, Lebbé C, Veness M, Nghiem P (October 2017). "Merkel cell carcinoma". Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3: 17077. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.77. PMC 6054450. PMID 29072302.
  10. ↑ Han SY, North JP, Canavan T, Kim N, Yu SS (December 2012). "Merkel cell carcinoma". Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 26 (6): 1351–74. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2012.08.007. PMID 23116583.
  11. ↑ Amaral T, Leiter U, Garbe C (December 2017). "Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy". Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 18 (4): 517–532. doi:10.1007/s11154-017-9433-0. PMID 28916903.
  12. ↑ Wieneke JA, Smith A (December 2008). "Parathyroid adenoma". Head Neck Pathol. 2 (4): 305–8. doi:10.1007/s12105-008-0088-8. PMID 20614300.
  13. ↑ Madkhali T, Alhefdhi A, Chen H, Elfenbein D (2016). "Primary hyperparathyroidism". Ulus Cerrahi Derg. 32 (1): 58–66. doi:10.5152/UCD.2015.3032. PMC 4771429. PMID 26985167.
  14. ↑ Costa-Guda J, Arnold A (April 2014). "Genetic and epigenetic changes in sporadic endocrine tumors: parathyroid tumors". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 386 (1–2): 46–54. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.005. PMC 3943641. PMID 24035866.
  15. ↑ Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M (December 2014). "Laboratory evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma". Clin. Chem. 60 (12): 1486–99. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2014.224832. PMID 25332315.
  16. ↑ Baez JC, Jagannathan JP, Krajewski K, O'Regan K, Zukotynski K, Kulke M, Ramaiya NH (May 2012). "Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: imaging characteristics". Cancer Imaging. 12: 153–62. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0016. PMC 3362869. PMID 22571874.
  17. ↑ Liu YQ, Yue JQ (2013). "Paraganglioma of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature". Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 6 (10): 2247–50. PMC 3796250. PMID 24133606.
  18. ↑ Wang ZH, Wang YT, Cheng F, Hu Y (October 2018). "Pathological features of paraganglioma in the lumbar spinal canal: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 97 (41): e12586. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000012586. PMC 6203573. PMID 30313044.
  19. ↑ Asa SL, Casar-Borota O, Chanson P, Delgrange E, Earls P, Ezzat S, Grossman A, Ikeda H, Inoshita N, Karavitaki N, Korbonits M, Laws ER, Lopes MB, Maartens N, McCutcheon IE, Mete O, Nishioka H, Raverot G, Roncaroli F, Saeger W, Syro LV, Vasiljevic A, Villa C, Wierinckx A, Trouillas J (April 2017). "From pituitary adenoma to pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET): an International Pituitary Pathology Club proposal". Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 24 (4): C5–C8. doi:10.1530/ERC-17-0004. PMID 28264912.
  20. ↑ Manojlovic-Gacic E, Engström BE, Casar-Borota O (April 2018). "Histopathological classification of non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors". Pituitary. 21 (2): 119–129. doi:10.1007/s11102-017-0855-1. PMC 5849671. PMID 29275530.
  21. ↑ Ibrahim M, Yousef M, Bohnen N, Eisbruch A, Parmar H (October 2010). "Primary carcinoid tumor of the skull base: case report and review of the literature". J Neuroimaging. 20 (4): 390–2. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2008.00317.x. PMID 19021842.
  22. ↑ Nasi D, Perano D, Ghadirpour R, Iaccarino C, Servadei F, Romano A (2017). "Primary pituitary neuroendocrine tumor: Case report and literature review". Surg Neurol Int. 8: 101. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_450_16. PMC 5473081. PMID 28695048.
  23. ↑ Amine MM, Mohamed B, Mourad H, Majed H, Slim C, Mehdi B, Hela M, Nouri R, Rim K, Tahya B, Nabil MM (April 2017). "Neuroendocrine Testicular Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Curr Urol. 10 (1): 15–25. doi:10.1159/000447146. PMC 5436018. PMID 28559773.
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  32. ↑ Domen H, Hida Y, Sato M, Takahashi H, Ishikawa T, Shionoya Y, Hashimoto M, Nishiyama K, Aoki Y, Inoko K, Furukawa S, Ichinokawa K, Yamada H (November 2018). "Resected thymic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: report of a case". Surg Case Rep. 4 (1): 133. doi:10.1186/s40792-018-0540-2. PMC 6240022. PMID 30446840.
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  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Chin JL, O'Toole D (November 2017). "Diagnosis and Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors". Clin Endosc. 50 (6): 520–529. doi:10.5946/ce.2017.181. PMID 29207862.
  50. ↑ Dias AR, Azevedo BC, Alban L, Yagi OK, Ramos M, Jacob CE, Barchi LC, Cecconello I, Ribeiro U, Zilberstein B (2017). "GASTRIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR: REVIEW AND UPDATE". Arq Bras Cir Dig. 30 (2): 150–154. doi:10.1590/0102-6720201700020016. PMID 29257854. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  51. ↑ Pritchard DM (May 2011). "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: still a diagnostic challenge in the 21st century?". Gastroenterology. 140 (5): 1380–3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.026. PMID 21443889.
  52. ↑ Chin JL, O'Toole D (November 2017). "Diagnosis and Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors". Clin Endosc. 50 (6): 520–529. doi:10.5946/ce.2017.181. PMC 5719910. PMID 29207862.
  53. ↑ Dias AR, Azevedo BC, Alban L, Yagi OK, Ramos M, Jacob CE, Barchi LC, Cecconello I, Ribeiro U, Zilberstein B (2017). "GASTRIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR: REVIEW AND UPDATE". Arq Bras Cir Dig. 30 (2): 150–154. doi:10.1590/0102-6720201700020016. PMC 5543797. PMID 29257854. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  54. ↑ Basuroy R, Srirajaskanthan R, Prachalias A, Quaglia A, Ramage JK (May 2014). "Review article: the investigation and management of gastric neuroendocrine tumours". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 39 (10): 1071–84. doi:10.1111/apt.12698. PMID 24628514.
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  88. ↑ Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT (December 2012). "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: clinical features, diagnosis and medical treatment: advances". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (6): 737–53. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.003. PMC 3627221. PMID 23582916.
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  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M (July 2012). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung". Cancers (Basel). 4 (3): 777–98. doi:10.3390/cancers4030777. PMC 3712715. PMID 24213466.
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Yang Z, Wang Z, Duan Y, Xu S (November 2016). "Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of resected cases of carcinoid tumors of the lung". Thorac Cancer. 7 (6): 633–638. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12377. PMID 27755793.
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  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Papaxoinis G, Lamarca A, Quinn AM, Mansoor W, Nonaka D (May 2018). "Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors in Central and Peripheral Locations". Endocr. Pathol. doi:10.1007/s12022-018-9530-y. PMC 6097045. PMID 29770932.
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  95. ↑ Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Papaccio F, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F (August 2015). "Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Therapy". J Thorac Oncol. 10 (8): 1133–41. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000589. PMC 4503246. PMID 26039012.
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  99. ↑ Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Papaccio F, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F (August 2015). "Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Therapy". J Thorac Oncol. 10 (8): 1133–41. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000589. PMC 4503246. PMID 26039012.
  100. ↑ Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Demes M (July 2012). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung". Cancers (Basel). 4 (3): 777–98. doi:10.3390/cancers4030777. PMC 3712715. PMID 24213466.
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