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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
'''Angiotensin II receptor type 1''' or '''AT<sub>1</sub> receptor''' is the best characterized [[angiotensin receptor]]. It has [[vasopressor]] effects and regulates [[aldosterone]] secretion. It is an important effector controlling [[blood pressure]] and [[blood volume|volume]] in the [[cardiovascular system]]. [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]s are drugs indicated for [[hypertension]], [[diabetic nephropathy]] and [[congestive heart failure]].
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = 
| image_source = 
| PDB =
| Name = Angiotensin II receptor, type 1
| HGNCid = 336
| Symbol = AGTR1
| AltSymbols =; AG2S; AGTR1A; AGTR1B; AT1; AT1B; AT2R1; AT2R1A; AT2R1B; HAT1R
| OMIM = 106165
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 3556
| MGIid = 87964
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_AGTR1_205357_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_AGTR1_208016_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001584 |text = rhodopsin-like receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004945 |text = angiotensin type II receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004947 |text = bradykinin receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016494 |text = C-X-C chemokine receptor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005886 |text = plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007186 |text = G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007200 |text = G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating)}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007204 |text = elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007589 |text = fluid secretion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008015 |text = circulation}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 185
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000144891
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000676
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000685
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 3
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 149898355
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 149943478
    | Hs_Uniprot = P30556
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 11607
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000049115
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_177322
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_796296
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 13
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 30343922
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 30390332
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q5SVY5
  }}
}}
'''Angiotensin II receptor, type 1''' or '''AT<sub>1</sub> receptor''' is an [[angiotensin receptor]]. It has [[vasopressor]] effects and regulates [[aldosterone]] secretion. It is an important effector controlling [[blood pressure]] and [[blood volume|volume]] in the [[cardiovascular system]].


It is the best elucidated angiotensin receptor.
== Function ==


==Mechanism==
The AT<sub>1</sub> receptor mediates the major cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II. Effects include [[Vasoconstrictor|vasoconstriction]], [[aldosterone]] synthesis and secretion, increased [[vasopressin]] secretion, [[heart|cardiac]] [[Organ hypertrophy|hypertrophy]], augmentation of peripheral [[noradrenaline|noradrenergic activity]], [[blood vessel|vascular]] [[smooth muscle]] cells proliferation, decreased [[kidney|renal]] blood flow, renal [[renin]] inhibition, renal tubular [[sodium]] reuptake, modulation of central [[sympathetic nervous system]] activity, cardiac contractility, central [[osmoregulation|osmocontrol]] and [[extracellular matrix]] formation.<ref name="pmid6083400">{{cite journal | vauthors = Catt KJ, Mendelsohn FA, Millan MA, Aguilera G | title = The role of angiotensin II receptors in vascular regulation | journal = Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology | volume = 6 Suppl 4 | issue = Suppl 4 | pages = S575-86 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6083400 | doi = 10.1097/00005344-198406004-00004 }}</ref>
The angiotensin receptor is activated by the [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstricting]] peptide [[angiotensin|angiotensin II]]. The activated receptor in turn couples to [[Gq alpha subunit|G<sub>q/11</sub>]] and thus activates [[phospholipase|phospholipase C]] and increases the cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of [[protein kinase C]]. Activated receptor also inhibits [[adenylate cyclase]] and activates various [[tyrosine kinase]]s.<ref name="pmid17346243">{{cite journal | author = Higuchi S, Ohtsu H, Suzuki H, Shirai H, Frank GD, Eguchi S | title = Angiotensin II signal transduction through the AT1 receptor: novel insights into mechanisms and pathophysiology | journal = Clin. Sci. | volume = 112 | issue = 8 | pages = 417–28 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17346243 | doi = 10.1042/CS20060342 | issn = }}</ref>


==Effects==
== Mechanism ==
The AT<sub>1</sub> receptor mediates the major cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II. Effects include [[Vasoconstrictor|vasoconstriction]], [[aldosterone]] synthesis and secretion, increased [[vasopressin]] secretion, [[heart|cardiac]] [[Organ hypertrophy|hypertrophy]], augmentation of peripheral [[noradrenaline|noradrenergic activity]], [[blood vessel|vascular]] [[smooth muscle]] cells proliferation, decreased [[kidney|renal]] blood flow, renal [[renin]] inhibition, renal tubular [[sodium]] reuptake, modulation of central [[sympathetic nervous system]] activity, cardiac contractility, central [[osmoregulation|osmocontrol]] and [[extracellular matrix]] formation.<ref name="pmid6083400">{{cite journal | author = Catt KJ, Mendelsohn FA, Millan MA, Aguilera G | title = The role of angiotensin II receptors in vascular regulation | journal = J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. | volume = 6 Suppl 4 | issue = | pages = S575–86 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6083400 | doi = | issn = }}</ref>


==Pathology==
The angiotensin receptor is activated by the [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstricting]] peptide [[angiotensin|angiotensin II]]. The activated receptor in turn couples to [[Gq alpha subunit|G<sub>q/11</sub>]] and thus activates [[phospholipase|phospholipase C]] and increases the cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of [[protein kinase C]]. Activated receptor also inhibits [[adenylate cyclase]] and activates various [[tyrosine kinase]]s.<ref name="pmid17346243">{{cite journal | vauthors = Higuchi S, Ohtsu H, Suzuki H, Shirai H, Frank GD, Eguchi S | title = Angiotensin II signal transduction through the AT1 receptor: novel insights into mechanisms and pathophysiology | journal = Clinical Science | volume = 112 | issue = 8 | pages = 417–28 | date = Apr 2007 | pmid = 17346243 | doi = 10.1042/CS20060342 }}</ref>
The AT<sub>1</sub> receptor may play role in the generation of [[reperfusion arrhythmia]]s following restoration of blood flow to [[ischemic]] or [[infarcted]] myocardium.  


==Gene==
== Clinical significance ==
It was previously thought that a related gene, denoted as AGTR1B, existed; however, it is now believed that there is only one type 1 receptor gene in humans. At least four [[transcript variant]]s have been described for this gene. Additional variants have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined. The entire coding sequence is contained in the terminal exon and is present in all transcript variants.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: AGTR1 angiotensin II receptor, type 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=185| accessdate = }}</ref>


==References==
The AT<sub>1</sub> receptor may play role in the generation of [[reperfusion arrhythmia]]s following restoration of blood flow to [[ischemic]] or [[infarcted]] myocardium.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
{{reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
The AT<sub>1</sub> receptor has also been implicated in [[post-traumatic stress disorder]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khoury NM, Marvar PJ, Gillespie CF, Wingo A, Schwartz A, Bradley B, Kramer M, Ressler KJ | title = The renin-angiotensin pathway in posttraumatic stress disorder: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are associated with fewer traumatic stress symptoms | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 73 | issue = 6 | pages = 849–55 | date = Jun 2012 | pmid = 22687631 | pmc = 4087173 | doi = 10.4088/JCP.11m07316 }}</ref>{{Unreliable medical source|date=October 2015|sure=y}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal  | author=Matsusaka T, Ichikawa I |title=Biological functions of angiotensin and its receptors. |journal=Annu. Rev. Physiol. |volume=59 |issue=  |pages= 395-412 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9074770 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.395 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Allen AM, Moeller I, Jenkins TA, ''et al.'' |title=Angiotensin receptors in the nervous system. |journal=Brain Res. Bull. |volume=47 |issue= 1 |pages= 17-28 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9766385 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Berry C, Touyz R, Dominiczak AF, ''et al.'' |title=Angiotensin receptors: signaling, vascular pathophysiology, and interactions with ceramide. |journal=Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. |volume=281 |issue= 6 |pages= H2337-65 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11709400 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Arima S, Ito S |title=New insights into actions of the renin-angiotensin system in the kidney: concentrating on the Ang II receptors and the newly described Ang-(1-7) and its receptor. |journal=Semin. Nephrol. |volume=21 |issue= 6 |pages= 535-43 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11709801 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Stowasser M, Gunasekera TG, Gordon RD |title=Familial varieties of primary aldosteronism. |journal=Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. |volume=28 |issue= 12 |pages= 1087-90 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11903322 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Padmanabhan N, Padmanabhan S, Connell JM |title=Genetic basis of cardiovascular disease--the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a paradigm. |journal=Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 316-24 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11967817 |doi= 10.3317/jraas.2000.060 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Thibonnier M, Coles P, Thibonnier A, Shoham M |title=Molecular pharmacology and modeling of vasopressin receptors. |journal=Prog. Brain Res. |volume=139 |issue=  |pages= 179-96 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12436935 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Elton TS, Martin MM |title=Alternative splicing: a novel mechanism to fine-tune the expression and function of the human AT1 receptor. |journal=Trends Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=14 |issue= 2 |pages= 66-71 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12591176 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Saavedra JM, Benicky J, Zhou J |title=Mechanisms of the Anti-Ischemic Effect of Angiotensin II AT( 1 ) Receptor Antagonists in the Brain. |journal=Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. |volume=26 |issue= 7-8 |pages= 1099-111 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16636899 |doi= 10.1007/s10571-006-9009-0 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Oliveira L, Costa-Neto CM, Nakaie CR, ''et al.'' |title=The angiotensin II AT1 receptor structure-activity correlations in the light of rhodopsin structure. |journal=Physiol. Rev. |volume=87 |issue= 2 |pages= 565-92 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17429042 |doi= 10.1152/physrev.00040.2005 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ariza AC, Bobadilla NA, Halhali A |title=[Endothelin 1 and angiotensin II in preeeclampsia] |journal=Rev. Invest. Clin. |volume=59 |issue= 1 |pages= 48-56 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17569300 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Xia Y, Zhou CC, Ramin SM, Kellems RE |title=Angiotensin receptors, autoimmunity, and preeclampsia. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=179 |issue= 6 |pages= 3391-5 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17785770 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Mauzy CA, Hwang O, Egloff AM, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning, expression, and characterization of a gene encoding the human angiotensin II type 1A receptor. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=186 |issue= 1 |pages= 277-84 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1378723 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Curnow KM, Pascoe L, White PC |title=Genetic analysis of the human type-1 angiotensin II receptor. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=6 |issue= 7 |pages= 1113-8 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1508224 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Furuta H, Guo DF, Inagami T |title=Molecular cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding human angiotensin II type 1 receptor. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=183 |issue= 1 |pages= 8-13 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1543512 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Takayanagi R, Ohnaka K, Sakai Y, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression of a cDNA encoding human type-1 angiotensin II receptor. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=183 |issue= 2 |pages= 910-6 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1550596 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Bergsma DJ, Ellis C, Kumar C, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and characterization of a human angiotensin II type 1 receptor. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=183 |issue= 3 |pages= 989-95 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1567413 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gemmill RM, Drabkin HA |title=Report of the Second International Workshop on Human Chromosome 3 mapping. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=57 |issue= 4 |pages= 162-6 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1683828 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Curnow KM, Pascoe L, Davies E, ''et al.'' |title=Alternatively spliced human type 1 angiotensin II receptor mRNAs are translated at different efficiencies and encode two receptor isoforms. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=9 |issue= 9 |pages= 1250-62 |year= 1996 |pmid= 7491117 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Marrero MB, Schieffer B, Paxton WG, ''et al.'' |title=Direct stimulation of Jak/STAT pathway by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor. |journal=Nature |volume=375 |issue= 6528 |pages= 247-50 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7746328 |doi= 10.1038/375247a0 }}
}}


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is not automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Animal studies ==
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| summary_text =
}}


AT<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonists have been shown to reduce fear memory recall in mice.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marvar PJ, Goodman J, Fuchs S, Choi DC, Banerjee S, Ressler KJ | title = Angiotensin type 1 receptor inhibition enhances the extinction of fear memory | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 75 | issue = 11 | pages = 864–72 | date = Jun 2014 | pmid = 24094510 | pmc = 3975818 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.024 }}</ref><ref name="Hurt 2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hurt RC, Garrett JC, Keifer OP, Linares A, Couling L, Speth RC, Ressler KJ, Marvar PJ | title = Angiotensin type 1a receptors on corticotropin-releasing factor neurons contribute to the expression of conditioned fear(1) | journal = Genes, Brain, and Behavior | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 526–33 | date = Sep 2015 | pmid = 26257395 | doi = 10.1111/gbb.12235 }}</ref>
== Gene ==
It was previously thought that a related gene, denoted as AGTR1B, existed; however, it is now believed that there is only one type 1 receptor gene in humans. At least four [[transcript variant]]s have been described for this gene. Additional variants have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined. The entire coding sequence is contained in the terminal exon and is present in all transcript variants.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: AGTR1 angiotensin II receptor, type 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=185| accessdate = }}</ref>
== Interactions ==
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16]].<ref name="pmid14657020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Senbonmatsu T, Saito T, Landon EJ, Watanabe O, Price E, Roberts RL, Imboden H, Fitzgerald TG, Gaffney FA, Inagami T | title = A novel angiotensin II type 2 receptor signaling pathway: possible role in cardiac hypertrophy | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 24 | pages = 6471–82 | date = Dec 2003 | pmid = 14657020 | pmc = 291832 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/cdg637 }}</ref> The protein's mRNA has been reported to interact with [[Mir-132 microRNA]] as part of an RNA silencing mechanism that reduces receptor expression.<ref name="IDSN=389ON ">{{cite journal |vauthors =Elton TS, Kuhn DE, Malana GE, Martin MM, Nuovo GJ, Pleister AP, Feldman DS |title=MiR-132 Regulates Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression Through a Protein Coding Region Binding Site|journal=Circulation|volume=118 |issue=18 |pages=S513|year=2007|url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/meeting_abstract/118/18_MeetingAbstracts/S_513}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}
* {{NLM content}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Matsusaka T, Ichikawa I | title = Biological functions of angiotensin and its receptors | journal = Annual Review of Physiology | volume = 59 | issue =  | pages = 395–412 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9074770 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.395 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Allen AM, Moeller I, Jenkins TA, Zhuo J, Aldred GP, Chai SY, Mendelsohn FA | title = Angiotensin receptors in the nervous system | journal = Brain Research Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–28 | date = Sep 1998 | pmid = 9766385 | doi = 10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00039-2 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Berry C, Touyz R, Dominiczak AF, Webb RC, Johns DG | title = Angiotensin receptors: signaling, vascular pathophysiology, and interactions with ceramide | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 281 | issue = 6 | pages = H2337-65 | date = Dec 2001 | pmid = 11709400 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Arima S, Ito S | title = New insights into actions of the renin-angiotensin system in the kidney: concentrating on the Ang II receptors and the newly described Ang-(1-7) and its receptor | journal = Seminars in Nephrology | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 535–43 | date = Nov 2001 | pmid = 11709801 | doi = 10.1053/snep.2001.26792 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stowasser M, Gunasekera TG, Gordon RD | title = Familial varieties of primary aldosteronism | journal = Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology | volume = 28 | issue = 12 | pages = 1087–90 | date = Dec 2001 | pmid = 11903322 | doi = 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03574.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Padmanabhan N, Padmanabhan S, Connell JM | title = Genetic basis of cardiovascular disease--the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a paradigm | journal = Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 316–24 | date = Dec 2000 | pmid = 11967817 | doi = 10.3317/jraas.2000.060 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Thibonnier M, Coles P, Thibonnier A, Shoham M | title = Molecular pharmacology and modeling of vasopressin receptors | journal = Progress in Brain Research | volume = 139 | issue =  | pages = 179–96 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12436935 | doi = 10.1016/S0079-6123(02)39016-2 | isbn = 978-0-444-50982-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Elton TS, Martin MM | title = Alternative splicing: a novel mechanism to fine-tune the expression and function of the human AT1 receptor | journal = Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 66–71 | date = Mar 2003 | pmid = 12591176 | doi = 10.1016/S1043-2760(02)00038-3 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Saavedra JM, Benicky J, Zhou J | title = Mechanisms of the Anti-Ischemic Effect of Angiotensin II AT( 1 ) Receptor Antagonists in the Brain | journal = Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology | volume = 26 | issue = 7-8 | pages = 1099–111 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16636899 | doi = 10.1007/s10571-006-9009-0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Oliveira L, Costa-Neto CM, Nakaie CR, Schreier S, Shimuta SI, Paiva AC | title = The angiotensin II AT1 receptor structure-activity correlations in the light of rhodopsin structure | journal = Physiological Reviews | volume = 87 | issue = 2 | pages = 565–92 | date = Apr 2007 | pmid = 17429042 | doi = 10.1152/physrev.00040.2005 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ariza AC, Bobadilla NA, Halhali A | title = [Endothelin 1 and angiotensin II in preeeclampsia] | journal = Revista De Investigación Clínica; Organo Del Hospital De Enfermedades De La Nutrición | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 48–56 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17569300 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Xia Y, Zhou CC, Ramin SM, Kellems RE | title = Angiotensin receptors, autoimmunity, and preeclampsia | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 179 | issue = 6 | pages = 3391–5 | date = Sep 2007 | pmid = 17785770 | pmc = 3262172 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3391 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mauzy CA, Hwang O, Egloff AM, Wu LH, Chung FZ | title = Cloning, expression, and characterization of a gene encoding the human angiotensin II type 1A receptor | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 186 | issue = 1 | pages = 277–84 | date = Jul 1992 | pmid = 1378723 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80804-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Curnow KM, Pascoe L, White PC | title = Genetic analysis of the human type-1 angiotensin II receptor | journal = Molecular Endocrinology | volume = 6 | issue = 7 | pages = 1113–8 | date = Jul 1992 | pmid = 1508224 | doi = 10.1210/me.6.7.1113 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Furuta H, Guo DF, Inagami T | title = Molecular cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding human angiotensin II type 1 receptor | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 183 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–13 | date = Feb 1992 | pmid = 1543512 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(92)91600-U }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Takayanagi R, Ohnaka K, Sakai Y, Nakao R, Yanase T, Haji M, Inagami T, Furuta H, Gou DF, Nakamuta M | title = Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression of a cDNA encoding human type-1 angiotensin II receptor | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 183 | issue = 2 | pages = 910–6 | date = Mar 1992 | pmid = 1550596 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(92)90570-B }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bergsma DJ, Ellis C, Kumar C, Nuthulaganti P, Kersten H, Elshourbagy N, Griffin E, Stadel JM, Aiyar N | title = Cloning and characterization of a human angiotensin II type 1 receptor | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 183 | issue = 3 | pages = 989–95 | date = Mar 1992 | pmid = 1567413 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80288-8 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gemmill RM, Drabkin HA | title = Report of the Second International Workshop on Human Chromosome 3 mapping | journal = Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 162–6 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1683828 | doi = 10.1159/000133138 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Curnow KM, Pascoe L, Davies E, White PC, Corvol P, Clauser E | title = Alternatively spliced human type 1 angiotensin II receptor mRNAs are translated at different efficiencies and encode two receptor isoforms | journal = Molecular Endocrinology | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = 1250–62 | date = Sep 1995 | pmid = 7491117 | doi = 10.1210/me.9.9.1250 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Marrero MB, Schieffer B, Paxton WG, Heerdt L, Berk BC, Delafontaine P, Bernstein KE | title = Direct stimulation of Jak/STAT pathway by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor | journal = Nature | volume = 375 | issue = 6528 | pages = 247–50 | date = May 1995 | pmid = 7746328 | doi = 10.1038/375247a0 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{membrane-protein-stub}}
== External links ==
{{NLM content}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2200 | title = Angiotensin Receptors: AT<sub>1</sub>  | accessdate = | date = | format = | work = IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels | publisher = International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology | pages = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = }}
{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
* {{UCSC gene info|AGTR1}}
 
{{G protein-coupled receptors|g1}}
{{Angiotensin receptor modulators}}
 
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]

Revision as of 08:53, 28 October 2017

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UniProt

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Angiotensin II receptor type 1 or AT1 receptor is the best characterized angiotensin receptor. It has vasopressor effects and regulates aldosterone secretion. It is an important effector controlling blood pressure and volume in the cardiovascular system. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists are drugs indicated for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure.

Function

The AT1 receptor mediates the major cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II. Effects include vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, increased vasopressin secretion, cardiac hypertrophy, augmentation of peripheral noradrenergic activity, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, decreased renal blood flow, renal renin inhibition, renal tubular sodium reuptake, modulation of central sympathetic nervous system activity, cardiac contractility, central osmocontrol and extracellular matrix formation.[1]

Mechanism

The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to Gq/11 and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C. Activated receptor also inhibits adenylate cyclase and activates various tyrosine kinases.[2]

Clinical significance

The AT1 receptor may play role in the generation of reperfusion arrhythmias following restoration of blood flow to ischemic or infarcted myocardium.[citation needed]

The AT1 receptor has also been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder,[3][unreliable medical source]

Animal studies

AT1 receptor antagonists have been shown to reduce fear memory recall in mice.[4][5]

Gene

It was previously thought that a related gene, denoted as AGTR1B, existed; however, it is now believed that there is only one type 1 receptor gene in humans. At least four transcript variants have been described for this gene. Additional variants have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined. The entire coding sequence is contained in the terminal exon and is present in all transcript variants.[6]

Interactions

Angiotensin II receptor type 1 has been shown to interact with Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16.[7] The protein's mRNA has been reported to interact with Mir-132 microRNA as part of an RNA silencing mechanism that reduces receptor expression.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Catt KJ, Mendelsohn FA, Millan MA, Aguilera G (1984). "The role of angiotensin II receptors in vascular regulation". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 6 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): S575–86. doi:10.1097/00005344-198406004-00004. PMID 6083400.
  2. ↑ Higuchi S, Ohtsu H, Suzuki H, Shirai H, Frank GD, Eguchi S (Apr 2007). "Angiotensin II signal transduction through the AT1 receptor: novel insights into mechanisms and pathophysiology". Clinical Science. 112 (8): 417–28. doi:10.1042/CS20060342. PMID 17346243.
  3. ↑ Khoury NM, Marvar PJ, Gillespie CF, Wingo A, Schwartz A, Bradley B, Kramer M, Ressler KJ (Jun 2012). "The renin-angiotensin pathway in posttraumatic stress disorder: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are associated with fewer traumatic stress symptoms". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 73 (6): 849–55. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m07316. PMC 4087173. PMID 22687631.
  4. ↑ Marvar PJ, Goodman J, Fuchs S, Choi DC, Banerjee S, Ressler KJ (Jun 2014). "Angiotensin type 1 receptor inhibition enhances the extinction of fear memory". Biological Psychiatry. 75 (11): 864–72. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.024. PMC 3975818. PMID 24094510.
  5. ↑ Hurt RC, Garrett JC, Keifer OP, Linares A, Couling L, Speth RC, Ressler KJ, Marvar PJ (Sep 2015). "Angiotensin type 1a receptors on corticotropin-releasing factor neurons contribute to the expression of conditioned fear(1)". Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 14 (7): 526–33. doi:10.1111/gbb.12235. PMID 26257395.
  6. ↑ "Entrez Gene: AGTR1 angiotensin II receptor, type 1".
  7. ↑ Senbonmatsu T, Saito T, Landon EJ, Watanabe O, Price E, Roberts RL, Imboden H, Fitzgerald TG, Gaffney FA, Inagami T (Dec 2003). "A novel angiotensin II type 2 receptor signaling pathway: possible role in cardiac hypertrophy". The EMBO Journal. 22 (24): 6471–82. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg637. PMC 291832. PMID 14657020.
  8. ↑ Elton TS, Kuhn DE, Malana GE, Martin MM, Nuovo GJ, Pleister AP, Feldman DS (2007). "MiR-132 Regulates Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression Through a Protein Coding Region Binding Site". Circulation. 118 (18): S513.


Further reading

  • Matsusaka T, Ichikawa I (1997). "Biological functions of angiotensin and its receptors". Annual Review of Physiology. 59: 395–412. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.395. PMID 9074770.
  • Allen AM, Moeller I, Jenkins TA, Zhuo J, Aldred GP, Chai SY, Mendelsohn FA (Sep 1998). "Angiotensin receptors in the nervous system". Brain Research Bulletin. 47 (1): 17–28. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00039-2. PMID 9766385.
  • Berry C, Touyz R, Dominiczak AF, Webb RC, Johns DG (Dec 2001). "Angiotensin receptors: signaling, vascular pathophysiology, and interactions with ceramide". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 281 (6): H2337–65. PMID 11709400.
  • Arima S, Ito S (Nov 2001). "New insights into actions of the renin-angiotensin system in the kidney: concentrating on the Ang II receptors and the newly described Ang-(1-7) and its receptor". Seminars in Nephrology. 21 (6): 535–43. doi:10.1053/snep.2001.26792. PMID 11709801.
  • Stowasser M, Gunasekera TG, Gordon RD (Dec 2001). "Familial varieties of primary aldosteronism". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 28 (12): 1087–90. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03574.x. PMID 11903322.
  • Padmanabhan N, Padmanabhan S, Connell JM (Dec 2000). "Genetic basis of cardiovascular disease--the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a paradigm". Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. 1 (4): 316–24. doi:10.3317/jraas.2000.060. PMID 11967817.
  • Thibonnier M, Coles P, Thibonnier A, Shoham M (2002). "Molecular pharmacology and modeling of vasopressin receptors". Progress in Brain Research. 139: 179–96. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(02)39016-2. ISBN 978-0-444-50982-6. PMID 12436935.
  • Elton TS, Martin MM (Mar 2003). "Alternative splicing: a novel mechanism to fine-tune the expression and function of the human AT1 receptor". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 14 (2): 66–71. doi:10.1016/S1043-2760(02)00038-3. PMID 12591176.
  • Saavedra JM, Benicky J, Zhou J (2007). "Mechanisms of the Anti-Ischemic Effect of Angiotensin II AT( 1 ) Receptor Antagonists in the Brain". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 26 (7–8): 1099–111. doi:10.1007/s10571-006-9009-0. PMID 16636899.
  • Oliveira L, Costa-Neto CM, Nakaie CR, Schreier S, Shimuta SI, Paiva AC (Apr 2007). "The angiotensin II AT1 receptor structure-activity correlations in the light of rhodopsin structure". Physiological Reviews. 87 (2): 565–92. doi:10.1152/physrev.00040.2005. PMID 17429042.
  • Ariza AC, Bobadilla NA, Halhali A (2007). "[Endothelin 1 and angiotensin II in preeeclampsia]". Revista De Investigación Clínica; Organo Del Hospital De Enfermedades De La Nutrición. 59 (1): 48–56. PMID 17569300.
  • Xia Y, Zhou CC, Ramin SM, Kellems RE (Sep 2007). "Angiotensin receptors, autoimmunity, and preeclampsia". Journal of Immunology. 179 (6): 3391–5. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3391. PMC 3262172. PMID 17785770.
  • Mauzy CA, Hwang O, Egloff AM, Wu LH, Chung FZ (Jul 1992). "Cloning, expression, and characterization of a gene encoding the human angiotensin II type 1A receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 186 (1): 277–84. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80804-6. PMID 1378723.
  • Curnow KM, Pascoe L, White PC (Jul 1992). "Genetic analysis of the human type-1 angiotensin II receptor". Molecular Endocrinology. 6 (7): 1113–8. doi:10.1210/me.6.7.1113. PMID 1508224.
  • Furuta H, Guo DF, Inagami T (Feb 1992). "Molecular cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding human angiotensin II type 1 receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 183 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)91600-U. PMID 1543512.
  • Takayanagi R, Ohnaka K, Sakai Y, Nakao R, Yanase T, Haji M, Inagami T, Furuta H, Gou DF, Nakamuta M (Mar 1992). "Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression of a cDNA encoding human type-1 angiotensin II receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 183 (2): 910–6. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)90570-B. PMID 1550596.
  • Bergsma DJ, Ellis C, Kumar C, Nuthulaganti P, Kersten H, Elshourbagy N, Griffin E, Stadel JM, Aiyar N (Mar 1992). "Cloning and characterization of a human angiotensin II type 1 receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 183 (3): 989–95. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80288-8. PMID 1567413.
  • Gemmill RM, Drabkin HA (1992). "Report of the Second International Workshop on Human Chromosome 3 mapping". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 57 (4): 162–6. doi:10.1159/000133138. PMID 1683828.
  • Curnow KM, Pascoe L, Davies E, White PC, Corvol P, Clauser E (Sep 1995). "Alternatively spliced human type 1 angiotensin II receptor mRNAs are translated at different efficiencies and encode two receptor isoforms". Molecular Endocrinology. 9 (9): 1250–62. doi:10.1210/me.9.9.1250. PMID 7491117.
  • Marrero MB, Schieffer B, Paxton WG, Heerdt L, Berk BC, Delafontaine P, Bernstein KE (May 1995). "Direct stimulation of Jak/STAT pathway by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor". Nature. 375 (6528): 247–50. doi:10.1038/375247a0. PMID 7746328.

External links

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