Menopause overview
|
Menopause Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Menopause overview On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Menopause overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]
Overview
"The word “menopause” derives from the Greek “men” (month or monthly cycle) and “pausis” (end, stop)".[1]Menopause is the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle in women without any pathological causes because of physiological deficiency production of estrogen hormone in women."It occurs at an average age of 52 years, but the age of natural menopause can vary widely from 40 to 58 years".[2] it is considered a natural end to fertility in women. Menopause is a date: the day after a woman's last period ever finishes. In common everyday parlance, however, the word "menopause" is usually not used to refer to one day, but the whole of the menopause transition years. This period time is also referred to as the change of life or the climacteric, "we should consider that 'menopause' is referring to a specific event, the cessation of menses, and 'climacteric' to gradual changes of ovarian function that start before the menopause and continue thereafter for a while".[3] And more recently is known as "perimenopause", (literally meaning "around menopause"). A woman is considered in menopause after amenorrhea for 12 months and she becomes suffering from the menopausal symptoms whose intensity varies from woman to another.[4] "There are health problems related to menopause due to deficiency of estrogen, hormonal imbalance, and changes in body composition. These changes lead to alterations in energy levels, memory, bone health, hormones, and heart health".[5] " Women in post-menopause are at an increased risk of diseases such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, overweight".[6]Clinically, "Menopause does not happen all at once", but it passes through stages until it reaches the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle. It is classified as physiological menopause, Premature Menopause/Early menopause, and surgical menopause. Menopause is natural amenorrhea that is happened without any pathological causes, but premature menopause caused by pathological diseases, that are lead to early cessation of menses. Menopause occurs naturally or can be induced, Induced menopause happens as a result of bilateral oophorectomy, hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, a complication of tubal ligation, complications of treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Turner’s syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency. Several risk factors accelerate happen early menopause such as undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease, family history and Cigarette smoking has been found to decrease the age at menopause by as much as one year and women who smoke have early menopause before non-smoking women.[7][8]
References
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5558404/#:~:text=Studies%20have%20shown%20many%20factors,activity%2C%20unilateral%20oophorectomy%2C%20serum%20lead
- ↑ http://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/2014/nams-recomm-for-clinical-care.pdf
- ↑ Blümel JE, Lavín P, Vallejo MS, Sarrá S (2014). "Menopause or climacteric, just a semantic discussion or has it clinical implications?". Climacteric. 17 (3): 235–41. doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.838948. PMID 23998690.
- ↑ Women to Women. (2011). Understanding what menopause is. Retrieved from http://www.womentowomen.com/menopause/postmenopausal.aspx/
- ↑ Women's Health Concern. (2009).Focus on… Diet, nutrition, and menopause. Retrieved from http://www.womens-health-concern.org/help/focuson/focus_dietmenopause.html/
- ↑ Jean Hailes for Women's Health. (2012). Understanding what menopause is. Retrieved from http://www.managingmenopause.org.au/images/stories/Education/Documents/info/nutritional_tips.pdf/
- ↑ https://www.womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause#Causes