Leukocytosis

WikiDoc Resources for Leukocytosis
Articles
Most recent articles on Leukocytosis Most cited articles on Leukocytosis Review articles on Leukocytosis Articles on Leukocytosis in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Leukocytosis Images of Leukocytosis Photos of Leukocytosis Podcasts & MP3s on Leukocytosis Videos on Leukocytosis
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Leukocytosis Bandolier on Leukocytosis TRIP on Leukocytosis
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Leukocytosis at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Leukocytosis Clinical Trials on Leukocytosis at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Leukocytosis NICE Guidance on Leukocytosis NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Leukocytosis CDC on Leukocytosis
Books
Books on Leukocytosis
News
Leukocytosis in the news Be alerted to news on Leukocytosis News trends on Leukocytosis
Commentary
Blogs on Leukocytosis
Definitions
Definitions of Leukocytosis
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Leukocytosis Discussion groups on Leukocytosis Patient Handouts on Leukocytosis Directions to Hospitals Treating Leukocytosis Risk calculators and risk factors for Leukocytosis
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Leukocytosis Causes & Risk Factors for Leukocytosis Diagnostic studies for Leukocytosis Treatment of Leukocytosis
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Leukocytosis
International
Leukocytosis en Espanol Leukocytosis en Francais
Business
Leukocytosis in the Marketplace Patents on Leukocytosis
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Leukocytosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Granulocytosis, neutrophilia

Overview

Leukocytosis is an elevation of the white blood cell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range. The normal adult human leukocyte count in peripheral blood is 4.4-10.8 x 10⁹/L. A white blood count of 11.0 x 10⁹/L or more suggests leukocytosis. Often, the word refers to an increased neutrophil granulocyte count, as neutrophils are the main granulocytes. An increase in eosinophil granulocyte is known as eosinophilia. Granulocytosis can be a feature of a number of disease processes including infection, especially bacteria; malignancy, most notably leukemia (it is the main feature of chronic myelogenous leukemia, CML) and autoimmune disease. Although it may be a sign of illness, leukocytosis in-and-of itself is not a disorder, nor is it a disease. It is simply a laboratory finding.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids. Leukocytosis can also be the first indication of neoplastic growth of leukocytes.

Pathophysiology

The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow.

Classification Scheme

Leukocytosis can be subcategorized by the type of white blood cell that is increased in number.

• Granulocytosis or neutrophilia: Leukocytosis in which neutrophil count is elevated
• Lymphocytosis: Leukocytosis in which lymphocyte count is elevated
• Monocytosis: Leukocytosis in which monocyte count is elevated is monocytosis
• Eosinophilia: Leukocytosis in which eosinophil count is elevated is eosinophilia

A leukocyte count above 25 to 30 x 10⁹/L is termed a leukemoid reaction, which is the reaction of a healthy bone marrow to extreme stress, trauma, or infection. (It is different from leukemia and from leukoerythroblastosis, in which immature blood cells are present in peripheral blood.)

Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Leukocytosis

By Organ System

Cardiovascular	Endomyocardial fibrosis
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Atopic dermatitis, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Erythema multiforme, Lepromatous leprosy, Pemphigus vulgaris, Psoriasis, Visceral larva migrans
Drug Side Effect	Allopurinol, Aminophylline, Amitriptyline, Capreomycin, Caspofungin, Chlorpropamide, Clomipramine, Daptomycin, Desipramine, Dinoprostone, Dothiepin, Doxycycline, Enfuvirtide, Ethotoin, Etravirine, Filgrastim, Gold salts, Hydralazine, Imipramine, Lithium, Micafungin, Minocycline, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin, Nortriptyline, Olanzapine, Oxytetracycline, Pentostatin, Phenytoin, Plerixafor, Procarbazine, Radiotherapy, Sulphonamides, Sulprostone, Tryptophan, Vancomycin
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Hypothyroidism
Environmental	Tobacco smoking
Gastroenterologic	Colonic diverticulitis, Fasciola hepatica, Gallbladder empyema, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, Splenectomy, Ulcerative colitis,
Genetic	Omenn syndrome
Hematologic	Acute intermittent porphyria, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Granulocyte colony stimulating factor, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Hairy cell leukaemia, Hereditary neutrophilia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3, Leukemoid reaction, Lymphangitis, Mast cell leukemia, Myelofibrosis, Myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Acute pancreatitis, Polycythaemia rubra vera, Recurrent hereditary polyserositis, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Acanthocheilonemiasis, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Alveolar hydatid disease, Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Angiostrongyliasis, Anisakiasis, Ascariasis, Brucellosis, Chickenpox, Clonorchiasis, Coccidioidomycosis, Congenital syphilis, Cytomegalovirus, Dicrocoelium dendriticum fluke, Dracunculiasis, Echinococcus granulosus, Epstein-Barr virus, Gnathostomiasis, Hantavirus, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Heterophyiasis, Infectious mononucleosis, Lepromatous leprosy, Loa loa filariasis, Lymphangitis, Lymphatic filariasis, Mansonelliasis, Metagonimiasis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Onchocerciasis, Opisthorchiasis, Paragonimiasis, Rubella, Sarcoptes scabiei, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Strongyloidiasis, Toxocariasis, Toxoplasma, Trichinella spiralis, Visceral larva migrans, Whooping cough
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Hairy cell leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Mast cell leukemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Paraneoplastic syndrome
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Alveolar hydatid disease, Bronchial asthma, Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Simple pulmonary eosinophilia, Tobacco smoking, Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, Visceral larva migrans, Wegener granulomatosis, Whooping cough
Renal / Electrolyte	Interstitial nephritis, Wegener granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Bronchial asthma, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, Eosinophilic cellulitis, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Familial eosinophilia, Fasciola hepatica, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist deficiency, Interleukin 2, Polyarteritis nodosa, Polymyositis, Rheumatoid disease, Serum sickness, Still disease, adult-onset, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Urate crystal arthropathy
Sexual	Secondary syphilis
Trauma	Cholesterol embolism
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Angiolymphoid hyperplasia, Capillaria, Kimura disease, Kostmann disease

In alphabetical order

• Acanthocheilonemiasis
• Acute intermittent porphyria
• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• Acute myeloid leukemia
• Acute promyelocytic leukemia
• Adrenal cortex insufficiency
• Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
• Allopurinol
• Alveolar hydatid disease
• Aminophylline
• Amitriptyline
• Ancylostoma caninum
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia
• Angiostrongyliasis
• Anisakiasis
• Ascariasis
• Atopic dermatitis
• Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1
• Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2
• Bronchial asthma
• Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
• Brucellosis
• Burkitt lymphoma
• Capillaria
• Capreomycin
• Caspofungin
• Chickenpox
• Chlorpropamide
• Cholesterol embolism
• Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
• Chronic myeloid leukaemia
• Churg-Strauss syndrome
• Clomipramine
• Clonorchiasis
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Colonic diverticulitis
• Cytomegalovirus
• Daptomycin
• Dermatitis herpetiformis
• Desipramine
• Dicrocoelium dendriticum fluke
• Dinoprostone
• Dothiepin
• Doxycycline
• Dracunculiasis
• Echinococcus granulosus
• Endomyocardial fibrosis
• Enfuvirtide
• Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome
• Eosinophilic cellulitis
• Eosinophilic fasciitis
• Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Erythema multiforme
• Ethotoin
• Etravirine
• Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
• Familial eosinophilia
• Fasciola hepatica
• Filgrastim
• Gallbladder empyema
• Gnathostomiasis
• Gold salts
• Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
• Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
• Hairy cell leukaemia
• Hantavirus
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma
• Heterophyiasis
• Hodgkin lymphoma
• Hydralazine
• Hypereosinophilic syndrome
• Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome
• Hypothyroidism
• Imipramine
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist deficiency
• Interleukin 2
• Interstitial nephritis
• Kimura disease
• Kostmann disease
• Lepromatous leprosy
• Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1
• Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2
• Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3
• Leukemoid reaction
• Lithium
• Loa loa filariasis
• Lymphangitis
• Lymphatic filariasis
• Mansonelliasis
• Mast cell leukemia
• Metagonimiasis
• Micafungin
• Minocycline
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Myelofibrosis
• Myeloma
• Nalidixic acid
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Neutrophilia (hereditary)
• Nitrofurantoin
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Nortriptyline
• Olanzapine
• Omenn syndrome
• Onchocerciasis
• Opisthorchiasis
• Oxytetracycline
• Pancreatitis (acute)
• Paragonimiasis
• Paraneoplastic syndrome
• Pemphigus vulgaris
• Pentostatin
• Phenytoin
• Plerixafor
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Polycythaemia rubra vera
• Polymyositis
• Procarbazine
• Psoriasis
• Radiotherapy
• Recurrent hereditary polyserositis
• Rheumatoid disease
• Rubella
• Sarcoptes scabiei
• Schistosoma haematobium
• Schistosoma mansoni
• Secondary syphilis
• Serum sickness
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
• Simple pulmonary eosinophilia]
• Splenectomy
• Still disease (adult-onset)
• Strongyloidiasis
• Sulphonamides
• Sulprostone
• Syphilis (congenital)
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Tobacco smoking
• Toxocariasis
• Toxoplasma
• Trichinella spiralis
• Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
• Tryptophan
• Ulcerative colitis
• Urate crystal arthropathy
• Vancomycin
• Visceral larva migrans
• Waldenström macroglobulinaemia
• Wegener granulomatosis
• Whooping cough
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
• X-linked lymphoproliferative disease

References

Template:SIB

Template:WikiDoc Sources