Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
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Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma Microchapters |
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Differentiating Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Waldenstrom/Waldenstrom's macroglubulinemia (WM); Plasmacytoid lymphocytic lymphoma; Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia; Waldenström macroglobulinaemia; Waldenstrom's disease; Primary macroglobulinemia; Hyperviscosity syndrome; Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma
Overview
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL, previously termed lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma) is an uncommon mature B cell lymphoma usually involving the bone marrow and, less commonly, the spleen and/or lymph nodes.The term "macroglobulinemia" refers to the production of excess IgM monoclonal protein that occurs in certain clonal lymphoproliferative disorders and plasma cell dyscrasias. This broad definition includes patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance of the IgM type (IgM MGUS), smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), and a number of related disorders in which an IgM monoclonal protein is detected, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a number of lymphoma variants, and primary (AL) amyloidosis. According to new 2016 WHO classification, when hyperviscosity occurs in LPL patients. it is termed as Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Hence, now WM is considered as a rare distinct subtype/clinicopathologic entity demonstrating lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), with symptoms associated with presence of a serum IgM paraprotein due to infiltration of the hematopoietic tissues and the effects of monoclonal IgM in the blood. Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a type of lymphoproliferative disease involving lymphocytes with IgM as the main attributing antibody and shares clinical characteristics with the indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Waldenström's macroglobulinemia was first discovered by Jan G. Waldenström and represents 1% of all hematological cancers. Common causes of this disease include genetic, environmental, and autoimmune factors. While common risk factors include monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, age >50 year old, white ethnicity, heredity, hepatitis C, and immune disorders. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma include: MYD88-L265P, CXCR4 and chromosomes 6q, 13q, 3q, 6p and 18q. The hallmark of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is hyper-viscosity syndrome. If left untreated, patients with asymptomatic Waldenström's macroglobulinemia may progress to develop a symptomatic disease. Common complications of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia include: hyperviscosity syndrome, cold haemagglutinin disease, cryoglobulinemia, peripheral neuropathy, venous thromboembolism, primary amyloidosis, mal-absorptive diarrhea, and bleeding manifestations. Less common but more severe complications include Schnitzler syndrome, Richter syndrome, and Bing-Neel syndrome. Prognosis varies depending on the multiple factors involved. Five year survival rate is 87% for low-risk disease and 36% for high-risk disease. Signs and symptoms of patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma depend on the degree of tissue infiltration by malignant tumor cells, hyper-viscosity syndrome, and accumulation of paraprotein. The diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is based on bone marrow biopsy and serum protein analysis. Risk stratification determines the protocol of management used for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma patients. Watchful waiting is recommended for asymptomatic Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Symptomatic Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is treated with Rituximab +/- Chemotherapy. Ibrutinib with or without concurrent rituximab, is considered as a drug of choice for treatment of Bing-Neel syndrome.
Diagnosis
- Not all the diagnostic tests mentioned are performed in a WM patient. A doctor takes into account the following factors before choosing diagnostic tests in a particular patient:
- Suspected type of cancer.
- Signs and symptoms.
- Age.
- Medical condition of the patient.
- Results of earlier medical tests.