Histoplasmosis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care) |
|||
| (14 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
{{Histoplasmosis}} | {{Histoplasmosis}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AKI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Histoplasmosis]] is typically acquired via inhalation of [[Airborne transmission|airborne]] microconidia, often after disturbance of contaminated material in the soil. In majority of the patients the infection is asymtomatic and resolves with host's [[immune response]]. In few patients inhalation of large amount of [[inoculum]] can result in an [[acute]] [[pulmonary]] [[infection]] with symptoms resembling [[pneumonia]]. In patients with [[immunosuppression]], they are unable to mount an adequate [[T-cell]] mediated [[immune response]] resulting in uncontrolled growth of the [[organism]] with spread to the surrounding [[tissue]] and increasing the [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]] of the [[infection]]. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
===Reservior=== | |||
* Soil is the reservior for [[Histoplasma capsulatum|histoplasma]] microconidia, particularly when heavily contaminated with bird or bat droppings. | |||
===Transmission=== | ===Transmission=== | ||
*The areas contaminated with histoplasma microconidia are called microfoci and disturbance of these microfoci will result in exposure to | *The areas contaminated with [[Histoplasma capsulatum|histoplasma]] microconidia are called microfoci and disturbance of these microfoci will result in exposure to them. | ||
*The activities which expose the patient to histoplasma microconidia include farming, exposure to chicken coops or caves and sites where black birds have roosted. | *The activities which expose the patient to [[Histoplasma capsulatum|histoplasma]] microconidia include farming, exposure to chicken coops or caves and sites where black birds have roosted. | ||
*Histoplasmosis is typically acquired via inhalation of airborne microconidia, often after disturbance of contaminated material in the soil. | *[[Histoplasmosis]] is typically acquired via inhalation of [[Airborne transmission|airborne]] microconidia, often after disturbance of contaminated material in the soil. | ||
*In majority of the patients the infection is asymtomatic and resolves with host's immune response. In few patients inhalation of large amount of inoculum can result in an acute pulmonary infection with symptoms resembling pneumonia. | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
*The cell mediated immune response is by the T-lymphocytes which recognize the organism and induce the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma | *In majority of the patients the infection is asymtomatic and resolves with host's [[immune response]]. In few patients inhalation of large amount of [[inoculum]] can result in an acute pulmonary infection with symptoms resembling [[pneumonia]].<ref name="pmid27882146">{{cite journal| author=Zhu C, Wang G, Chen Q, He B, Wang L| title=Pulmonary histoplasmosis in a immunocompetent patient: A case report and literature review. | journal=Exp Ther Med | year= 2016 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 3256-3260 | pmid=27882146 | doi=10.3892/etm.2016.3774 | pmc=5103774 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27882146 }} </ref> | ||
*The release of cytokines activates macrophages | *The [[Cell-mediated immunity|cell mediated]] [[immune response]] is by the [[T-lymphocytes]] which recognize the [[organism]] and induce the release of [[cytokines]] such as [[Tumour necrosis factor|tumor necrosis factor]] alpha and [[Interferon-gamma|interferon gamma]] providing protection aganist re-infection.<ref name="pmid26059620">{{cite journal| author=Horwath MC, Fecher RA, Deepe GS| title=Histoplasma capsulatum, lung infection and immunity. | journal=Future Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 967-75 | pmid=26059620 | doi=10.2217/fmb.15.25 | pmc=4478585 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26059620 }}</ref> | ||
*In patients with immunosuppression, they are unable to mount an adequate T-cell mediated immune response resulting in uncontrolled growth of the organism with spread to the surrounding tissue and increasing the morbidity and mortality of the infection.<ref name="pmid22092757">{{cite journal| author=Edwards JA, Rappleye CA| title=Histoplasma mechanisms of pathogenesis--one portfolio doesn't fit all. | journal=FEMS Microbiol Lett | year= 2011 | volume= 324 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-9 | pmid=22092757 | doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02363.x | pmc=3228276 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22092757 }} </ref> | *The release of [[cytokines]] activates [[macrophages]], inhibiting the growth of the [[fungus]] and limit its spread to the surrounding tissue. This results in the formation of a [[granuloma]] where in the fungus is present in a nonviable state for life. | ||
*Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis and solid organ donor-derived histoplasmosis have been observed although extremely uncommon.<ref name=cdc3>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | *In patients with [[immunosuppression]], they are unable to mount an adequate [[T cell|T-cell]] mediated [[immune response]] resulting in uncontrolled growth of the [[organism]] with spread to the surrounding tissue and increasing the [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]] of the infection.<ref name="pmid22092757">{{cite journal| author=Edwards JA, Rappleye CA| title=Histoplasma mechanisms of pathogenesis--one portfolio doesn't fit all. | journal=FEMS Microbiol Lett | year= 2011 | volume= 324 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-9 | pmid=22092757 | doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02363.x | pmc=3228276 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22092757 }} </ref> | ||
*Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis and solid organ donor-derived histoplasmosis have been observed although extremely uncommon.<ref name="cdc3">Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref><ref name="pmid27512207">{{cite journal| author=Raina RK, Mahajan V, Sood A, Saurabh S| title=Primary Cutaneous Histoplasmosis in an Immunocompetent Host from a Nonendemic Area. | journal=Indian J Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume= 61 | issue= 4 | pages= 467 | pmid=27512207 | doi=10.4103/0019-5154.185748 | pmc=4966422 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27512207 }} </ref> | |||
=== | |||
===Microscopic pathology=== | ===Microscopic pathology=== | ||
*[[Histoplasma capsulatum]] is characterized by a budding [[yeast]] connected with a narrow base and is mostly identified within the [[macrophages]] and [[monocytes]]. | |||
*In [[immunocompetent]] people, [[immune response]] by the macrophages results in the formation of a [[granuloma]] and the [[yeast]] forms are demonstrated within the [[histiocytes]] in the [[granuloma]]. However in patients with [[Disseminated disease|disseminated]] infection the yeast forms can be demonstrated in the [[histiocytes]] scattered throughout the organ and are not confined to the [[granulomas]] alone. | |||
*Different stains such as the [[gram stain]], [[Giemsa stain]], Hematoxylin eosin stain, [[Mucicarmine]] stain, [[PAS stain|PAS]] stain and Wright Giemsa stain are useful for demonstration of the [[granulomas]] and the [[yeast]] forms in the tissue specimen or body fluid samples. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 32: | ||
[[Category:Fungal diseases]] | [[Category:Fungal diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Rat carried diseases]] | [[Category:Rat carried diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | |||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:11, 29 July 2020
|
Histoplasmosis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Histoplasmosis pathophysiology On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Histoplasmosis pathophysiology |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Histoplasmosis pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Histoplasmosis is typically acquired via inhalation of airborne microconidia, often after disturbance of contaminated material in the soil. In majority of the patients the infection is asymtomatic and resolves with host's immune response. In few patients inhalation of large amount of inoculum can result in an acute pulmonary infection with symptoms resembling pneumonia. In patients with immunosuppression, they are unable to mount an adequate T-cell mediated immune response resulting in uncontrolled growth of the organism with spread to the surrounding tissue and increasing the morbidity and mortality of the infection.
Pathophysiology
Reservior
- Soil is the reservior for histoplasma microconidia, particularly when heavily contaminated with bird or bat droppings.
Transmission
- The areas contaminated with histoplasma microconidia are called microfoci and disturbance of these microfoci will result in exposure to them.
- The activities which expose the patient to histoplasma microconidia include farming, exposure to chicken coops or caves and sites where black birds have roosted.
- Histoplasmosis is typically acquired via inhalation of airborne microconidia, often after disturbance of contaminated material in the soil.
Pathogenesis
- In majority of the patients the infection is asymtomatic and resolves with host's immune response. In few patients inhalation of large amount of inoculum can result in an acute pulmonary infection with symptoms resembling pneumonia.[1]
- The cell mediated immune response is by the T-lymphocytes which recognize the organism and induce the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma providing protection aganist re-infection.[2]
- The release of cytokines activates macrophages, inhibiting the growth of the fungus and limit its spread to the surrounding tissue. This results in the formation of a granuloma where in the fungus is present in a nonviable state for life.
- In patients with immunosuppression, they are unable to mount an adequate T-cell mediated immune response resulting in uncontrolled growth of the organism with spread to the surrounding tissue and increasing the morbidity and mortality of the infection.[3]
- Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis and solid organ donor-derived histoplasmosis have been observed although extremely uncommon.[4][5]
Microscopic pathology
- Histoplasma capsulatum is characterized by a budding yeast connected with a narrow base and is mostly identified within the macrophages and monocytes.
- In immunocompetent people, immune response by the macrophages results in the formation of a granuloma and the yeast forms are demonstrated within the histiocytes in the granuloma. However in patients with disseminated infection the yeast forms can be demonstrated in the histiocytes scattered throughout the organ and are not confined to the granulomas alone.
- Different stains such as the gram stain, Giemsa stain, Hematoxylin eosin stain, Mucicarmine stain, PAS stain and Wright Giemsa stain are useful for demonstration of the granulomas and the yeast forms in the tissue specimen or body fluid samples.
References
- ↑ Zhu C, Wang G, Chen Q, He B, Wang L (2016). "Pulmonary histoplasmosis in a immunocompetent patient: A case report and literature review". Exp Ther Med. 12 (5): 3256–3260. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3774. PMC 5103774. PMID 27882146.
- ↑ Horwath MC, Fecher RA, Deepe GS (2015). "Histoplasma capsulatum, lung infection and immunity". Future Microbiol. 10 (6): 967–75. doi:10.2217/fmb.15.25. PMC 4478585. PMID 26059620.
- ↑ Edwards JA, Rappleye CA (2011). "Histoplasma mechanisms of pathogenesis--one portfolio doesn't fit all". FEMS Microbiol Lett. 324 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02363.x. PMC 3228276. PMID 22092757.
- ↑ Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.
- ↑ Raina RK, Mahajan V, Sood A, Saurabh S (2016). "Primary Cutaneous Histoplasmosis in an Immunocompetent Host from a Nonendemic Area". Indian J Dermatol. 61 (4): 467. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.185748. PMC 4966422. PMID 27512207.