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Squalene epoxidase
File:Cholesterol-Synthesis-Reaction11.png
Chemical reaction catalyzed by squalene epoxidase.
Identifiers
EC number1.14.13.132
CAS number9029-62-3
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
VALUE_ERROR (nil)
Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Squalene monooxygenase (also called squalene epoxidase) is an enzyme that uses NADPH and molecular oxygen to oxidize squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene (squalene epoxide). Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in sterol biosynthesis and is thought to be one of the rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway.[1] In humans, squalene epoxidase is encoded by the SQLE gene.[2] Several eukaryote genomess lack a squalene monooxygenase encoding gene, but instead encode an alternative squalene epoxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of squalene.[3]

Mechanism

The canonical squalene monooxygenase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase. Flavoprotein monooxygenase form flavin hydroperoxides at the enzyme active site, which then transfer the terminal oxygen atom of the hydroperoxide to the substrate. Squalene monooxygenase differs from other flavin monooxygenases in that the oxygen is inserted as an epoxide rather than as a hydroxyl group. Squalene monooxygenase contains a loosely bound FAD flavin and obtains electrons from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, rather than binding the nicotinamide cofactor NADPH directly. The alternative squalene epoxidase belongs to the fatty acid hydroxylase superfamily and obtains electrons from cytochrome b5.[3]

Inhibitors

Inhibitors of squalene epoxidase have found application mainly as antifungal drugs:[4]

Since squalene epoxidase is on the biosynthetic pathway leading to cholesterol, inhibitors of this enzyme may also find application in treatment of hypercholesterolemia.[6]

Localization

In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, squalene epoxidase is localized to both the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. Only the ER localized protein is active.

Additional products

Squalene epoxidase also catalyzes the formation of diepoxysqualene (DOS). DOS is converted to 24(S),25-epoxylanosterol by lanosterol synthase.

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of SQLE function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Sqletm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.[7] Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen[8] to determine the effects of deletion.[9][10][11][12] Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping[13]

See also

References

  1. "Entrez Gene: SQLE squalene epoxidase".
  2. Nagai M, Sakakibara J, Wakui K, Fukushima Y, Igarashi S, Tsuji S, Arakawa M, Ono T (Aug 1997). "Localization of the squalene epoxidase gene (SQLE) to human chromosome region 8q24.1". Genomics. 44 (1): 141–3. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4825. PMID 9286711.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Pollier J, Vancaester E, Kuzhiumparambil U, Vickers CE, Vandepoele K, Goossens A, Fabris M. "A widespread alternative squalene epoxidase participates in eukaryote steroid biosynthesis". Nature Microbiology. doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0305-5. PMID 30478288.
  4. Favre B, Ryder NS (Feb 1996). "Characterization of squalene epoxidase activity from the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum and its inhibition by terbinafine and other antimycotic agents". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 40 (2): 443–7. PMC 163131. PMID 8834895.
  5. Ryder NS (Feb 1992). "Terbinafine: mode of action and properties of the squalene epoxidase inhibition". The British Journal of Dermatology. 126 Suppl 39: 2–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00001.x. PMID 1543672.
  6. Chugh A, Ray A, Gupta JB (Jan 2003). "Squalene epoxidase as hypocholesterolemic drug target revisited". Progress in Lipid Research. 42 (1): 37–50. doi:10.1016/S0163-7827(02)00029-2. PMID 12467639.
  7. Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: high throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
  8. 8.0 8.1 "International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium".
  9. Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
  10. Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
  11. Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
  12. White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, Ryder E, Buljan M, Bussell JN, Salisbury J, Clare S, Ingham NJ, Podrini C, Houghton R, Estabel J, Bottomley JR, Melvin DG, Sunter D, Adams NC, Tannahill D, Logan DW, Macarthur DG, Flint J, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH, Smyth I, Watt FM, Skarnes WC, Dougan G, Adams DJ, Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A, Steel KP (Jul 2013). "Genome-wide generation and systematic phenotyping of knockout mice reveals new roles for many genes". Cell. 154 (2): 452–64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022. PMC 3717207. PMID 23870131.
  13. 13.0 13.1 "Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium".

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.