Dyspnea: Difference between revisions

	Dyspnea Microchapters
Patient Information
Overview
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Dyspnea from other Diseases

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Revision as of 19:02, 19 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

Pathophysiology

Differential Diagnosis

Air hunger - the sensation of an urgent need to breathe, sensation that you cannot take in a full breath
Tachypnea - breathing rapidly
Bradypnea - breathing slowly
Eupnea - normal unlabored breathing
Orthopnea - dyspnea that occurs with lying flat
Trepopnea - an abnormal awareness of one's own breathing that is seen in one lateral position but not in the other
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - sudden, severe shortness of breath at night that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing.

Differentiating Shortness of Breath or Dyspnea from other Diseases

The underlying causes of dyspnea are classified as acute causes and chronic causes based on the disease course. Different causes of dyspnea include pulmonary (upper and lower airway), cardiovascular, central nervous system, toxic and metabolic, and systemic diseases.

Diseases that cause shortness of breath have to be differentiated upon the following table^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Abbreviations: ABG (arterial blood gas); ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme); BMI (body mass index); CBC (complete blood count); CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); CXR (chest X-ray); ECG (electrocardiogram); FEF (forced expiratory flow rate); FEV1 (forced expiratory volume); FVC (forced vital capacity); JVD (jugular vein distention); MCV (mean corpuscular volume); Plt (platelet); RV (residual volume); SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone); TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone); Vt (tidal volume); WBC (white blood cell);

Organ system			Diseases	Clinical manifestations											Diagnosis					Other features
				Symptoms						Physical exam					Diagnosis
				Loss of consciousness	Agitation	Weight loss	Fever	Chest pain	Cough	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	CBC	ABG	Imaging	Spirometry	Gold standard
Acute Dyspnea	Respiratory system	Head and Neck, Upper airway	Angioedema	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	-	++	Normal	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Physical exam	Generalized edema
			Anaphylaxis	+	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	Scattered wheezing	Normal	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Vital sign	Type 1 hypersensitivity
			Aspiration	-	+	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	Diminished breath sounds	Normal	Normal	Atelectasis	↓Vt, ↑RV	Bronchoscopy	Choking
			Croup	-	+	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	Stridor	↑WBC	Normal	Steeple sign	Normal	Physical exam	Barking cough
			Epiglottitis	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	Stridor	↑WBC	Normal	Thumb sign	Normal	Laryngoscopy	Drooling
			Rhinosinusitis	-	-	-	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↑WBC	Normal	Sinus inflammation	Normal	Physical exam	Headache
			Vocal cord dysfunction	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Normal	Normal	Normal	↓ FVC	Laryngoscopy	Choking sensation
		Chest and Pleura, Lower airway	Asthma attack	-	+	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	↑ Eosinophil	Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	↓ FEV1/FVC	Physical exam and Spirometry	Chest pain
			Bronchitis	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	Rhonchi	↑WBC	Normal	Normal	Normal	Physical exam	Rhonchi relieved by cough
			Bronchospasm	+/-	+	-	-	+	+/-	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Physical exam	Allergic reaction
			Bronchiolitis	-	-	-	+	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	Wheeze and Crackles	↑WBC	Normal	Bronchovascular markings	↓Vt	Clinical assessment	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
			COPD exacerbation	-	+	-	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles	↑WBC, ↑RBC	Respiratory alkalosis	Hyperexpansion	↓ FEV1/FVC	Clinical assessment	Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB)
			Lung carcinoma	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	Wheeze and Crackles	Normal	Normal	Mass lesion, hilar lymphadenopathy	↓Vt, ↑RV	Bronchoscopy	SIADH
			Pneumonia	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles	↑WBC, neutrophilia	Normal	Lobar consolidation	Normal	Chest X-ray	productive cough
			Pneumothorax	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	Diminished breath sounds	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Radiolucency without lung marking	↓Vt	Chest CT scan	Tracheal deviation
			Pulmonary embolism	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	Normal	Pulmonary CT angiography	Pleuritic chest pain
			Rib fractures (flail chest)	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Respiratory acidosis	Broken rib	Normal	Chest X-ray	Pneumothorax
	Cardiovascular system		Acute myocardial ischemia	+/-	+	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Cardiac troponin I	Nausea and vomiting
			Acute heart failure	+/-	+	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	+	+	S3	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis	↑ Cardiothoracic ratio	↓Vt	B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)	Excessive sweating, high blood pressure
			Pericardial tamponade	+/-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	Muffled heart sounds	Normal	Normal	Water bottle appearance enlarged heart	Normal	Echocardiography	Fluid accumulation in pericardium
			Tachyarrhythmia	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	High pulse rate	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	ECG	Palpitation
			Pulmonary edema	+/-	+	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Basal crackle	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis	Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms	↓Vt, ↑RV	Lung ultrasound	Tachypnea
	Central nervous system		Stroke	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Intracranial infarct or hemorrhage	Normal	Brain MRI	Paralysis or paresthesia
			Encephalitis	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↑WBC, neutrophilia	Normal	Normal	Normal	CSF PCR	Confusion
			Traumatic brain injury	+	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Respiratory acidosis	Intracerebral hemorrhage	Normal	Brain CT scan	Lucid interval
	Toxic/Metabolic		Organophosphate poisoning	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	Normal	Blood test	Salivation, Lacrimation, Emesis, Miosis
			Salicylate poisoning	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	Normal	Blood test	Vomiting, Tinnitus, Confusion, Hyperthermia
			Carbon monoxide poisoning	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	Carboxyhemoglobin	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level	Headache, Dizziness, Weakness, Vomiting, Confusion
			Diabetic ketoacidosis	+	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Scattered wheeze	↑WBC	Metabolic acidosis	Normal	Normal	Blood test (acidosis, hyperglycemia, ketonemia)	Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Weakness, Confusion
	Systemic		Panic attack	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Clinical assessment	Severe anxiety
			Pregnancy	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	Normal	↑WBC, RBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	βhCG	Hyperemesis
			Sepsis	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↑WBC, neutrophilia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	Normal	SIRS criteria	Chills, Confusion
Organ system			Diseases	Clinical manifestations											Diagnosis					Other features
				Symptoms						Physical exam					Diagnosis
				Loss of consciousness	Agitation	Weight loss	Fever	Chest pain	Cough	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	CBC	ABG	Imaging	Spirometry	Gold standard
Chronic Dyspnea	Respiratory system	Head and Neck, Upper airway	Goiter	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Blood test (TSH, T4)	Weight gain
			Laryngeal adenocarcinoma	-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Retropharyngeal tissue thickness	Normal	Laryngoscopy	Choking sensation
			Vocal cord paralysis	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Normal	Normal	Pharyngeal constrictor muscles thinning, uvular deviation	Normal	Laryngoscopy	Choking sensation
			Tracheal stenosis	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	-	Stridor, Stertorous	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Soft tissue thickening internal to normal-appearing tracheal cartilage	Normal	Bronchoscopy	Respiratory distress
		Chest and Pleura, Lower airway	Bronchial asthma	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+	+	+	-	-	Wheeze	↑ Eosinophil	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	Pulmonary hyperinflation, Bronchial wall thickening	↓ FEV1/FVC	Spirometry before and after bronchodilator	Paroxysmal respiratory distress
			Bronchiectasis	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	↑WBC, neutrophilia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Tram-track opacities	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Chronic productive cough
			COPD	-	-	+/-	-	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	Expiratory wheeze	↑ RBC	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	↑ Bronchovascular markings, Cardiomegaly	↓ FEV1/FVC	Physical exam and Spirometry	Heavy smoking history
			Emphysema	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	Expiratory wheeze, Hyperinflation	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	Flattening of diaphragm, vertical heart	↓ FEV1/FVC	Physical exam and Spirometry	Barrel chest
			Pulmonary hypertension	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	Accentuated S2	Normal	Hypoxia and acidosis	Enlarged pulmonary arteries	↑Physiologic RV	Cardiac catheterization	Syncope, Ascites, Pleural effusion
			Interstitial lung disease	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Peripheral pulmonary infiltrative opacification	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Pneumoconiosis
			Sarcoidosis	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	Crackles	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Hilar adenopathy	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Hypercalcemia, high ACE
			Alveolitis	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	Basal crackle	↑WBC, neutrophilia	Normal	Basal reticulonodular opacification	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Dry cough
			Bronchiolitis obliterans	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	Expiratory wheeze	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Hyperinflation, Reticulonodular opacities	↓ FEV1/FVC	Lung biopsy	Complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
			Cystic fibrosis	-	-	+	+	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	Normal	Metabolic alkalosis	Thick-walled bronchiectasis	↓ FEF_75%/FVC	Sweat test	Absent vas deferens
			Pleural effusion	-	+/-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Egophony ("E-to-A" change)	Normal	Normal	Blunting of the costophrenic and cardiophrenic angle	↓Vt, ↑RV	Light's criteria	↓Tactile fremitus, Asymmetrical chest expansion
			Pulmonary right-to-left shunt	-	-	-	-	+/-	+	+	+	-	-	Diminished breath sounds	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV (physiological)	Pulmonary CT angiography	Chronic hypoxemia
			Phrenic nerve palsy	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Unilateral or bilateral diaphragmatic flattening	↓Vt, ↑RV (anatomical)	CXR	Respiratory insufficiency
			Tuberculosis	-	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	-	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Patchy consolidation or poorly defined linear and nodular opacities	Restrictive, obstructive, or mixed	IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) Acid-fast staining	Night sweat
	Cardiovascular system		Constrictive pericarditis	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	Muffled heart sounds	Normal	Normal	Calcifications	Normal	Chest CT scan	Syncope
			Restrictive cardiomyopathy	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Dilatation of the inferior vena cava and right atrium	Normal	Right ventricular biopsy	Weight gain, Nausea
			Valvular heart disease	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	Cardiac murmur	Normal	Normal	Dilatation of heart chambers	Normal	Echocardiography	Syncope, Palpitation
			Bradyarrhythmia	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	ECG	Syncope, Palpitation
			Pericardial effusion	-	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	+	-	Muffled heart sounds	Normal	Normal	Fluid density around the heart	Normal	M-mode and 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography	Hoarseness, Palpitation
			Coronary heart disease	-	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	↓O2	Normal	Normal	Cardiac troponin I	Nausea, Lightheadedness, Sweating
			Intracardiac shunt	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	Cardiac continuous murmur	Normal	↓O2	Dilatation of heart chambers	Normal	Echocardiography	Syncope, Palpitation
	Neuromuscular disease		Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	+/-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↑WBC	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Revised El Escorial criteria (clinical)	Muscle weakness, Dysphagia
			Polymyositis/dermatomyositis	-	-	+/-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	Normal	↑WBC	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Muscle biopsy	Muscle weakness, Heliotrope
			Mitochondrial diseases	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	↓WBC, Plt	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Muscle biopsy	Muscle pain
			Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Muscle biopsy (ragged red fibers)	Myoglobinuria, Muscle weakness
	Toxic/Metabolic		Metabolic acidosis	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	Normal	ABG	Confusion, Vomiting
	Toxic/Metabolic		Renal failure	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Normal	↓ RBC	Metabolic acidosis	Normal	Normal	Cr	Nausea, Vomiting, Oliguria
	Systemic		Anemia	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↓ RBC	↓O2	Normal	Normal	HGB, MCV	Weakness, Fatigue
			Anxiety	+	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Psychological interview	Sweating, Palpitation
			Ascites	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Peritoneal fluid accumulation	↓Vt, ↑RV	Abdominal ultrasound	Abdominal distention
			Depression	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Psychological interview	Depressed mood, Fatigue
			Kyphoscoliosis	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	Normal	Deviated vertebral column	↓Vt, ↑RV (anatomical)	Standing lateral spine radiograph	Low back pain
			Obesity	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	↓O2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV (anatomical)	BMI	Low stamina, Sweating
	Autoimmune		Churg-Strauss syndrome	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	Scattered wheezing	Normal	Normal	Areas of parenchymal opacification	↓Vt, ↑RV	Biopsy	Fatigue,Numbness
			Microscopic polyangiitis	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	Scattered wheezing	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Histological confirmation	Skin lesions, Nerve damage
			Wegener's granulomatosis	-	-	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	Wheezing, Crackles	↓ RBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Cavitate nodules, ground-glass opacity	↓ FEV1/FVC	Biopsy demonstrating a granulomatous vasculitis	Chronic rhinosinusitis
			Goodpasture's disease	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	Bilateral coarse crepitations	↓ RBC, HGB, HCT	Normal	Like pulmonary edema	Normal	Kidney biopsy	Hematuria, Hemoptysis

Treatment

Related Chapters

References

Template:WikiDoc Sources

↑ Gaggin, Hanna K.; Januzzi, James L. (2013). "Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1832 (12): 2442–2450. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014. ISSN 0925-4439.
↑ van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P (2002). "How to diagnose cardiac tamponade". Neth J Med. 60 (8): 334–8. PMID 12481882.
↑ Martindale, Jennifer L.; Noble, Vicki E.; Liteplo, Andrew (2013). "Diagnosing pulmonary edema". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 356–360. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88. ISSN 0969-9546.
↑ Debiasi RL, Tyler KL (2004). "Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (4): 903–25, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004. PMC 523566. PMID 15489354.
↑ Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge". Cases J. 1 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-102. PMC 2533003. PMID 18710551.
↑ Cantin, Luce; Bankier, Alexander A.; Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2009). "Bronchiectasis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (3): W158–W171. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3053. ISSN 0361-803X.
↑ Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE (1991). "Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis". Chest. 100 (1): 96–101. PMID 2060395.
↑ Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M (2013). "Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 19 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017. PMID 23562737.
↑ Ziegler, Bruna; Rovedder, Paula Maria Eidt; Dalcin, Paulo de Tarso Roth; Menna-Barreto, Sérgio Saldanha (2009). "Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 35 (9): 854–859. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006. ISSN 1806-3713.
↑ Bal, Amanjit; Das, Ashim; Gupta, Dheeraj; Garg, Mandeep (2014). "Goodpasture's Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association". Case Reports in Pulmonology. 2014: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2014/398238. ISSN 2090-6846.
↑ Jung HO (2012). "Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography". Korean Circ J. 42 (11): 725–34. doi:10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725. PMC 3518705. PMID 23236323.
↑ Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J (2016). "The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 113 (49): 834–845. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834. PMC 5247680. PMID 28098068.

[GagginJanuzzi20132-1] Gaggin, Hanna K.; Januzzi, James L. (2013). "Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1832 (12): 2442–2450. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014. ISSN 0925-4439.

[pmid12481882-2] van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P (2002). "How to diagnose cardiac tamponade". Neth J Med. 60 (8): 334–8. PMID 12481882.

[MartindaleNoble2013-3] Martindale, Jennifer L.; Noble, Vicki E.; Liteplo, Andrew (2013). "Diagnosing pulmonary edema". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 356–360. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88. ISSN 0969-9546.

[pmid15489354-4] Debiasi RL, Tyler KL (2004). "Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (4): 903–25, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004. PMC 523566. PMID 15489354.

[pmid18710551-5] Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge". Cases J. 1 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-102. PMC 2533003. PMID 18710551.

[CantinBankier2009-6] Cantin, Luce; Bankier, Alexander A.; Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2009). "Bronchiectasis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (3): W158–W171. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3053. ISSN 0361-803X.

[pmid2060395-7] Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE (1991). "Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis". Chest. 100 (1): 96–101. PMID 2060395.

[pmid23562737-8] Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M (2013). "Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 19 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017. PMID 23562737.

[ZieglerRovedder2009-9] Ziegler, Bruna; Rovedder, Paula Maria Eidt; Dalcin, Paulo de Tarso Roth; Menna-Barreto, Sérgio Saldanha (2009). "Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 35 (9): 854–859. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006. ISSN 1806-3713.

[BalDas2014-10] Bal, Amanjit; Das, Ashim; Gupta, Dheeraj; Garg, Mandeep (2014). "Goodpasture's Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association". Case Reports in Pulmonology. 2014: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2014/398238. ISSN 2090-6846.

[pmid23236323-11] Jung HO (2012). "Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography". Korean Circ J. 42 (11): 725–34. doi:10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725. PMC 3518705. PMID 23236323.

[pmid28098068-12] Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J (2016). "The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 113 (49): 834–845. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834. PMC 5247680. PMID 28098068.

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 '''For patient information, click [[Dyspnea (patient information)|here]]'''
 {{Dyspnea}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}}
-==[[Dyspnea overview|Overview]]==
+==Overview==
-==[[Dyspnea historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
+==Pathophysiology==
-==[[Dyspnea pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
+==Differential Diagnosis==
+* [[Air hunger]] - the sensation of an urgent need to breathe, sensation that you cannot take in a full breath
+* [[Tachypnea]] - breathing rapidly
+* [[Bradypnea]] - breathing slowly
+* [[Eupnea]] - normal unlabored breathing
+* [[Orthopnea]] - dyspnea that occurs with lying flat
+* [[Trepopnea]] - an abnormal awareness of one's own breathing that is seen in one lateral position but not in the other
+* [[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]] - sudden, severe shortness of breath at night that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing.
-==[[Dyspnea causes|Causes]]==
+== Differentiating Shortness of Breath or Dyspnea from other Diseases==
+* The underlying causes of dyspnea are classified as [[acute]] causes and [[chronic]] causes based on the disease course. Different causes of dyspnea include [[pulmonary]] ([[Upper airway|upper]] and [[Lower respiratory|lower airway]]), [[cardiovascular]], [[central nervous system]], [[toxic]] and [[metabolic]], and [[systemic]] diseases.
+'''Diseases that cause shortness of breath have to be differentiated upon the following table'''<ref name="GagginJanuzzi20132">{{cite journal|last1=Gaggin|first1=Hanna K.|last2=Januzzi|first2=James L.|title=Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease|volume=1832|issue=12|year=2013|pages=2442–2450|issn=09254439|doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481882">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P |title=How to diagnose cardiac tamponade |journal=Neth J Med |volume=60 |issue=8 |pages=334–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12481882 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="MartindaleNoble2013">{{cite journal|last1=Martindale|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Noble|first2=Vicki E.|last3=Liteplo|first3=Andrew|title=Diagnosing pulmonary edema|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=20|issue=5|year=2013|pages=356–360|issn=0969-9546|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88}}</ref><ref name="pmid15489354">{{cite journal| author=Debiasi RL, Tyler KL| title=Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2004 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 903-25, table of contents | pmid=15489354 | doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004 | pmc=523566 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15489354  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18710551">{{cite journal| author=Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM| title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge. | journal=Cases J | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 102 | pmid=18710551 | doi=10.1186/1757-1626-1-102 | pmc=2533003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18710551  }}</ref><ref name="CantinBankier2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cantin|first1=Luce|last2=Bankier|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Ronald L.|title=Bronchiectasis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=193|issue=3|year=2009|pages=W158–W171|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3053}}</ref><ref name="pmid2060395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE |title=Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis |journal=Chest |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |year=1991 |pmid=2060395 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23562737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M |title=Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |journal=Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=973–80 |year=2013 |pmid=23562737 |doi=10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ZieglerRovedder2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Bruna|last2=Rovedder|first2=Paula Maria Eidt|last3=Dalcin|first3=Paulo de Tarso Roth|last4=Menna-Barreto|first4=Sérgio Saldanha|title=Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia|volume=35|issue=9|year=2009|pages=854–859|issn=1806-3713|doi=10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006}}</ref><ref name="BalDas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bal|first1=Amanjit|last2=Das|first2=Ashim|last3=Gupta|first3=Dheeraj|last4=Garg|first4=Mandeep|title=Goodpasture’s Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association|journal=Case Reports in Pulmonology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–7|issn=2090-6846|doi=10.1155/2014/398238}}</ref><ref name="pmid23236323">{{cite journal| author=Jung HO| title=Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography. | journal=Korean Circ J | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 725-34 | pmid=23236323 | doi=10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725 | pmc=3518705 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23236323  }}</ref><ref name="pmid28098068">{{cite journal| author=Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J| title=The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2016 | volume= 113 | issue= 49 | pages= 834-845 | pmid=28098068 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834 | pmc=5247680 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28098068  }} </ref>
-==[[Dyspnea differential diagnosis|Differentiating Dyspnea from other Diseases]]==
+<small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>
+<small><small><small>
+{|
+|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
+! rowspan="3" |Diseases
+! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
+! rowspan="3" |Other features
+|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+! colspan="6" |Symptoms
+! colspan="5" |Physical exam
+|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+!Loss of consciousness
+!Agitation
+!Weight loss
+!Fever
+!Chest pain
+!Cough
+!Cyanosis
+!Clubbing
+!JVD
+!Peripheral edema
+!Auscultation
+!CBC
+!ABG
+!Imaging
+!Spirometry
+!Gold standard
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! rowspan="32" |Acute Dyspnea
+! rowspan="17" |[[Respiratory system]]
+! rowspan="7" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
+Upper [[airway]]
+![[Angioedema]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |++
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Generalized edema]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Anaphylaxis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vital sign]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Type 1 hypersensitivity]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Aspiration]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Atelectasis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Croup]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Steeple sign]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barking cough]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Epiglottitis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Thumbprint sign|Thumb sign]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Drooling]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Rhinosinusitis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sinus]] [[inflammation]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Vocal cord paralysis|Vocal cord dysfunction]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! rowspan="10" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
+Lower [[airway]]
+![[Asthma attack]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
+[[Spirometry]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest pain]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Bronchitis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]] relieved by [[Dextromethorphan|cough]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Bronchospasm]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Allergic reaction]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Bronchiolitis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]] and [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bronchovascular markings
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory syncytial virus|Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide|COPD exacerbation]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], ↑[[RBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperexpansion
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chronic bronchitis|Acute '''exacerbations''' of chronic bronchitis (AECB)]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Lung carcinoma]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]] and [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Mass lesion, [[hilar lymphadenopathy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pneumonia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Consolidation (medicine)|Lobar consolidation]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[productive cough]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pneumothorax]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Radiolucency without [[lung]] marking
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tracheal deviation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pulmonary embolism]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lung|Pulmonary]] [[CT angiography]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleuritic chest pain]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Rib fractures]] ([[flail chest]])
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Broken [[rib]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumothorax]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
+![[Acute myocardial ischemia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea and vomiting]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Acute heart failure]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[S4|S]]3
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Cardiothoracic ratio]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[B-type natriuretic peptide|B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)]] and [[N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide|N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Excessive sweating]], [[high blood pressure]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pericardial tamponade]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Water bottle appearance [[Cardiomegaly|enlarged heart]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluid accumulation in [[pericardium]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Tachyarrhythmia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |High [[pulse rate]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Palpitation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pulmonary edema]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lung]] [[ultrasound]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tachypnea]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Central nervous system]]
+![[Stroke]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Intracranial infarct or hemorrhage]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Brain]] [[MRI]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Paralysis]] or [[Paresthesias|paresthesia]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Encephalitis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CSF]] [[PCR]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Traumatic brain injury]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ct scan|Brain CT scan]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lucid interval]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
+![[Organophosphate poisoning]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Salivation]], [[Lacrimation]],  [[Emesis]], [[Miosis]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Salicylate poisoning]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Tinnitus]], [[Confusion]], [[Hyperthermia]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin|Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)]] level
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]], [[Dizziness]], [[Weakness]], [[Vomiting]], [[Confusion]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[acidosis]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[ketonemia]])
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Abdominal pain]], [[Weakness]], [[Confusion]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Systemic]]
+![[Panic attack]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anxiety|Severe anxiety]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pregnancy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[RBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|βhCG]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hyperemesis gravidarum|Hyperemesis]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Sepsis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[SIRS|SIRS criteria]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chills]], [[Confusion]]
+|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
+! rowspan="3" |Diseases
+! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
+! rowspan="3" |Other features
+|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+! colspan="6" |Symptoms
+! colspan="5" |Physical exam
+|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+!Loss of consciousness
+!Agitation
+!Weight loss
+!Fever
+!Chest pain
+!Cough
+!Cyanosis
+!Clubbing
+!JVD
+!Peripheral edema
+!Auscultation
+!CBC
+!ABG
+!Imaging
+!Spirometry
+!Gold standard
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! rowspan="41" |Chronic Dyspnea
+! rowspan="18" |[[Respiratory system]]
+! rowspan="4" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
-==[[Dyspnea epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
+Upper [[airway]]
+![[Goiter]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[TSH]], [[T4]])
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Laryngeal cancer|Laryngeal adenocarcinoma]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Retropharyngeal space|Retropharyngeal tissue]] thickness
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Vocal cord paralysis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pharyngeal constrictor|Pharyngeal constrictor muscles]] thinning, [[uvular]] deviation
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Tracheal stenosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]], [[Stertorous]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Soft tissue]] thickening internal to normal-appearing [[Trachea|tracheal cartilage]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory distress]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! rowspan="14" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
+Lower [[airway]]
+![[Bronchial asthma]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pulmonary]] hyperinflation,
-==[[Dyspnea risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
+[[Bronchial]] wall thickening
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Spirometry]] before and after [[bronchodilator]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paroxysmal [[respiratory distress]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Bronchiectasis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchiectasis chest x ray|Tram-track opacities]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Productive cough|Chronic productive cough]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[COPD]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[RBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ Bronchovascular markings, [[Cardiomegaly]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
+[[Spirometry]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Heavy smoking]] history
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Emphysema]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]], Hyperinflation
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Flattening of [[diaphragm]], vertical [[heart]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
+[[Spirometry]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barrel chest]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pulmonary hypertension]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Accentuated [[S2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypoxia]] and [[acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Enlarged [[Pulmonary arteries|'''pulmonary''' arteries]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[Physiologic]] [[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac catheterization]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]],
-==[[Dyspnea natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
+[[Ascites]], [[Pleural effusion]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Interstitial lung disease]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peripheral [[pulmonary]] infiltrative opacification
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumoconiosis]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Sarcoidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hilar lymphadenopathy|Hilar adenopathy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypercalcemia]], high [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|ACE]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Alveolitis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Basal reticulonodular opacification
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Dry cough]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperinflation,  Reticulonodular opacities
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy|Lung biopsy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Complication of [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Cystic fibrosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Thick-walled [[bronchiectasis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[Forced expiratory volume|FEF<sub>75%</sub>]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweat test]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Congenital absence of the vas deferens|Absent vas deferens]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pleural effusion]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Egophony|Egophony ("E-to-A" change)]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Blunting of the [[Costophrenic angle|costophrenic]] and cardiophrenic angle
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleural effusion causes|Light's criteria]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tactile fremitus]],  Asymmetrical [[chest expansion]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pulmonary shunt|Pulmonary right-to-left shunt]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+([[physiological]])
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CT angiography|Pulmonary CT angiography]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chronic [[hypoxemia]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Phrenic nerve paralysis|Phrenic nerve palsy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral or bilateral [[Diaphragmatic dysfunction|diaphragmatic flattening]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+([[anatomical]])
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CXR]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory insufficiency]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Tuberculosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidation]] or poorly defined linear and nodular [[Opacity|opacities]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Restrictive Lung Disease|Restrictive]], [[Obstructive lung disease|obstructive]], or mixed
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Interferon-γ release assays|IFN-γ release assay (IGRA)]]
+[[Acid fast|Acid-fast staining]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Night sweat]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="7" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
+![[Constrictive pericarditis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Calcification|Calcifications]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of the [[inferior vena cava]] and [[right atrium]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Right ventricular]] [[biopsy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]],
+[[Nausea]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Valvular heart disease]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac murmur]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of [[Heart chamber|heart chambers]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Bradyarrhythmia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Pericardial effusion]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluid density around the [[heart]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[M-mode echo: principles and classic findings|M-mode]] and [[Doppler echocardiography|2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hoarseness]], [[Palpitation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Coronary heart disease]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Lightheadedness]], [[Sweating]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Ventricular septal defect|Intracardiac shunt]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac murmur|Cardiac continuous murmur]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of [[Heart chamber|heart chambers]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
+![[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Revised El Escorial criteria (clinical)
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dysphagia]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Polymyositis]]/[[dermatomyositis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dermatomyositis physical examination|Heliotrope]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial diseases]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[WBC]], [[Platelet|Plt]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myalgia|Muscle pain]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[McArdle disease|Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]] (ragged red fibers)
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myoglobinuria]],
+[[Muscle weakness]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
+![[Metabolic acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Arterial blood gas|ABG]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]], [[Vomiting]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Renal failure]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Creatinine|Cr]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Vomiting]], [[Oliguria]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[Systemic]]
+![[Anemia]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[MCV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weakness]], [[Fatigue]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Anxiety]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweating]], [[Palpitation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Ascites]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peritoneal fluid accumulation
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Medical ultrasonography|Abdominal ultrasound]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal distention]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Depression]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Depressed mood]], [[Fatigue]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Kyphoscoliosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Deviated [[vertebral column]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+([[anatomical]])
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[X ray|Standing lateral spine radiograph]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Low back pain]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Obesity]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+([[anatomical]])
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Body mass index|BMI]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Low [[stamina]],
+[[Sweating]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Autoimmune]]
+![[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Areas of [[parenchymal]] opacification
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]],[[Numbness]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Histological]] confirmation
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Skin lesions]], [[Nerve damage]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Cavitate [[nodules]], ground-glass opacity
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] demonstrating a [[granulomatous]] [[vasculitis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhinosinusitis|Chronic rhinosinusitis]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Goodpasture disease|Goodpasture's disease]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Bilateral coarse [[crepitations]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]], [[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Hematocrit|HCT]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Like [[Pulmonary edema chest x ray|pulmonary edema]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Kidney]] [[biopsy]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hematuria]],
+[[Hemoptysis]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+|}
+</small></small></small>
-==Diagnosis==
-[[Dyspnea history and symptoms|History and Symptoms ]] | [[ Dyspnea physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Dyspnea laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Dyspnea electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Dyspnea chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Dyspnea CT|CT]] | [[Dyspnea echocardiography|Echocardiography]] | [[Dyspnea other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Dyspnea other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
 ==Treatment==
-[[Dyspnea medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Dyspnea surgery |Surgery]] | [[Dyspnea primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Dyspnea secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Dyspnea cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Dyspnea future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
-==Case Studies==
-[[Dyspnea case study one|Case #1]]
+==Related Chapters==
-== Related Chapters ==
 * [[Air hunger]]
@@ Line 44: / Line 1,526: @@
 * [[Tachypnea]]
 * [[Trepopnea]]
 [[es:Disnea]]
@@ Line 52: / Line 1,533: @@
 [[ru:Одышка]]
 [[zh:呼吸困难]]
+[[pl:Duszność]]
-[[pl:Duszność]]
+==References==
+[[Category:Medicine]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
 [[Category:Pulmonology]]
 [[Category:Cardiology]]
 [[Category:primary care]]
-[[Category:Symptoms]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
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Dyspnea: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:02, 19 February 2018

Overview

Pathophysiology

Differential Diagnosis

Differentiating Shortness of Breath or Dyspnea from other Diseases

Treatment

Related Chapters

References

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