Sandbox Ochuko: Difference between revisions
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*[[Atrial fibrillation]] | *[[Atrial fibrillation]] | ||
*[[Atrial myxoma]] | *[[Atrial myxoma]] | ||
* | *Atrial septal aneurysm | ||
*[[Atrial septal defect]] | *[[Atrial septal defect]] | ||
*[[Autonomic dysreflexia]] | *[[Autonomic dysreflexia]] | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
*[[Bleeding disorders]] | *[[Bleeding disorders]] | ||
*[[CADASIL]]<ref name="pmid8878478">{{cite journal| author=Joutel A, Corpechot C, Ducros A, Vahedi K, Chabriat H, Mouton P et al.| title=Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia. | journal=Nature | year= 1996 | volume= 383 | issue= 6602 | pages= 707-10 | pmid=8878478 | doi=10.1038/383707a0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8878478 }} </ref> | *[[CADASIL]]<ref name="pmid8878478">{{cite journal| author=Joutel A, Corpechot C, Ducros A, Vahedi K, Chabriat H, Mouton P et al.| title=Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia. | journal=Nature | year= 1996 | volume= 383 | issue= 6602 | pages= 707-10 | pmid=8878478 | doi=10.1038/383707a0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8878478 }} </ref> | ||
* | *CARASIL<ref name="pmid21215656">{{cite journal| author=Fukutake T| title=Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification. | journal=J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-93 | pmid=21215656 | doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21215656 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Cardiac arrest]] | *[[Cardiac arrest]] | ||
*[[Carotid artery dissection]] | *[[Carotid artery dissection]] | ||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
*[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] | *[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] | ||
*[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]] | *[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]] | ||
* | *HERNS syndrome<ref name="JenCohen1997">{{cite journal|last1=Jen|first1=J.|last2=Cohen|first2=A. H.|last3=Yue|first3=Q.|last4=Stout|first4=J. T.|last5=Vinters|first5=H. V.|last6=Nelson|first6=S.|last7=Baloh|first7=R. W.|title=Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke(HERNS)|journal=Neurology|volume=49|issue=5|year=1997|pages=1322–1330|issn=0028-3878|doi=10.1212/WNL.49.5.1322}}</ref><ref name="pmid15856153">{{cite journal| author=Seifried C, Sitzer M, Jen J, Auburger G| title=[HERNS. A rare, hereditary, multisystemic disease with cerebral microangiopathy]. | journal=Nervenarzt | year= 2005 | volume= 76 | issue= 10 | pages= 1191-2, 1194-5 | pmid=15856153 | doi=10.1007/s00115-005-1910-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15856153 }} </ref> | ||
*[[HIV]] | *[[HIV]] | ||
*[[Homocystinuria]] | *[[Homocystinuria]] | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
*[[Left ventricular thrombus]] | *[[Left ventricular thrombus]] | ||
*[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]] | *[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]] | ||
* | *Lipohyalinosis | ||
*[[Lipoproteinemia]] | *[[lipoprotein disorders classification|Lipoproteinemia]] | ||
*[[Lupus]] | *[[Lupus]] | ||
*[[Malignant hypertension ]] | *[[Malignant hypertension ]] | ||
| Line 123: | Line 123: | ||
*[[Pre-eclampsia ]] | *[[Pre-eclampsia ]] | ||
*[[Premature aging ]] | *[[Premature aging ]] | ||
*[[Primary angiitis]] | *[[vasculitis|Primary angiitis]] | ||
*[[Progeria ]] | *[[Progeria ]] | ||
*[[Protein C deficiency]] | *[[Protein C deficiency]] | ||
Revision as of 15:01, 25 August 2014
Stroke in Alphabetical Order
- Adenosine deaminase deficiency
- Air embolism
- Ales dysfibrinogenemia
- Amphetamine abuse
- Amyloid angiopathy
- Amyloidosis
- Aneurysm
- Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Antithrombin III deficiency
- Arteriosclerosis obliterans
- Arteritis
- Atheroma
- Atherosclerosis
- Atrial fibrillation
- Atrial myxoma
- Atrial septal aneurysm
- Atrial septal defect
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Bacterial endocarditis
- Behcet's disease
- Bing-Neel syndrome
- Binswanger's disease
- Bioprosthetic valves
- Bleeding disorders
- CADASIL[1]
- CARASIL[2]
- Cardiac arrest
- Carotid artery dissection
- Carotid artery stenosis
- Carotid artery stenosis
- Cerebral hemorrhage
- Cerebral ventricle neoplasm
- Cocaine overdose
- Congenital heart disease
- Congestive heart failure
- Conn's adenoma
- Conn's syndrome
- Conn-Louis carcinoma
- Conversion disorder
- Coronary angiography
- Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
- Crack addiction
- Crystal meth addiction
- Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency
- Decompression sickness
- Diabetes mellitus type I
- Diabetes mellitus type II
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Dissecting aortic aneurysm
- Dissection
- Dysbarism
- Eclampsia
- Ecstasy overdose
- Embolism
- Endocarditis
- Endomyocardial fibrosis
- Essential thrombocytosis
- Fabry's disease
- Factor V Leiden mutation
- Familial hemiplegic migraine
- Familial hypercholesterolemia
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Giant cell arteritis
- Hemophilia A
- Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
- Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
- HERNS syndrome[3][4]
- HIV
- Homocystinuria
- Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome
- Hyperhomocysteinemia
- Hyperlipoproteinemia
- Hypertension
- Hypoxemia
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- Illicit drug use
- Infective endocarditis
- Internal carotid agenesis
- Internal carotid artery aneurysm
- Intracerebral hemorrhage
- Intracranial arteriovenous malformation
- Intracranial berry aneurysm
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Ischemia
- Lacunar infarcts
- Lacunar stroke
- Left atrial myxoma
- Left atrial thrombus
- Left ventricular aneurysm
- Left ventricular thrombus
- Libman-Sacks endocarditis
- Lipohyalinosis
- Lipoproteinemia
- Lupus
- Malignant hypertension
- Marantic endocarditis
- Mechanical heart valves
- MELAS
- Menkes disease
- Methamphetamine overdose
- Methylmalonic acidemia
- Methylmalonic aciduria
- Migraine
- Mitochondrial diseases
- Mitral annular calcification
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Moyamoya disease
- Multi-infarct dementia
- Myocardial infarction
- Narcotic addiction
- Neurosyphilis
- Osteopetrosis
- Papillary fibroelastoma
- Patent foramen ovale
- Pericardial effusion
- Polycythemia vera
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome
- Pre-eclampsia
- Premature aging
- Primary angiitis
- Progeria
- Protein C deficiency
- Protein S deficiency
- Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation
- Pulmonary embolism
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Rheumatoid vasculitis
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Sickle cell anemia
- Sickle cell disease
- Sleep apnea
- Sneddon-Champion syndrome
- Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
- Sturge-Weber syndrome
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Substance abuse
- Sustained atrial flutter
- Syphilis
- Systemic hypertension
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Takayasu arteritis
- Thrombocythemia
- Thromboembolism
- Thrombosis
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Transient ischemic attack
- Trauma
- Vascular dementia
- Vascular malformations
- Vasculitis
- Vasoconstriction
- Velocardiofacial syndrome
- Ventricular aneurysm
- Vertebral artery dissection
- Wegener's granulomatosis
- Werner syndrome
- Wolfram syndrome
References
- ↑ Joutel A, Corpechot C, Ducros A, Vahedi K, Chabriat H, Mouton P; et al. (1996). "Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia". Nature. 383 (6602): 707–10. doi:10.1038/383707a0. PMID 8878478.
- ↑ Fukutake T (2011). "Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 20 (2): 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.008. PMID 21215656.
- ↑ Jen, J.; Cohen, A. H.; Yue, Q.; Stout, J. T.; Vinters, H. V.; Nelson, S.; Baloh, R. W. (1997). "Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke(HERNS)". Neurology. 49 (5): 1322–1330. doi:10.1212/WNL.49.5.1322. ISSN 0028-3878.
- ↑ Seifried C, Sitzer M, Jen J, Auburger G (2005). "[HERNS. A rare, hereditary, multisystemic disease with cerebral microangiopathy]". Nervenarzt. 76 (10): 1191–2, 1194–5. doi:10.1007/s00115-005-1910-0. PMID 15856153.
Causes of Stroke
Ischemic Stroke
Thrombotic Stroke
Thrombotic stroke can be divided into two types depending on the type of vessel the thrombus is formed on:
- Large vessel disease involves the common and internal carotids, vertebral, and the Circle of Willis. Diseases that may form thrombi in the large vessels include (in descending incidence):
- Arteritis/vasculitis
- Atherosclerosis
- Dissection
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Giant cell arteritis
- Moyamoya syndrome
- Noninflammatory vasculopathy
- Takayasu arteritis
- Vasoconstriction
- Small vessel disease involves the intracerebral arteries, branches of the Circle of Willis, middle cerebral artery, stem, and arteries arising from the distal vertebral and basilar artery. Diseases that may form thrombi in the small vessels include (in descending incidence):
- Lipohyalinosis (lipid hyaline build-up secondary to hypertension and aging) and fibrinoid degeneration (stroke involving these vessels are known as lacunar infarcts)
- Microatheromas from larger arteries that extend into the smaller arteries (atheromatous branch disease)
Embolic Stroke
High Risk Cardiac Causes[1]
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
- Atrial or ventricular thrombus
- Bioprosthetic and mechanical heart valves
- Chronic myocardial infarction together with ejection fraction <28 percent
- Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Infective endocarditis
- Left atrial myxoma
- Libman-Sacks endocarditis
- Marantic endocarditis from cancer
- Papillary fibroelastoma
- Recent myocardial infarction (within one month)
- Rheumatic mitral or aortic valve disease
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Sustained atrial flutter
- Symptomatic congestive heart failure with ejection fraction <30 percent
Potential Cardiac Causes
- Atrial septal aneurysm
- Atrial septal aneurysm with patent foramen ovale
- Complex atheroma in the ascending aorta or proximal arch
- Isolated left atrial smoke on echocardiography (no mitral stenosis or atrial fibrillation)
- Left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus
- Mitral annular calcification
- Patent foramen ovale
Systemic Hypoperfusion (Watershed stroke)
- Cardiac arrest
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Reduced cardiac output as a result of
Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen content) may precipitate the hypo-perfusion.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Amyloid angiopathy
- Bleeding disorders
- Hypertension
- Illicit drug use (e.g., amphetamines or cocaine)
- Trauma
- Vascular malformations
References
- ↑ Ay H; Furie KL; Singhal A; Smith WS; Sorensen AG; Koroshetz WJ (2005). "An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke". Ann Neurol. 58 (5): 688–97. PMID 16240340.
The upper part of the GI tract will usually cause black stools due to:
- Abnormal blood vessels (vascular malformation)
- A tear in the esophagus from violent vomiting (Mallory-Weiss tear)
- Bleeding stomach or duodenal ulcer
- Inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis)
- Lack of proper blood flow to the intestines (bowel ischemia)
- Trauma or foreign body
- Widened, overgrown veins (called varices) in the esophagus and stomach
| Primary treatment option Atropine
❑ Administer a first dose 0.5 mg IV bolus ❑ Repeat every 3-5 minutes ❑ Administer a maximum dose of 3 mg | |||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary treatment options If atropine ineffective: ❑ Administer dopamine infusion (2-10 mcg/kg/min) OR ❑ Administer epinephrine infusion (2-10 mcg/min) OR ❑ Proceed with transcutaneous pacing | |||||||||||||||||||
❑ Consult a cardiologist ❑ Consider transvenous pacing | |||||||||||||||||||
- Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
- Allopurinol
- Aniline
- Behcet's disease
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Benzidine
- Bladder incontinence
- Bladder stones
- Bleomycin
- Candida
- Carbenicillin
- Cetirizine
- Chemical cystitis
- Chlamydia
- Chlordimeform
- Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract
- Crohn's disease
- Cyclophosphamide
- Cystoscopy
- Danazol
- Dehydration
- Diabetes
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Diaphragm
- Diarrhea
- Diverticulitis
- Doxorubicin
- Drug induced cystitis
- Endometriosis
- Enterobacter
- Episiotomy scar infection
- Escherichia coli
- Ether
- Foreign body cystitis
- Gonorrhea
- Gynecological cancers
- Hemorrhagic cystitis
- Honeymoon cystitis
- Hunner's ulcer
- Ifosfamide
- Immobility
- Interstitial cystitis
- Intravesical acetic acid
- Kidney stones
- Klebsiella
- Lupus
- Methaqualone
- Methenamine mandelate
- Methicillin
- Methotrexate
- Mucoepithelial dysplasia, Witkop type
- Nonoxynol-9 suppositories
- NSAIDS
- Penicillin VK
- Penicillins
- PID
- Piperacillin
- Posterior urethral valves
- Prostatitis
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Radiotherapy
- Schistosomiasis
- Serratia
- Sexually transmitted diseases
- Spermicidal jellies
- Spinal cord injury
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Tampon
- Temozolomide
- Tiaprofenic acid
- Ticarcillin
- Toluidine
- Trichomoniasis
- Tuberculosis
- Urachal cancer
- Urachal cyst
- Urethral syndrome
- Urethritis
- Urinary catheter
- Urinary obstruction
- Urinary stones
- Urofacial syndrome
- Vesicoenteric fistula
- Xanthinuria
References
Overview
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Diagnosis
Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation
Complete Evaluation
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