Macrocytic anemia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 16:11, 16 October 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]

Overview

Megaloblastic anemia needs to be diffrentiated from other causes of anemia.

Differentiating Macrocytic Anemia from Other Diseases

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia, click here.

Disease	Genetics	Clinical manifestation					Lab findings
		History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Iron studies					Specific finding on blood smear
		History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	Transferrin or TIBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Folate deficiency^[1]	Impaired DNA synthesis	Alcohol consumption History of using drugs like methotrexate, trimethoprim, and phenytoin Low socioeconomic groups with poor nutrition Older people Pregnant and lactating women	No neurological symptoms vs B12 deficiency Odynophagia Angular stomatitis	Glossitis Signs of heart failure Anencephaly and spina bifida	−	−	Anisochromic	Macrocytic	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑	RBC macrocytosis Hypersegmented neutrophils Pancytopenia in severe cases
Vitamin B12 deficiency^[2]	Impaired DNA synthesis	Pernicious anemia Crohn's disease Gastrectomy Veganism Diphyllobothrium latum infection	Psychosis Insomnia Depression Cognitive slowing Restless leg syndrome	Neurological deficit Myelopathy Memory loss with reduced attention span Nystagmus Positive romberg sign Positive Lhermitte's sign	−	−	Anisochromic	Macrocytic	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑	Senile neutrophil Anisocytosis Ovalocytes
Orotic aciduria^[3]	Autosomal recessive Deficiency of enzyme UMPS	Episodic vomiting Rhabdomyolysis	Coma Gastrointestinal manifestation	Neurological manifestation	−	−	Anisochromic	Macrocytic	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑	NA
Fanconi anemia^[4]	Autosomal recessive X-linked recessive	History of anemia at age 16	Hypopigmentation Cafe-au-lait patches Radial ray anomaly	Significant for bilateral short thumbs	−	−	Anisochromic	Macrocytic	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑	Nl appearing WBC, RBC and Platelets But the number is greatly reduced
Disease	Genetics	History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	IBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Diamond-Blackfan anemia^[5]	Mutations in: RPL5 RPL11 RPL35A RPS7 RPS10 RPS17 RPS19 RPS24 RPS26	Associated with myelodysplastic syndrome Increased risk of AML	Pale skin Sleepiness Heart murmurs	Triphalangeal thumbs Short stature Microcephaly Hypertelorism Ptosis Micrognathia	−	−	Anisochromic	Macrocytic	Nl	↓	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑	NA
Liver disease^[6]	−	Hepatitis Binge drinking Gall bladder disease	Jaundice Abdominal pain Itchy skin	Ascites Right upper quadrant pain Hepatomegaly Swelling in the legs Ankle swelling	−	−	Anisochromic	Macrocytic	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑	Round macrocytes Target macrocytes
Alcoholism^[7]	−	History of increased alcohol intake Folic acid deficiency	Memory impairment Nausea Sweating	Truncal obesity Asterixis Encephalopathy Spider angiomas Hematemesis Gynecomastia	−	−	Anisochromic	Macrocytic	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑	Oval macrocytes Hypersegmented neutrophils
Disease	Genetics	History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	IBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear

References

↑ Koike H, Takahashi M, Ohyama K, Hashimoto R, Kawagashira Y, Iijima M, Katsuno M, Doi H, Tanaka F, Sobue G (March 2015). "Clinicopathologic features of folate-deficiency neuropathy". Neurology. 84 (10): 1026–33. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001343. PMID 25663227.
↑ Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S (September 2014). "Vitamin B12 deficiency". BMJ. 349: g5226. PMID 25189324.
↑ Grohmann K, Lauffer H, Lauenstein P, Hoffmann GF, Seidlitz G (April 2015). "Hereditary orotic aciduria with epilepsy and without megaloblastic anemia". Neuropediatrics. 46 (2): 123–5. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1547341. PMID 25757096.
↑ Alter BP (2014). "Fanconi anemia and the development of leukemia". Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 27 (3–4): 214–21. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2014.10.002. PMC 4254647. PMID 25455269.
↑ Vlachos A, Blanc L, Lipton JM (June 2014). "Diamond Blackfan anemia: a model for the translational approach to understanding human disease". Expert Rev Hematol. 7 (3): 359–72. doi:10.1586/17474086.2014.897923. PMID 24665981.
↑ Marks PW (July 2013). "Hematologic manifestations of liver disease". Semin. Hematol. 50 (3): 216–21. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.06.003. PMID 23953338.
↑ Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Brooks PJ, Mizukami T, Matsui T, Kimura M, Matsushita S, Higuchi S, Maruyama K (May 2014). "Macrocytosis, macrocytic anemia, and genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in Japanese alcoholic men". Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 38 (5): 1237–46. doi:10.1111/acer.12372. PMID 24588059.

[pmid25663227-1] Koike H, Takahashi M, Ohyama K, Hashimoto R, Kawagashira Y, Iijima M, Katsuno M, Doi H, Tanaka F, Sobue G (March 2015). "Clinicopathologic features of folate-deficiency neuropathy". Neurology. 84 (10): 1026–33. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001343. PMID 25663227.

[pmid25189324-2] Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S (September 2014). "Vitamin B12 deficiency". BMJ. 349: g5226. PMID 25189324.

[pmid25757096-3] Grohmann K, Lauffer H, Lauenstein P, Hoffmann GF, Seidlitz G (April 2015). "Hereditary orotic aciduria with epilepsy and without megaloblastic anemia". Neuropediatrics. 46 (2): 123–5. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1547341. PMID 25757096.

[pmid25455269-4] Alter BP (2014). "Fanconi anemia and the development of leukemia". Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 27 (3–4): 214–21. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2014.10.002. PMC 4254647. PMID 25455269.

[pmid24665981-5] Vlachos A, Blanc L, Lipton JM (June 2014). "Diamond Blackfan anemia: a model for the translational approach to understanding human disease". Expert Rev Hematol. 7 (3): 359–72. doi:10.1586/17474086.2014.897923. PMID 24665981.

[pmid23953338-6] Marks PW (July 2013). "Hematologic manifestations of liver disease". Semin. Hematol. 50 (3): 216–21. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.06.003. PMID 23953338.

[pmid24588059-7] Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Brooks PJ, Mizukami T, Matsui T, Kimura M, Matsushita S, Higuchi S, Maruyama K (May 2014). "Macrocytosis, macrocytic anemia, and genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in Japanese alcoholic men". Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 38 (5): 1237–46. doi:10.1111/acer.12372. PMID 24588059.

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@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | Transferrin saturation
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Iron deficiency anemia]]<ref name="pmid25946282">{{cite journal |vauthors=Camaschella C |title=Iron-deficiency anemia |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=372 |issue=19 |pages=1832–43 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25946282 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1401038 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Menorrhagia]]
-* [[GI]] loss
-* [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] surgery
-* [[Pregnancy]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Koilonychia]]
-* [[Pica]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Glossitis]]
-* [[Cheilosis]]
-* [[Dysphagia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓↓↓
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Central [[pallor]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Iron deficiency anemia]] (early phase)<ref name="pmid24972460">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD |title=Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review |journal=Nutr Hosp |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1240–9 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24972460 |doi=10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Pica]]
-* [[Glossitis]]
-* [[Angular cheilitis|Cheilosis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Fatigue]]
-* [[Headache]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Koilonychia]]
-* Conjunctival [[pallor]]
-* [[Xeroderma|Dry skin]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Pencil [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
-* [[Hereditary elliptocytosis|Elliptocytosis]]
-* Hypochromasia
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Lead poisoning]]<ref name="pmid25220013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bain BJ |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=89 |issue=12 |pages=1141 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25220013 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23852 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* House painted with chipped paint
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Burtonian lines
-* [[Basophilic]] [[Stippling (dentistry)|stippling]]
-* [[Wrist drop]]
-* [[Foot drop]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Wrist drop]]
-* [[Foot drop]]
-* Burtonian lines
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Intravascular|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Red blood cell|RBCs]] retain aggregates of [[Ribosomal RNA|rRNA]]
-* Basophilic stippling
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sideroblastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid25064706">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bottomley SS, Fleming MD |title=Sideroblastic anemia: diagnosis and management |journal=Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=653–70, v |date=August 2014 |pmid=25064706 |doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2014.04.008 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Defect in [[ALA synthase]] gene
-* [[Autosomal dominant]]
-* [[Autosomal recessive]]
-* [[X-linked]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Alcohol]] abuse
-* [[Isoniazid]] use
-* [[Chloramphenicol]] use
-* [[Idiopathic]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Seborrheic dermatitis]]
-* Glossy Tongue
-* [[Tingling]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Patient present with symptoms of [[Vitamin B6]], [[copper deficiency]] symptoms
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Ringed [[Sideroblastic|sideroblasts]]
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Anemia of chronic disease]]<ref name="pmid21239806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roy CN |title=Anemia of inflammation |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2010 |issue= |pages=276–80 |date=2010 |pmid=21239806 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2010.1.276 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
-* [[SLE]]
-* [[Neoplasm]]
-* [[Chronic kidney disease]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Headache]]
-* [[Shortness of breath]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Thalassemia]]<ref name="pmid25500521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zainal NZ, Alauddin H, Ahmad S, Hussin NH |title=α-Thalassemia with Haemoglobin Adana mutation: prenatal diagnosis |journal=Malays J Pathol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=207–11 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25500521 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | '''[[Thalassemia|α-thalassemia]]'''
-* '''''α'''''- globin gene deletions
-* [[Cis]] deletions
-* [[Trans]] deletions
-'''[[Thalassemia|β-thalassemia]]'''
-* [[Point mutation]] in [[Splice site|splice sites]] and promoter sequences
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Associated with [[parvovirus B19]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Thalassemia|'''α-thalassemia''']]
-* [[Hydrops fetalis]]
-[[Thalassemia|'''β-thalassemia''']]
-* [[Skeletal]] deformities
-* Chipmunk facies
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Hepatomegaly]]
-* [[Splenomegaly]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Thalassemia trait: Nl or ↓
-* Thalassemia Syndromes: ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Target cell|Target cells]]
-* Anisopoikilocytosis
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|G6pd deficiency]]<ref name="pmid24372186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Luzzatto L, Seneca E |title=G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=469–80 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24372186 |pmc=4153881 |doi=10.1111/bjh.12665 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Defect in [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|G6PD]] enzyme
-* X-Linked [[recessive]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* History of using
-** [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfa drugs]]
-** [[Antimalarial drug|Antimalarials]]
-** [[Fava bean|Fava Beans]]
-* [[Infection|Infections]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Back pain]]
-* [[Hemoglobinuria]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Back pain]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Intrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑ but usually causes resolution within 4-7 days
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl to ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Red blood cell|RBC]] with [[Heinz bodies]]
-* Bite [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
-* Blister [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
-*
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]]<ref name="pmid26087744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grace RF, Zanella A, Neufeld EJ, Morton DH, Eber S, Yaish H, Glader B |title=Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: 2015 status report |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=825–30 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26087744 |pmc=5053227 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24088 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Mutation]] in the ''[[PKLR]]'' and ''[[PKM2|PKM]]'' gene
-* [[Autosomal recessive]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Gallstones]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Hydrops fetalis]]
-* [[Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia]]
-* [[Iron overload]]
-* [[Perinatal]] complications
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Skin [[ulcers]]
-* [[Splenomegaly]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Prickle [[cells]]
-* Polychromatophilic [[erythrocytes]]
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell anemia]]<ref name="pmid25431087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh PC, Ballas SK |title=Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia |journal=Expert Opin Emerg Drugs |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=47–61 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25431087 |doi=10.1517/14728214.2015.985587 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Hbs [[point mutation]] causes a single [[Amino acid|amino acid]] replacement in β chain
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[High altitude]]
-* Low [[Oxygen]]
-* [[Acidosis]]
-* African-American race
-* [[Parvovirus B19]] infection
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Painful crisis
-** [[Dactylitis]]
-** [[Priapism]]
-** [[Acute chest syndrome]]
-** [[Avascular necrosis|Avascular Necrosis]]
-** [[Stroke]]
-* [[Autosplenectomy]]
-* [[Salmonella|Salmonella osteomyelitis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Dactylitis]]
-* [[Priapism]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or moderately ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or moderately ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Increased [[erythropoiesis]]
-* [[Howell-Jolly bodies]]
-* [[Anisocytosis]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |HbC disease<ref name="pmid25335812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lemonne N, Billaud M, Waltz X, Romana M, Hierso R, Etienne-Julan M, Connes P |title=Rheology of red blood cells in patients with HbC disease |journal=Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=571–7 |date=2016 |pmid=25335812 |doi=10.3233/CH-141906 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Glutamic acid–to-lysine [[mutation]] in β-globin
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Gallstone]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Joint pains]]
-* Increased risk of [[Infection|infections]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Splenomegaly]]
-* [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
-* [[Avascular necrosis|Avascular necrosis of the femoral head]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Hemoglobin crystals inside [[RBCs]]
-* [[Target cell|Target cells]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]<ref name="pmid1402472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bunyaratvej A, Butthep P |title=Cytometric analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=75 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=237–42 |date=January 1992 |pmid=1402472 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25553278">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahng J, Kim Y, Kim JO, Koh K, Lee JW, Han K |title=A novel marker for screening paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using routine complete blood count and cell population data |journal=Ann Lab Med |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25553278 |pmc=4272963 |doi=10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.35 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[PIGA]] gene mutations
-* Impaired  synthesis of [[GPI anchor]] for [[decay-accelerating  factor]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Associated with [[aplastic anemia]]
-* [[Thrombosis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Fatigue]]
-* [[Chest pain]]
-* [[Dyspnea]] on exertion
-* [[Headache]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Hemolysis|Chronic hemolysis]]
-* [[Hepatomegaly]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-* [[Papilledema]]
-* Skin nodules
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]<ref name="pmid23664421">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N |title=Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders |journal=Blood Rev. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=167–78 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23664421 |doi=10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Mutations]] in [[Ankyrin]], [[Band 3]], [[Protein 4.2]], and [[spectrin]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Associated with [[parvovirus B19]]
-* [[Cholelithiasis]]
-* Megaloblastic crisis
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Aplastic crisis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Splenomegaly]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Small, round [[Red blood cell|RBC]]s with less surface area and no central pallor
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]<ref name="pmid26251142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morishita E |title=[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=795–806 |date=July 2015 |pmid=26251142 |doi=10.11406/rinketsu.56.795 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23390027">{{cite journal |vauthors=George JN, Charania RS |title=Evaluation of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia |journal=Semin. Thromb. Hemost. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=153–60 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23390027 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1333538 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
-* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|DIC]]
-* [[TTP]]
-* [[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]]
-* [[SLE]]
-* [[HELLP syndrome]]
-* [[Hypertensive crisis|Hypertensive emergency]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Purpura]]
-* [[Confusion]]
-* [[Aphasia]]
-* [[Diplopia]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Paresthesia|Numbness]] of an arm or hand
-* [[Jaundice]]
-* [[Pallor|Pale conjunctiva]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Helmet cells
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia<ref name="pmid5108522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westphal RG, Azen EA |title=Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies |journal=JAMA |volume=216 |issue=9 |pages=1477–8 |date=May 1971 |pmid=5108522 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
-* [[Artificial heart valve|Prosthetic heart valves]]
-* [[Aortic stenosis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Pallor]]
-* [[Fatigue]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Signs of [[anemia]]
-* Complications of [[hemolysis]]
-* Decreased vascular volume
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Spherocytosis|Spherocytes]] or [[Red blood cell|schistocytes]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Autoimmune  hemolytic anemia]]<ref name="pmid26447931">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hill QA |title=Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |journal=Hematology |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=553–4 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26447931 |doi=10.1179/1024533215Z.000000000401 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with:
-* [[SLE]]
-* [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|CLL]]
-* [[Mycoplasma pneumonia]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Painful blue fingers and toes on exposure to cold temperature
-* [[Chest pain]]
-* [[Rigor|Chills]]
-* [[Dizziness]]
-* [[Tachycardia]]
-* [[Headache]]
-* [[Fatigue]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Painful, blue fingers and toes with cold weather
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Red blood cell|RBC]] agglutination
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Aplastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid24424170">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dolberg OJ, Levy Y |title=Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=13 |issue=4-5 |pages=569–73 |date=2014 |pmid=24424170 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Constitutive expression of Tbet
-* [[Mutation|Mutations]] in the [[perforin]] gene
-* Mutations in ''SAP'' gene
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Exposure to [[Radiation]]
-* Drugs like [[Benzene]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[Alkylating agent|alkylating agents]]
-* Viral infections like [[EBV]], [[HIV]], [[Hepatitis]]
-* [[Fanconi anemia]]
-* Idiopathic like [[Immune]] mediated, primary stem cell defect
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Symptoms based on underlying condition
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* Short stature
-* [[Cafe-au-lait spots]]
-* Thumb defects
-* [[Radius (bone)|Radial]] defects
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Pancytopenia]]
-* Fatty [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]]
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Folate deficiency]]<ref name="pmid25663227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koike H, Takahashi M, Ohyama K, Hashimoto R, Kawagashira Y, Iijima M, Katsuno M, Doi H, Tanaka F, Sobue G |title=Clinicopathologic features of folate-deficiency neuropathy |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1026–33 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25663227 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001343 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 816: / Line 226: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infection|Infections]]<ref name="pmid23324217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bustinduy AL, Parraga IM, Thomas CL, Mungai PL, Mutuku F, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH |title=Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=433–40 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23324217 |pmc=3592521 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.12-0552 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
-* [[Malaria]]
-* [[Babesia]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Fever]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Fever]]
-* Signs of [[shock]]
-* [[Headache]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Trophozoite]]
-* Maltese crosses
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Chronic renal failure|Chronic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid26030647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Drawz P, Rahman M |title=Chronic kidney disease |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=11 |pages=ITC1–16 |date=June 2015 |pmid=26030647 |doi=10.7326/AITC201506020 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Pericarditis]]
-* [[Encephalopathy]]
-* [[Incontinence|Rectal incontinence]]
-* Decreased [[libido]]
-* [[Restless legs syndrome|Restless leg syndrome]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Polyuria]]
-* [[Hematuria]]
-* [[Edema]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Hypertension]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl/↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hepato-biliary diseases|Liver disease]]<ref name="pmid23953338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks PW |title=Hematologic manifestations of liver disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=216–21 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23953338 |doi=10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.06.003 |url=}}</ref>

Macrocytic anemia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:11, 16 October 2018

Overview

Differentiating Macrocytic Anemia from Other Diseases

References

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