Hypercalcemia physical examination: Difference between revisions

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{{Hypercalcemia}}
{{Hypercalcemia}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Anmol}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Physical examination of patients with hypercalcemia is usually unremarkable. Patients may have physical findings due to severe [[hypercalcemia]] and other complications.
==Physical Examination==
==Physical Examination==
===Heart===
 
*[[Arrhythmia]]s may be present
*Physical examination of patients with hypercalcemia is usually unremarkable.<ref name="pmid21321169">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pallan S, Khan A |title=Primary hyperparathyroidism: Update on presentation, diagnosis, and management in primary care |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=184–9 |year=2011 |pmid=21321169 |pmc=3038812 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Neurologic===
*Patients may have physical findings due to severe [[hypercalcemia]] and other complication.<ref name="pmid11350446">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mishra SK, Agarwal G, Kar DK, Gupta SK, Mithal A, Rastad J |title=Unique clinical characteristics of primary hyperparathyroidism in India |journal=Br J Surg |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=708–14 |year=2001 |pmid=11350446 |doi=10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01775.x |url=}}</ref>
* Mental status changes may be present
 
* [[Confusion]] may be present
===Appearance of the Patient===
* [[Tiredness]] may be present
*Patients with hypercalcaemia usually appear well.
* [[Coma]] may be present
 
===Vital Signs===
*[[High blood pressure]] due to [[hypercalcemia]] and [[renal failure]]
 
===Skin===
*Persistent [[itching]] may be present due to [[renal failure]]
 
===HEENT===
* [[Band keratopathy]] ([[calcium]] precipitation in a horizontal band across the [[cornea]] in the palpebral aperture); may lead to [[Visual impairment|vision impairment]]
 
===Lungs===
*[[Dyspnea]] due to [[fluid overload]] form [[renal failure]]
 
===Cardiovasvular===
*[[Palpitation|Palpitations]] due to [[arrhythmias]]
*[[Chest pain]] due to [[fluid overload]] form [[renal failure]]
*[[Rales]] and [[S3]] due to [[fluid overload]] form [[renal failure]]
 
===Abdomen===
*[[Nausea and vomiting]]
*[[Anorexia]]
*[[Fecal impaction]] (from [[constipation]])
*[[Epigastric pain]] and [[tenderness]] due to development of [[pancreatitis]]
*[[Flank pain]] and [[tenderness]] due to [[nephrolithiasis]]
 
===Genitourinary===
*Alteration in [[urinary]] habits
*[[Volume depletion]]
*Signs of [[renal failure]]
 
===Neuromuscular===
*Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time.
*Patients with severe [[hypercalcemia]] and other complications may have:
**[[Anxiety]]
**[[Fatigue]] and [[weakness]] due to [[renal failure]]
**[[Lethargy]]
**[[Sleep disturbances]]
**[[Muscle twitch]] and [[cramps]]
**Signs of [[depression]]
**[[Confusion]]
**[[Memory]] disturbances
**[[Hypotonia]]
**[[Hyporeflexia]]
**[[Paresis]]
**[[Coma]]
 
===Extremities===
===Extremities===
* [[Hyporeflexia]] may be present
*Swelling of feet and [[Ankle|ankles]] due to [[renal failure]]
===Other===
*[[Arthralgia]] due to bone [[resorption]]
* Increased [[urination]] and/or [[Kidney stones|renal stones]] may be present
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
 
{{WS}}
{{WH}}

Latest revision as of 14:09, 6 July 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]

Overview

Physical examination of patients with hypercalcemia is usually unremarkable. Patients may have physical findings due to severe hypercalcemia and other complications.

Physical Examination

  • Physical examination of patients with hypercalcemia is usually unremarkable.[1]
  • Patients may have physical findings due to severe hypercalcemia and other complication.[2]

Appearance of the Patient

  • Patients with hypercalcaemia usually appear well.

Vital Signs

Skin

HEENT

Lungs

Cardiovasvular

Abdomen

Genitourinary

Neuromuscular

Extremities

References

  1. Pallan S, Khan A (2011). "Primary hyperparathyroidism: Update on presentation, diagnosis, and management in primary care". Can Fam Physician. 57 (2): 184–9. PMC 3038812. PMID 21321169.
  2. Mishra SK, Agarwal G, Kar DK, Gupta SK, Mithal A, Rastad J (2001). "Unique clinical characteristics of primary hyperparathyroidism in India". Br J Surg. 88 (5): 708–14. doi:10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01775.x. PMID 11350446.

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