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==<big>Overview</big>==
==<big>Overview</big>==
Common [[causes]] of [[menopause]] include of [[age]], certain [[medical]] [[condition]] include [[Autoimmune diseases]], [[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes Mellitus]], [[Thyroid disease]]. [[Complication (medicine)|Complications]] of [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]], and [[Surgery|surgical]] [[causes]] include bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[hysterectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[tubal ligation]]. Less common causes include [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] and [[HIV]]. Genetic causes include [[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]] and [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]  
[[menopause]] is caused by the increased [[age]] of [[women]]. But the common [[causes]] of  [[premature menopause]] include [[Premature ovarian failure]], [[chemotherapy]], and [[radiotherapy]] and bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[hysterectomy]]. Less common [[causes]] include [[Autoimmune diseases]], [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], [[Thyroid disease]]. [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].  [[Genetic disorder|Genetic]] causes include [[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]] and [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]  




==<big>Causes</big>==
==<big>Causes</big>==
Natural [[menopause]] is caused by [[age]], but [[premature menopause]] is caused by several [[causes]] include


====<big>'''Common causes:'''</big>====  
===Common causes===


*<big>[[Age]]:</big> As [[women]] age, [[menopause]] occurs naturally in women between 49 and 52 of age at an average. There are several factors that affect menopause onsets such as the age of women at menarche, age at first childbirth, number of pregnancies, oral contraceptives, irregular menses, body mass index, use of tobacco, and alcohol.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9867266/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5558404/#:~:text=Studies%20have%20shown%20many%20factors,activity%2C%20unilateral%20oophorectomy%2C%20serum%20lead</ref>
*[[Premature ovarian failure]]/[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency]<ref name="pmid27377497">{{cite journal| author=Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C| title=Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2016 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 420-7 | pmid=27377497 | doi=10.4103/0971-5916.184283 | pmc=4928547 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27377497  }} </ref>
*[[Complication]] of [[Chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]].
*[[Surgery|Surgical]] [[causes]]: bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[hysterectomy]].<ref name="pmid31416275">{{cite journal| author=Secoșan C, Balint O, Pirtea L, Grigoraș D, Bălulescu L, Ilina R| title=Surgically Induced Menopause-A Practical Review of Literature. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2019 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=31416275 | doi=10.3390/medicina55080482 | pmc=6722518 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31416275  }} </ref>


*<big>Certain [[health]] [[conditions]]:</big> [[Autoimmune diseases]], [[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes Mellitus]], [[Thyroid disease]], and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency]
===Less common causes===
Certain [[health]] [[conditions]] include:


*<big>[[Chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]]:</big> [[Treatments]] of [[cancer]] can damage [[ovaries]] and stop of [[menstrual cycle]].<ref>https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-symptoms-and-treatments/instant-help-for-induced-menopause</ref>
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Thyroid disease]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]<ref>{{cite journal| author=Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C| title=Premature menopause. | journal=Ann Med Health Sci Res | year= 2013 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-5 | pmc=3634232 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634337  }} </ref>


*<big>[[Surgery|Surgical]] [[causes]]:</big> Bilateral [[oophorectomy]] (remove [[ovaries]]), [[salpingo-oophorectomy]] (remove [[ovaries]] with [[Fallopian tubes]]), and [[Hysterectomy]] (remove of the [[uterus]]), and [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of [[tubal ligation]].
===Genetic causes===


====<big>Less common causes:</big>====
*[[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]].
*Missing [[X chromosomes]] ([https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome])<ref name="pmid12773939">{{cite journal| author=Santoro N| title=Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure. | journal=Ann Endocrinol (Paris) | year= 2003 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 87-92 | pmid=12773939 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12773939  }} </ref>


*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[women]] with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] are more likely to have early or [[premature menopause]].
*[[HIV]] and [[AIDS]], [[women]] with [[HIV]] whose [[infection]] is not well controlled with [[medicine]] may experience early [[menopause]]. Women with [[HIV]] may also have more severe [[hot flashes]] than women without [[HIV]].<ref>https://www.womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics#11</ref>
====<big>Genetic cause:</big>====
*[[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]] gene
*Missing chromosomes such as [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Menstruation]]
[[Category:Menstruation]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
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Latest revision as of 16:52, 12 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

menopause is caused by the increased age of women. But the common causes of premature menopause include Premature ovarian failure, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and bilateral oophorectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, and hysterectomy. Less common causes include Autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, Thyroid disease. chronic fatigue syndrome. Genetic causes include Fragile X Syndrome and Turner’s syndrome


Causes

Natural menopause is caused by age, but premature menopause is caused by several causes include

Common causes

Less common causes

Certain health conditions include:

Genetic causes


References

  1. ↑ Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C (2016). "Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health". Indian J Med Res. 143 (4): 420–7. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.184283. PMC 4928547. PMID 27377497.
  2. ↑ Secoșan C, Balint O, Pirtea L, Grigoraș D, Bălulescu L, Ilina R (2019). "Surgically Induced Menopause-A Practical Review of Literature". Medicina (Kaunas). 55 (8). doi:10.3390/medicina55080482. PMC 6722518 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31416275.
  3. ↑ Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C (2013). "Premature menopause". Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (1): 90–5. PMC 3634232.
  4. ↑ Santoro N (2003). "Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure". Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 64 (2): 87–92. PMID 12773939.


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