Gynecomastia history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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The hallmark of gynecomastia is breast enlargement. The majority of patients with gynecomastia are [[asymptomatic]]. Pain is the most common symptom of gynecomastia. Less common symptoms depend on the underlying cause. | The hallmark of [[gynecomastia]] is breast enlargement. The majority of patients with [[gynecomastia]] are [[asymptomatic]]. Pain is the most common symptom of [[gynecomastia]]. Less common symptoms depend on the underlying cause. | ||
==History and Symptoms== | ==History and Symptoms== | ||
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* [[Pathological]] gynecomastia can occur at any age secondary to any condition causing increased free [[estrogen]] to [[androgen]] ratio. | * [[Pathological]] gynecomastia can occur at any age secondary to any condition causing increased free [[estrogen]] to [[androgen]] ratio. | ||
==== Past Medical History ==== | ==== Past Medical History ==== | ||
* Gynecomastia is associated with a past medical history of [[cirrhosis]], [[chronic renal disease]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[orchitis]], [[trauma]] to [[testis]] or use of medications (eg, [[Prescription drugs|prescription]] [[medications]], over-the-counter [[medications]], [[recreational drugs]]).<ref name="pmid25112235">{{cite journal| author=Narula HS, Carlson HE| title=Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Nat Rev Endocrinol | year= 2014 | volume= 10 | issue= 11 | pages= 684-98 | pmid=25112235 | doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.139 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25112235 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25905330">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Swerdloff RS, Ng JCM |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=25905330 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * [[Gynecomastia]] is associated with a past medical history of [[cirrhosis]], [[chronic renal disease]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[orchitis]], [[trauma]] to [[testis]] or use of medications (eg, [[Prescription drugs|prescription]] [[medications]], over-the-counter [[medications]], [[recreational drugs]]).<ref name="pmid25112235">{{cite journal| author=Narula HS, Carlson HE| title=Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Nat Rev Endocrinol | year= 2014 | volume= 10 | issue= 11 | pages= 684-98 | pmid=25112235 | doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.139 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25112235 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25905330">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Swerdloff RS, Ng JCM |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=25905330 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==== Social History ==== | ==== Social History ==== | ||
* Patients may have a [[History & Symptoms|history]] of use of illicit drugs or decrease in [[libido]] which might suggest [[hypogonadism]].<ref name="pmid22790552">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barros AC, Sampaio Mde C |title=Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |journal=Sao Paulo Med J |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=187–97 |year=2012 |pmid=22790552 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * Patients may have a [[History & Symptoms|history]] of use of illicit drugs or decrease in [[libido]] which might suggest [[hypogonadism]].<ref name="pmid22790552">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barros AC, Sampaio Mde C |title=Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |journal=Sao Paulo Med J |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=187–97 |year=2012 |pmid=22790552 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]
Overview
The hallmark of gynecomastia is breast enlargement. The majority of patients with gynecomastia are asymptomatic. Pain is the most common symptom of gynecomastia. Less common symptoms depend on the underlying cause.
History and Symptoms
History
Age of onset
- Physiological gynecomastia has trimodal distribution occurring in neonatal, in pubertal age and in the elderly.[1][2]
- Pathological gynecomastia can occur at any age secondary to any condition causing increased free estrogen to androgen ratio.
Past Medical History
- Gynecomastia is associated with a past medical history of cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, hyperthyroidism, orchitis, trauma to testis or use of medications (eg, prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, recreational drugs).[3][4]
Social History
- Patients may have a history of use of illicit drugs or decrease in libido which might suggest hypogonadism.[5]
Common Symptoms
Common symptoms include:[4]
Less Common Symptoms
Less common symptoms of gynecomastia include:[4]
- Symptoms of chronic liver disease (ascites and jaundice)
- Symptoms of chronic kidney disease (persistent nausea, oliguria, fluid retention and fatigue)
- Symptoms of hyperthyroidism (weight loss and tremors)
- Symptoms of depression (decreased sleep, appetite and concentration)
- Symptoms of hypogonadism (decreased libido)
References
- ↑ Niewoehner CB, Schorer AE (2008). "Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men". BMJ. 336 (7646): 709–13. doi:10.1136/bmj.39511.493391.BE. PMC 2276281. PMID 18369226.
- ↑ Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
- ↑ Narula HS, Carlson HE (2014). "Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment". Nat Rev Endocrinol. 10 (11): 684–98. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139. PMID 25112235.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Swerdloff RS, Ng J. PMID 25905330. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Barros AC, Sampaio Mde C (2012). "Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment". Sao Paulo Med J. 130 (3): 187–97. PMID 22790552.