Portal hypertension causes: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Portal hypertension}} | {{Portal hypertension}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Life-threatening causes of portal hypertension include [[cirrhosis]], severe [[Portal venous system|portal venous]] obstruction or [[thrombosis]] ([[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]), and [[fulminant hepatic failure]] (e.g., due to [[hepatitis]]). Common causes for portal hypertension include [[alcoholic hepatitis]], [[autoimmune disease]], [[bacterial]] intestinal [[Infection|infections]] (e.g., recurrent [[Escherichia coli|E.coli]] infection), [[chronic hepatitis]], [[cirrhosis]], [[fatty liver]], [[schistosomiasis]], and [[sickle cell disease]]. | |||
==Causes== | |||
===Prehepatic=== | ==Causes== | ||
===Life-threatening Causes=== | |||
*Life-threatening causes of portal hypertension include [[cirrhosis]], severe [[Portal venous system|portal venous]] obstruction or [[thrombosis]] ([[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]), and [[fulminant hepatic failure]] (e.g., due to [[hepatitis]]). | |||
===Common Causes=== | |||
Portal hypertension may be caused by:<ref name="pmid11831999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li X, Gao W, Chen J, Tang W |title=[Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with autoimmune disease] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=101–3 |year=2000 |pmid=11831999 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3276575">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kono K, Ohnishi K, Omata M, Saito M, Nakayama T, Hatano H, Nakajima Y, Sugita S, Okuda K |title=Experimental portal fibrosis produced by intraportal injection of killed nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in rabbits |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=787–96 |year=1988 |pmid=3276575 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17558079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kumar S, Joshi R, Jain AP |title=Portal hypertension associated with sickle cell disease |journal=Indian J Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=94 |year=2007 |pmid=17558079 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Alcoholic hepatitis]] | |||
*[[Autoimmune disease]] | |||
*[[Bacterial]] [[intestinal]] [[Infection|infections]] | |||
** Recurrent [[Escherichia coli|E.coli]] infection | |||
*[[Chronic hepatitis]] | |||
*[[Cirrhosis]] | |||
*[[Fatty liver]] | |||
*[[Schistosomiasis]] | |||
*[[Sickle cell disease]] | |||
===Less Common Causes=== | |||
Less common causes of portal hypertension include:<ref name="pmid18685811">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bayan K, Tüzün Y, Yilmaz S, Canoruc N, Dursun M |title=Analysis of inherited thrombophilic mutations and natural anticoagulant deficiency in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension |journal=J. Thromb. Thrombolysis |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |year=2009 |pmid=18685811 |doi=10.1007/s11239-008-0244-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15832360">{{cite journal |vauthors=Girard M, Amiel J, Fabre M, Pariente D, Lyonnet S, Jacquemin E |title=Adams-Oliver syndrome and hepatoportal sclerosis: occasional association or common mechanism? |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=186–9 |year=2005 |pmid=15832360 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.30724 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18389904">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maida I, Garcia-Gasco P, Sotgiu G, Rios MJ, Vispo ME, Martin-Carbonero L, Barreiro P, Mura MS, Babudieri S, Albertos S, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V |title=Antiretroviral-associated portal hypertension: a new clinical condition? Prevalence, predictors and outcome |journal=Antivir. Ther. (Lond.) |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=103–7 |year=2008 |pmid=18389904 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2398270">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nevens F, Fevery J, Van Steenbergen W, Sciot R, Desmet V, De Groote J |title=Arsenic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. A report of eight cases |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=80–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2398270 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23420139">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fuss IJ, Friend J, Yang Z, He JP, Hooda L, Boyer J, Xi L, Raffeld M, Kleiner DE, Heller T, Strober W |title=Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in common variable immunodeficiency |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=748–58 |year=2013 |pmid=23420139 |pmc=3731765 |doi=10.1007/s10875-013-9873-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21393872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaiphei K, Bhatia A, Sinha SK |title=Liver pathology in collagen vascular disorders highlighting the vascular changes within portal tracts |journal=Indian J Pathol Microbiol |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |year=2011 |pmid=21393872 |doi=10.4103/0377-4929.77319 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18415755">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Boer NK, Tuynman H, Bloemena E, Westerga J, Van Der Peet DL, Mulder CJ, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG, Van Nieuwkerk CM, Van Bodegraven AA |title=Histopathology of liver biopsies from a thiopurine-naïve inflammatory bowel disease cohort: prevalence of nodular regenerative hyperplasia |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=604–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18415755 |doi=10.1080/00365520701800266 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3499813">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarin SK, Mehra NK, Agarwal A, Malhotra V, Anand BS, Taneja V |title=Familial aggregation in noncirrhotic portal fibrosis: a report of four families |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=82 |issue=11 |pages=1130–3 |year=1987 |pmid=3499813 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2944377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imai Y, Minami Y, Miyoshi S, Kawata S, Saito R, Noda S, Tamura S, Nishikawa M, Tajima K, Tarui S |title=Idiopathic portal hypertension associated with Hashimoto's disease: report of three cases |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=81 |issue=9 |pages=791–5 |year=1986 |pmid=2944377 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24155091">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siramolpiwat S, Seijo S, Miquel R, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Criado A, Darnell A, Turon F, Hernandez-Gea V, Bosch J, Garcia-Pagán JC |title=Idiopathic portal hypertension: natural history and long-term outcome |journal=Hepatology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=2276–85 |year=2014 |pmid=24155091 |doi=10.1002/hep.26904 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19101627">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Lonlay P, Seta N |title=The clinical spectrum of phosphomannose isomerase deficiency, with an evaluation of mannose treatment for CDG-Ib |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1792 |issue=9 |pages=841–3 |year=2009 |pmid=19101627 |doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.11.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1438671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allison MC, Mowat A, McCruden EA, McGregor E, Burt AD, Briggs JD, Junor BJ, Follett EA, MacSween RN, Mills PR |title=The spectrum of chronic liver disease in renal transplant recipients |journal=Q. J. Med. |volume=83 |issue=301 |pages=355–67 |year=1992 |pmid=1438671 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8020909">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gane E, Portmann B, Saxena R, Wong P, Ramage J, Williams R |title=Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver graft after liver transplantation |journal=Hepatology |volume=20 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=88–94 |year=1994 |pmid=8020909 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17504943">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vernier-Massouille G, Cosnes J, Lemann M, Marteau P, Reinisch W, Laharie D, Cadiot G, Bouhnik Y, De Vos M, Boureille A, Duclos B, Seksik P, Mary JY, Colombel JF |title=Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=1404–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17504943 |pmc=2000290 |doi=10.1136/gut.2006.114363 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21272804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Calabrese E, Hanauer SB |title=Assessment of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease |journal=J Crohns Colitis |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=48–53 |year=2011 |pmid=21272804 |doi=10.1016/j.crohns.2010.08.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23121401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roulot D |title=Liver involvement in Turner syndrome |journal=Liver Int. |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=24–30 |year=2013 |pmid=23121401 |doi=10.1111/liv.12007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2019375">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geubel AP, De Galocsy C, Alves N, Rahier J, Dive C |title=Liver damage caused by therapeutic vitamin A administration: estimate of dose-related toxicity in 41 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=1701–9 |year=1991 |pmid=2019375 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|Antiretroviral therapy]] | |||
* [[Crohn’s disease]] | |||
*[[Turner syndrome]] | |||
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] | |||
*Adams-Olivier syndrome | |||
*[[Arsenicals]] | |||
*[[Beck syndrome|Beck's disease]] | |||
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency|Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome]] | |||
*[[Connective tissue disease|Connective tissue diseases]] | |||
*[[Cardiomyopathy]] | |||
*[[Congestive heart failure]] | |||
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]] | |||
*Congenital abnormalities | |||
*Familial cases | |||
*[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | |||
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] | |||
*[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | |||
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]] | |||
*[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | |||
*[[Inherited thrombophilia|Inherited thrombophilias]] | |||
*Idiopathic tropical [[splenomegaly]] | |||
*[[Myeloproliferative neoplasm]] | |||
*[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | |||
*Partial nodular transformation | |||
*Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency | |||
*[[Portal vein occlusion]] | |||
*[[Organ transplant|Solid organ transplant]] | |||
** [[Renal transplantation]] | |||
** [[Liver transplantation]] | |||
*[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | |||
*[[Thiopurine|Thiopurine derivatives]] | |||
** [[Didanosine]] | |||
** [[Azathioprine]] | |||
** [[Thioguanine|Cis-thioguanine]] | |||
*[[Tricuspid insufficiency]] | |||
*Umbilical sepsis | |||
*[[Vitamin A]] | |||
*[[Wilson's disease]] | |||
===Genetic Causes=== | |||
Portal hypertension is caused by a [[mutation]] in the following [[genes]]:<ref name="pmid15148269" /><ref name="pmid11687800">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mandel H, Szargel R, Labay V, Elpeleg O, Saada A, Shalata A, Anbinder Y, Berkowitz D, Hartman C, Barak M, Eriksson S, Cohen N |title=The deoxyguanosine kinase gene is mutated in individuals with depleted hepatocerebral mitochondrial DNA |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=337–41 |year=2001 |pmid=11687800 |doi=10.1038/ng746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12897202">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blackburn MR, Lee CG, Young HW, Zhu Z, Chunn JL, Kang MJ, Banerjee SK, Elias JA |title=Adenosine mediates IL-13-induced inflammation and remodeling in the lung and interacts in an IL-13-adenosine amplification pathway |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=332–44 |year=2003 |pmid=12897202 |pmc=166289 |doi=10.1172/JCI16815 |url=}}</ref><ref name="KotaniKawabe2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kotani|first1=Kohei|last2=Kawabe|first2=Joji|last3=Morikawa|first3=Hiroyasu|last4=Akahoshi|first4=Tomohiko|last5=Hashizume|first5=Makoto|last6=Shiomi|first6=Susumu|title=Comprehensive Screening of Gene Function and Networks by DNA Microarray Analysis in Japanese Patients with Idiopathic Portal Hypertension|journal=Mediators of Inflammation|volume=2015|year=2015|pages=1–10|issn=0962-9351|doi=10.1155/2015/349215}}</ref><ref name="pmid1339300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chu FF, Esworthy RS, Doroshow JH, Doan K, Liu XF |title=Expression of plasma glutathione peroxidase in human liver in addition to kidney, heart, lung, and breast in humans and rodents |journal=Blood |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=3233–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1339300 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9177352">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yokomizo T, Izumi T, Chang K, Takuwa Y, Shimizu T |title=A G-protein-coupled receptor for leukotriene B4 that mediates chemotaxis |journal=Nature |volume=387 |issue=6633 |pages=620–4 |year=1997 |pmid=9177352 |doi=10.1038/42506 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15148269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Campia U, Cardillo C, Panza JA |title=Ethnic differences in the vasoconstrictor activity of endogenous endothelin-1 in hypertensive patients |journal=Circulation |volume=109 |issue=25 |pages=3191–5 |year=2004 |pmid=15148269 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000130590.24107.D3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7477288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopez MJ, Wong SK, Kishimoto I, Dubois S, Mach V, Friesen J, Garbers DL, Beuve A |title=Salt-resistant hypertension in mice lacking the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide |journal=Nature |volume=378 |issue=6552 |pages=65–8 |year=1995 |pmid=7477288 |doi=10.1038/378065a0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1694723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aruffo A, Stamenkovic I, Melnick M, Underhill CB, Seed B |title=CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate |journal=Cell |volume=61 |issue=7 |pages=1303–13 |year=1990 |pmid=1694723 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11586292">{{cite journal |vauthors=Derynck R, Akhurst RJ, Balmain A |title=TGF-beta signaling in tumor suppression and cancer progression |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=117–29 |year=2001 |pmid=11586292 |doi=10.1038/ng1001-117 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1360704">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole SP, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH, Mackie JE, Grant CE, Almquist KC, Stewart AJ, Kurz EU, Duncan AM, Deeley RG |title=Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line |journal=Science |volume=258 |issue=5088 |pages=1650–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1360704 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Leukotriene B4|Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)]] | |||
*Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 (ENTPD4) | |||
*[[Endothelin receptor type A|Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA)]] | |||
*[[DGUOK|Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK)]] | |||
*[[Adenosine deaminase|Adenosine deaminase (ADA)]] | |||
*[[Phospholipase A2|Phospholipase A2 (PL2G10)]] | |||
*[[CYP4F3|Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 (CYP4F3)]] | |||
*[[Glutathione peroxidase|Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3)]] | |||
*[[Prostaglandin E2 receptor|Prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2)]] | |||
*[[Endothelin|Endothelin (EDN1)]] | |||
*[[Natriuretic peptides|Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3)]] | |||
*[[Cluster of differentiation|Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)]] | |||
*[[Transforming growth factor-β|Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β]] | |||
*[[ABCC1|ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 1 (ABCC1)]] | |||
=== Causes classified by etiology === | |||
====Prehepatic==== | |||
Prehepatic causes of portal hypertension include:<ref name="pmid3276575" /><ref name="pmid1438671" /><ref name="pmid8020909" /> | |||
*[[Bacterial]] intestinal [[Infection|infections]] | |||
** Recurrent [[Escherichia coli|E.coli]] infection | |||
*Congenital abnormalities | *Congenital abnormalities | ||
*Idiopathic tropical [[splenomegaly]] | *Idiopathic tropical [[splenomegaly]] | ||
*[[Portal vein occlusion]] | *[[Portal vein occlusion]] | ||
*[[Organ transplant|Solid organ transplant]] | |||
** [[Renal transplantation]] | |||
** [[Liver transplantation]] | |||
*[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | *[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | ||
*Umbilical sepsis | *Umbilical sepsis | ||
===Intrahepatic=== | ====Intrahepatic==== | ||
Intrahepatic causes of portal hypertension include:<ref name="pmid11831999" /><ref name="pmid15832360" /><ref name="pmid18389904" /><ref name="pmid2398270" /><ref name="pmid23420139" /><ref name="pmid21393872" /><ref name="pmid18415755" /><ref name="pmid3499813" /><ref name="pmid2944377" /><ref name="pmid24155091" /><ref name="pmid19101627" /><ref name="pmid17504943" /><ref name="pmid21272804" /><ref name="pmid23121401" /><ref name="pmid2019375" /> | |||
*Adams-Olivier syndrome | |||
*[[Alcoholic hepatitis]] | *[[Alcoholic hepatitis]] | ||
*[[Beck's disease]] | *[[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|Antiretroviral therapy]] | ||
*[[Arsenicals]] | |||
*[[Autoimmune disease]] | |||
*[[Beck syndrome|Beck's disease]] | |||
*[[Chronic hepatitis]] | *[[Chronic hepatitis]] | ||
*[[Cirrhosis]] | *[[Cirrhosis]] | ||
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency|Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome]] | |||
* [[Connective tissue disease|Connective tissue diseases]] | |||
* [[Crohn’s disease]] | |||
* Familial cases | |||
*[[Fatty liver]] | *[[Fatty liver]] | ||
*[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | *[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | ||
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] | |||
*[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | *[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | ||
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]] | |||
*[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | *[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | ||
*Partial nodular transformation | *Partial nodular transformation | ||
*Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency | |||
*[[Schistosomiasis]] | *[[Schistosomiasis]] | ||
*[[Thiopurine|Thiopurine derivatives]] | |||
** [[Didanosine]] | |||
** [[Azathioprine]] | |||
** [[Thioguanine|Cis-thioguanine]] | |||
*[[Turner syndrome]] | |||
*[[Vitamin A]] | |||
*[[Wilson's disease]] | *[[Wilson's disease]] | ||
===Posthepatic=== | ====Posthepatic==== | ||
Posthepatic causes of portal hypertension include:<ref name="pmid17558079" /><ref name="pmid18685811" /> | |||
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] | |||
*[[Cardiomyopathy]] | *[[Cardiomyopathy]] | ||
*[[Congestive heart failure]] | *[[Congestive heart failure]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Constrictive pericarditis]] | ||
*[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | *[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | ||
*[[Inherited thrombophilia|Inherited thrombophilias]] | |||
*[[Myeloproliferative neoplasm]] | |||
*[[Sickle cell disease]] | |||
*[[Tricuspid insufficiency]] | *[[Tricuspid insufficiency]] | ||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
{| border="1" height:100px " | |||
{| | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular''' | ||
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Cardiomyopathy]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Constrictive pericarditis]], [[Inferior vena cava obstruction]], [[Arteriovenous fistula|Splanchnic arteriovenous fistula]], [[Tricuspid insufficiency |Tricuspid insufficiency.]] | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Chemical / | | '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Arsenicals]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| ''' | | '''Dermatological''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[NISCH syndrome]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[NISCH syndrome]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Didanosine]], [[Thioguanine]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Didanosine]], [[Thioguanine]], [[Vitamin A]], [[Azathioprine]], [[Thioguanine|Cis-thioguanine]], [[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|Antiretroviral therapy]], Adams-Olivier syndrome. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Ear Nose Throat''' | | '''Ear Nose Throat''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Endocrine''' | | '''Endocrine''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Environmental''' | | '''Environmental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Vitamin A]], [[Alcoholic hepatitis]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| ''' | | '''Gastroenterology''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholic hepatitis]], [[Biliary atresia]], [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Chronic hepatitis]], [[Chronic liver disease]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alcoholic hepatitis]], [[Biliary atresia]], [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Chronic hepatitis]], [[Chronic liver disease]], [[Cirrhosis]], Congenital [[atresia]] or stenosis of [[portal vein]], [[Congenital hepatic fibrosis]], Congenital narrowing of the [[portal vein]], [[Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome]], [[Fatty liver]], [[Focal nodular hyperplasia]], [[Fulminant hepatic failure]], [[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]], Hepatic arterioportal [[fistula]], [[Hepatic portal vein obstruction]], [[Hepatic vein]] occlusion, [[Hepatic vein thrombosis]], [[Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency]], [[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]], [[Idiopathic]] portal hypertension, [[Idiopathic splenomegaly|Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly]], [[Liver]] [[fibrosis]], [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Neonatal hepatitis]], Nodular regenerative [[hyperplasia]] of the [[Hepatocellular carcinoma|liver]], [[Obliterative portal venopathy]], Partial nodular transformation, Portal hypertension due to intrahepatic block, [[Portal vein]] abnormality, [[Portal vein]] compression, [[Portal vein occlusion]], [[Portal vein thrombosis ]] , [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Splenic vein thrombosis]], [[Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Metastasis|Hepatic metastasis]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Crohn’s disease]]. | ||
[[Pancreatic cancer]], [[NISCH syndrome]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[COACH syndrome]], [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiency]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[Wilson's Disease ]], [[Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[COACH syndrome]], [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol|Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Interferon gamma receptor 1|Interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiency]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[Wilson's Disease ]] , [[Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency]], [[Turner syndrome]], [[Leukotriene B4|Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)]] [[mutation]], Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 (ENTPD4) [[mutation]], [[Endothelin receptor type A|Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA)]] [[mutation]], [[DGUOK|Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK)]] [[mutation]], [[Adenosine deaminase|Adenosine deaminase (ADA)]] [[mutation]], [[Phospholipase A2|Phospholipase A2 (PL2G10)]] [[mutation]], [[CYP4F3|Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 (CYP4F3)]] [[mutation]], [[Glutathione peroxidase|Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3)]] [[mutation]], [[Prostaglandin E2 receptor|Prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2)]] [[mutation]], [[Endothelin|Endothelin (EDN1)]] [[mutation]], [[Natriuretic peptides|Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3)]] [[mutation]], [[Cluster of differentiation|Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)]] [[mutation]], [[Transforming growth factor-β|Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β]] [[mutation]], [[ABCC1|ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 1 (ABCC1)]] [[mutation]], Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | | '''Hematologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blackfan Diamond anemia]], [[Congenital pure red cell aplasia ]], [[Myeloproliferative diseases]], [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Osteomyelosclerosis]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Blackfan-Diamond Syndrome|Blackfan Diamond anemia]], [[Congenital pure red cell aplasia ]] , [[Myeloproliferative diseases]], [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Osteomyelosclerosis]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[Sickle cell disease]], [[Inherited thrombophilia|Inherited thrombophilias]], [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]], [[Myeloproliferative neoplasm]], [[Common variable immunodeficiency|Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | | '''Iatrogenic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Organ transplant|Solid organ transplant]], [[Renal transplantation]], [[Liver transplantation]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | | '''Infectious Disease''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Schistosomiasis ]], [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Schistosomiasis ]] , Umbilical sepsis, [[Viral hepatitis]], Recurrent [[Escherichia coli|E.coli]] infection. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Osteomyelosclerosis]], [[Connective tissue disease|Connective tissue diseases]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Neurologic''' | | '''Neurologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Cerebral calcification]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Cerebral]] [[calcification]], [[Beck syndrome|Beck's disease]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic''' | | '''Nutritional / Metabolic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gaucher disease]], [[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]], [[Wilson's disease ]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Gaucher disease]], [[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol|Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]], [[Wilson's disease |Wilson's disease,]] [[Vitamin A]], [[Alcoholic hepatitis]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Oncologic''' | | '''Oncologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | Extrinsic compression ([[Tumor|tumors]]), [[Hepatic]] [[metastasis]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Opthalmologic''' | | '''Opthalmologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Overdose / Toxicity''' | | '''Overdose / Toxicity''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Didanosine]], [[Thioguanine]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Didanosine]], [[Thioguanine]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Psychiatric''' | | '''Psychiatric''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Pulmonary''' | | '''Pulmonary''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[Pulmonary emphysema]], | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[Pulmonary emphysema]], [[Cerebral]] [[calcification]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | | '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic kidney disease]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Polycystic kidney disease]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency]], [[Granulomatous diseases]] ([[Sarcoidosis]], [[Tuberculosis)]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency]], [[Granulomatous Hepatitis|Granulomatous diseases]] ([[Sarcoidosis]], [[Tuberculosis]]), [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Sexual''' | | '''Sexual''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Trauma''' | | '''Trauma''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Urologic''' | | '''Urologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dental''' | | '''Dental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Miscellaneous''' | | '''Miscellaneous''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| Granulomatous diseases ([[Sarcoidosis]], [[Tuberculosis]]), | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Granulomatous Hepatitis|Granulomatous diseases]] ([[Sarcoidosis]], [[Tuberculosis]]), Extrinsic compression ([[tumors]]), [[Inferior vena cava obstruction]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
{{ | {{columns-list| | ||
*[[ABCC1|ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 1 (ABCC1)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*Adams-Olivier syndrome | |||
*[[Adenosine deaminase|Adenosine deaminase (ADA)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*[[Alcoholic hepatitis]] | *[[Alcoholic hepatitis]] | ||
*[[Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]] | *[[Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]] | ||
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] | |||
*[[Antiretroviral therapy]] | |||
*[[Arsenicals]] | |||
*[[Autoimmune disease]] | |||
*[[Azathioprine]] | |||
*[[Beck's disease]] | |||
*[[Berry aneurysm]] | *[[Berry aneurysm]] | ||
*[[Biliary atresia]] | *[[Biliary atresia]] | ||
*[[Blackfan Diamond anemia]] | *[[Blackfan-Diamond Syndrome|Blackfan Diamond anemia]] | ||
*[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]] | *[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]] | ||
*[[Cardiomyopathy]] | *[[Cardiomyopathy]] | ||
Line 162: | Line 274: | ||
*[[Chronic hepatitis]] | *[[Chronic hepatitis]] | ||
*[[Chronic liver disease]] | *[[Chronic liver disease]] | ||
*[[Cis-thioguanine]] | |||
*[[Crohn’s disease]] | |||
*[[Cirrhosis]] | *[[Cirrhosis]] | ||
*[[Cluster of differentiation|Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*[[COACH syndrome]] | *[[COACH syndrome]] | ||
*[[Congenital atresia or stenosis of portal vein]] | *[[Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome]] | ||
*[[Congenital]] [[atresia]] or [[stenosis]] of [[portal vein]] | |||
*[[Congenital hepatic fibrosis]] | *[[Congenital hepatic fibrosis]] | ||
*[[Congenital narrowing of the portal vein]] | *[[Congenital]] narrowing of the [[portal vein]] | ||
*[[Congenital pure red cell aplasia ]] | *[[Congenital pure red cell aplasia ]] | ||
*[[Congestive heart failure]] | *[[Congestive heart failure]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Connective tissue diseases]] | ||
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]] | |||
*[[Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome]] | *[[Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome]] | ||
*[[Cystic fibrosis]] | *[[Cystic fibrosis]] | ||
*[[CYP4F3|Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 (CYP4F3)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*[[Didanosine]] | *[[Didanosine]] | ||
*[[Extrinsic compression (tumors)]] | *[[DGUOK|Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK)]] [[mutation]] | ||
*Extrinsic compression ([[tumors]]) | |||
*Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 (ENTPD4) [[mutation]] | |||
*[[Endothelin|Endothelin (EDN1)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*[[Endothelin receptor type A|Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*[[Fatty liver]] | *[[Fatty liver]] | ||
*[[Focal nodular hyperplasia]] | *[[Focal nodular hyperplasia]] | ||
*[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | *[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | ||
*[[Gaucher disease]] | *[[Gaucher disease]] | ||
*[[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]] | *[[Glutathione peroxidase|Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3)]] [[mutation]] | ||
*[[Granulomatous diseases ( | *[[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol|Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]] | ||
*[[Granulomatous Hepatitis|Granulomatous diseases]] ([[Sarcoidosis]], [[Tuberculosis]]) | |||
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] | |||
*[[Hemochromatosis]] | *[[Hemochromatosis]] | ||
*[[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]] | *[[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]] | ||
*[[Hepatic arterioportal fistula]] | *[[Hepatic]] arterioportal [[fistula]] | ||
*[[Hepatic metastasis]] | *[[Hepatic]] [[metastasis]] | ||
*[[Hepatic portal vein obstruction]] | *[[Hepatic portal vein obstruction]] | ||
*[[Hepatic vein | *[[Hepatic vein]] occlusion | ||
*[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]] | *[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]] | ||
*[[Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency]] | *[[Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency]] | ||
*[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | *[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | ||
*[[Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]] | |||
*[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]] | *[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]] | ||
*[[Idiopathic portal hypertension ]] | *[[Idiopathic]] [[portal hypertension]] | ||
*[[Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly]] | *[[Idiopathic]] tropical [[splenomegaly]] | ||
*[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | *[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | ||
*[[Interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiency]] | *[[Inherited thrombophilia]] | ||
*[[Liver fibrosis]] | *[[Interferon gamma receptor 1|Interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiency]] | ||
*[[Liver]] [[fibrosis]] | |||
*[[Liver transplantation]] | |||
*[[Leukotriene B4|Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*[[Mosse syndrome]] | *[[Mosse syndrome]] | ||
*[[Myeloproliferative diseases]] | *[[Myeloproliferative diseases]] | ||
*[[Myeloproliferative neoplasm]] | |||
*[[Natriuretic peptides|Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*[[Neonatal hepatitis]] | *[[Neonatal hepatitis]] | ||
*[[NISCH syndrome]] | *[[NISCH syndrome]] | ||
* | *Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver | ||
*[[Obliterative portal venopathy]] | *[[Obliterative portal venopathy]] | ||
*[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | *[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | ||
*[[Pancreatic cancer]] | *[[Pancreatic cancer]] | ||
* | *Partial nodular transformation | ||
*[[Phospholipase A2|Phospholipase A2 (PL2G10)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency | |||
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]] | *[[Polycystic kidney disease]] | ||
*[[Portal hypertension due to intrahepatic block | *[[Portal hypertension]] due to intrahepatic block | ||
*[[Portal vein | *[[Portal vein]] abnormality | ||
*[[Portal vein | *[[Portal vein]] compression | ||
*[[Portal vein occlusion]] | *[[Portal vein occlusion]] | ||
*[[Portal vein thrombosis ]] | *[[Portal vein thrombosis ]] | ||
Line 214: | Line 345: | ||
*[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]] | *[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]] | ||
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]] | *[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]] | ||
*[[Prostaglandin E2 receptor|Prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2)]] [[mutation]] | |||
*[[Renal transplantation]] | |||
*[[Sarcoidosis]] | *[[Sarcoidosis]] | ||
*[[Schistosomiasis ]] | *[[Schistosomiasis]] | ||
*[[Splanchnic arteriovenous fistula]] | *[[Sickle cell disease]] | ||
*[[Arteriovenous fistula|Splanchnic arteriovenous fistula]] | |||
*[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | *[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | ||
*[[Thioguanine]] | *[[Thioguanine]] | ||
*[[Tricuspid insufficiency ]] | *[[Transforming growth factor-β|Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β]] [[mutation]] | ||
*[[Umbilical sepsis ]] | *[[Tricuspid insufficiency]] | ||
*[[Turner syndrome]] | |||
*[[Umbilical]] [[sepsis]] | |||
*[[Viral hepatitis]] | *[[Viral hepatitis]] | ||
*[[Wilson's Disease ]] | *[[Vitamin A]] | ||
*[[Wilson's Disease]] | |||
}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Hepatology]] | [[Category:Hepatology]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
{{WS}} | |||
{{WH}} |
Latest revision as of 22:28, 10 January 2020
Portal Hypertension Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Portal hypertension causes On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Portal hypertension causes |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Portal hypertension causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
Life-threatening causes of portal hypertension include cirrhosis, severe portal venous obstruction or thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome), and fulminant hepatic failure (e.g., due to hepatitis). Common causes for portal hypertension include alcoholic hepatitis, autoimmune disease, bacterial intestinal infections (e.g., recurrent E.coli infection), chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver, schistosomiasis, and sickle cell disease.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes of portal hypertension include cirrhosis, severe portal venous obstruction or thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome), and fulminant hepatic failure (e.g., due to hepatitis).
Common Causes
Portal hypertension may be caused by:[1][2][3]
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Autoimmune disease
- Bacterial intestinal infections
- Recurrent E.coli infection
- Chronic hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Fatty liver
- Schistosomiasis
- Sickle cell disease
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of portal hypertension include:[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
- Antiretroviral therapy
- Crohn’s disease
- Turner syndrome
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Adams-Olivier syndrome
- Arsenicals
- Beck's disease
- Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome
- Connective tissue diseases
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Congenital abnormalities
- Familial cases
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
- Inferior vena cava obstruction
- Inherited thrombophilias
- Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly
- Myeloproliferative neoplasm
- Osteomyelosclerosis
- Partial nodular transformation
- Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency
- Portal vein occlusion
- Solid organ transplant
- Splenic vein thrombosis
- Thiopurine derivatives
- Tricuspid insufficiency
- Umbilical sepsis
- Vitamin A
- Wilson's disease
Genetic Causes
Portal hypertension is caused by a mutation in the following genes:[21][22][23][24][25][26][21][27][28][29][30]
- Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)
- Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 (ENTPD4)
- Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA)
- Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK)
- Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
- Phospholipase A2 (PL2G10)
- Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 (CYP4F3)
- Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3)
- Prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2)
- Endothelin (EDN1)
- Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3)
- Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)
- Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β
- ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 1 (ABCC1)
Causes classified by etiology
Prehepatic
Prehepatic causes of portal hypertension include:[2][15][16]
- Bacterial intestinal infections
- Recurrent E.coli infection
- Congenital abnormalities
- Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly
- Portal vein occlusion
- Solid organ transplant
- Splenic vein thrombosis
- Umbilical sepsis
Intrahepatic
Intrahepatic causes of portal hypertension include:[1][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][17][18][19][20]
- Adams-Olivier syndrome
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Antiretroviral therapy
- Arsenicals
- Autoimmune disease
- Beck's disease
- Chronic hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome
- Connective tissue diseases
- Crohn’s disease
- Familial cases
- Fatty liver
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
- Osteomyelosclerosis
- Partial nodular transformation
- Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency
- Schistosomiasis
- Thiopurine derivatives
- Turner syndrome
- Vitamin A
- Wilson's disease
Posthepatic
Posthepatic causes of portal hypertension include:[3][4]
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Inferior vena cava obstruction
- Inherited thrombophilias
- Myeloproliferative neoplasm
- Sickle cell disease
- Tricuspid insufficiency
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 1 (ABCC1) mutation
- Adams-Olivier syndrome
- Adenosine deaminase (ADA) mutation
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Antiretroviral therapy
- Arsenicals
- Autoimmune disease
- Azathioprine
- Beck's disease
- Berry aneurysm
- Biliary atresia
- Blackfan Diamond anemia
- Budd-Chiari syndrome
- Cardiomyopathy
- Cholestasis
- Chronic hepatitis
- Chronic liver disease
- Cis-thioguanine
- Crohn’s disease
- Cirrhosis
- Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) mutation
- COACH syndrome
- Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome
- Congenital atresia or stenosis of portal vein
- Congenital hepatic fibrosis
- Congenital narrowing of the portal vein
- Congenital pure red cell aplasia
- Congestive heart failure
- Connective tissue diseases
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome
- Cystic fibrosis
- Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 (CYP4F3) mutation
- Didanosine
- Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) mutation
- Extrinsic compression (tumors)
- Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 (ENTPD4) mutation
- Endothelin (EDN1) mutation
- Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) mutation
- Fatty liver
- Focal nodular hyperplasia
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Gaucher disease
- Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) mutation
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency
- Granulomatous diseases (Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis)
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Hemochromatosis
- Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis
- Hepatic arterioportal fistula
- Hepatic metastasis
- Hepatic portal vein obstruction
- Hepatic vein occlusion
- Hepatic vein thrombosis
- Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
- Idiopathic liver cirrhosis
- Idiopathic portal hypertension
- Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly
- Inferior vena cava obstruction
- Inherited thrombophilia
- Interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiency
- Liver fibrosis
- Liver transplantation
- Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) mutation
- Mosse syndrome
- Myeloproliferative diseases
- Myeloproliferative neoplasm
- Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3) mutation
- Neonatal hepatitis
- NISCH syndrome
- Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver
- Obliterative portal venopathy
- Osteomyelosclerosis
- Pancreatic cancer
- Partial nodular transformation
- Phospholipase A2 (PL2G10) mutation
- Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Portal hypertension due to intrahepatic block
- Portal vein abnormality
- Portal vein compression
- Portal vein occlusion
- Portal vein thrombosis
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
- Prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) mutation
- Renal transplantation
- Sarcoidosis
- Schistosomiasis
- Sickle cell disease
- Splanchnic arteriovenous fistula
- Splenic vein thrombosis
- Thioguanine
- Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β mutation
- Tricuspid insufficiency
- Turner syndrome
- Umbilical sepsis
- Viral hepatitis
- Vitamin A
- Wilson's Disease
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Li X, Gao W, Chen J, Tang W (2000). "[Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with autoimmune disease]". Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 38 (2): 101–3. PMID 11831999.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kono K, Ohnishi K, Omata M, Saito M, Nakayama T, Hatano H, Nakajima Y, Sugita S, Okuda K (1988). "Experimental portal fibrosis produced by intraportal injection of killed nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in rabbits". Gastroenterology. 94 (3): 787–96. PMID 3276575.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kumar S, Joshi R, Jain AP (2007). "Portal hypertension associated with sickle cell disease". Indian J Gastroenterol. 26 (2): 94. PMID 17558079.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bayan K, Tüzün Y, Yilmaz S, Canoruc N, Dursun M (2009). "Analysis of inherited thrombophilic mutations and natural anticoagulant deficiency in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension". J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 28 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1007/s11239-008-0244-8. PMID 18685811.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Girard M, Amiel J, Fabre M, Pariente D, Lyonnet S, Jacquemin E (2005). "Adams-Oliver syndrome and hepatoportal sclerosis: occasional association or common mechanism?". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 135 (2): 186–9. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30724. PMID 15832360.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Maida I, Garcia-Gasco P, Sotgiu G, Rios MJ, Vispo ME, Martin-Carbonero L, Barreiro P, Mura MS, Babudieri S, Albertos S, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V (2008). "Antiretroviral-associated portal hypertension: a new clinical condition? Prevalence, predictors and outcome". Antivir. Ther. (Lond.). 13 (1): 103–7. PMID 18389904.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nevens F, Fevery J, Van Steenbergen W, Sciot R, Desmet V, De Groote J (1990). "Arsenic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. A report of eight cases". J. Hepatol. 11 (1): 80–5. PMID 2398270.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Fuss IJ, Friend J, Yang Z, He JP, Hooda L, Boyer J, Xi L, Raffeld M, Kleiner DE, Heller T, Strober W (2013). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in common variable immunodeficiency". J. Clin. Immunol. 33 (4): 748–58. doi:10.1007/s10875-013-9873-6. PMC 3731765. PMID 23420139.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Vaiphei K, Bhatia A, Sinha SK (2011). "Liver pathology in collagen vascular disorders highlighting the vascular changes within portal tracts". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 54 (1): 25–31. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.77319. PMID 21393872.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 De Boer NK, Tuynman H, Bloemena E, Westerga J, Van Der Peet DL, Mulder CJ, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG, Van Nieuwkerk CM, Van Bodegraven AA (2008). "Histopathology of liver biopsies from a thiopurine-naïve inflammatory bowel disease cohort: prevalence of nodular regenerative hyperplasia". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 43 (5): 604–8. doi:10.1080/00365520701800266. PMID 18415755.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sarin SK, Mehra NK, Agarwal A, Malhotra V, Anand BS, Taneja V (1987). "Familial aggregation in noncirrhotic portal fibrosis: a report of four families". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 82 (11): 1130–3. PMID 3499813.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Imai Y, Minami Y, Miyoshi S, Kawata S, Saito R, Noda S, Tamura S, Nishikawa M, Tajima K, Tarui S (1986). "Idiopathic portal hypertension associated with Hashimoto's disease: report of three cases". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 81 (9): 791–5. PMID 2944377.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Siramolpiwat S, Seijo S, Miquel R, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Criado A, Darnell A, Turon F, Hernandez-Gea V, Bosch J, Garcia-Pagán JC (2014). "Idiopathic portal hypertension: natural history and long-term outcome". Hepatology. 59 (6): 2276–85. doi:10.1002/hep.26904. PMID 24155091.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 de Lonlay P, Seta N (2009). "The clinical spectrum of phosphomannose isomerase deficiency, with an evaluation of mannose treatment for CDG-Ib". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1792 (9): 841–3. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.11.012. PMID 19101627.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Allison MC, Mowat A, McCruden EA, McGregor E, Burt AD, Briggs JD, Junor BJ, Follett EA, MacSween RN, Mills PR (1992). "The spectrum of chronic liver disease in renal transplant recipients". Q. J. Med. 83 (301): 355–67. PMID 1438671.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Gane E, Portmann B, Saxena R, Wong P, Ramage J, Williams R (1994). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver graft after liver transplantation". Hepatology. 20 (1 Pt 1): 88–94. PMID 8020909.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Vernier-Massouille G, Cosnes J, Lemann M, Marteau P, Reinisch W, Laharie D, Cadiot G, Bouhnik Y, De Vos M, Boureille A, Duclos B, Seksik P, Mary JY, Colombel JF (2007). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine". Gut. 56 (10): 1404–9. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114363. PMC 2000290. PMID 17504943.
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