Electrolyte disturbance: Difference between revisions

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! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ECG findings
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ECG findings
|-
|-
!align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms
!align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Signs
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Signs
|-
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| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyponatremia]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyponatremia]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Early/125-130
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Early/125-130
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nausea, malaise
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Nausea]], [[malaise]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Muscle cramps
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Cramp|Muscle cramps]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N/A
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N/A
|-
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Late/115-120
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Late/115-120
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Headache, lethargy
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Headache]], [[lethargy]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |respiratory distress, coma, seizure
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |respiratory distress, [[coma]], [[seizure]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Non specific St-T changes
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Non specific St-T changes
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypernatremia]]
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypernatremia]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>145
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>145
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Malaise
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Malaise
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Lethargy, confusion, coma
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Lethargy]], [[confusion]], [[coma]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Non specific St-T changes
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Non specific St-T changes
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypokalemia]]<ref name="pmid5032523">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP, Schlein EM |title=On the mechanism of rhabdomyolysis in potassium depletion |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=1750–8 |date=July 1972 |pmid=5032523 |pmc=292322 |doi=10.1172/JCI106976 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypokalemia]]<ref name="pmid5032523">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP, Schlein EM |title=On the mechanism of rhabdomyolysis in potassium depletion |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=1750–8 |date=July 1972 |pmid=5032523 |pmc=292322 |doi=10.1172/JCI106976 |url=}}</ref>
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |<2.5-3
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |<2.5-3
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nausea, anorexia,vomiting, muscle weakness, muscle cramps
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Nausea]], [[anorexia]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle weakness]], [[muscle cramps]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Rhabdomyolysis, respiratory failure
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Rhabdomyolysis]], [[respiratory failure]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* ECG changes: ST depression, decrease in T wave amplitude, U wave, QT prolongation
* ECG changes: [[ST depression]], decrease in [[T wave]] amplitude, [[The U Wave|U wave]], [[QT prolongation]]
* Arrhythmia: PAC, PVC, sinus bradycardia, paroxysmal atrial or junctional tachycardia, atrioventricular block, and ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation
* Arrhythmia: [[PAC]], [[Premature ventricular contraction|PVC]], [[sinus bradycardia]], paroxysmal atrial or [[junctional tachycardia]], [[atrioventricular block]], and [[ventricular tachycardia]] or [[fibrillation]]
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyperkalemia]]<ref name="pmid11043630">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattu A, Brady WJ, Robinson DA |title=Electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia |journal=Am J Emerg Med |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=721–9 |date=October 2000 |pmid=11043630 |doi=10.1053/ajem.2000.7344 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1119378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bashour T, Hsu I, Gorfinkel HJ, Wickramesekaran R, Rios JC |title=Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in hyperkalemia |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=199–203 |date=February 1975 |pmid=1119378 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyperkalemia]]<ref name="pmid11043630">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattu A, Brady WJ, Robinson DA |title=Electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia |journal=Am J Emerg Med |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=721–9 |date=October 2000 |pmid=11043630 |doi=10.1053/ajem.2000.7344 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1119378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bashour T, Hsu I, Gorfinkel HJ, Wickramesekaran R, Rios JC |title=Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in hyperkalemia |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=199–203 |date=February 1975 |pmid=1119378 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>7.5
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>7.5
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Muscle weakness, polyuria, polydipsia
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[polyuria]], [[polydipsia]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Paralysis
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Paralysis]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* ECG changes (in order of severity): Tall peaked T, shortened QT interval, prolongation of PR interval and QRS duration, P wave disappearance, QRS widening, sine wave
* ECG changes (in order of severity): [[Peaked T waves|Tall peaked T]], shortened QT interval, prolongation of [[PR interval]] and [[QRS complex|QRS duration]], P wave disappearance, QRS widening, [[Sine wave pattern|sine wave]]
* Arrhythmia:  Sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, slow idioventricular rhythms, ventricular tachycardia, bundle branch blocks, ventricular fibrillation, and asystole  
* Arrhythmia:  [[Sinus bradycardia]], [[Sinoatrial arrest|sinus arrest]], slow [[Idioventricular rhythm|idioventricular rhythms]], [[ventricular tachycardia]], [[Bundle branch block|bundle branch blocks]], [[ventricular fibrillation]], and [[asystole]]
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypocalcemia]]<ref name="pmid16079644">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benoit SR, Mendelsohn AB, Nourjah P, Staffa JA, Graham DJ |title=Risk factors for prolonged QTc among US adults: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |journal=Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=363–8 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16079644 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17289071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meyer T, Ruppert V, Karatolios K, Maisch B |title=Hereditary long QT syndrome due to autoimmune hypoparathyroidism in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome |journal=J Electrocardiol |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=504–9 |date=2007 |pmid=17289071 |doi=10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2006.12.013 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypocalcemia]]<ref name="pmid16079644">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benoit SR, Mendelsohn AB, Nourjah P, Staffa JA, Graham DJ |title=Risk factors for prolonged QTc among US adults: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |journal=Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=363–8 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16079644 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17289071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meyer T, Ruppert V, Karatolios K, Maisch B |title=Hereditary long QT syndrome due to autoimmune hypoparathyroidism in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome |journal=J Electrocardiol |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=504–9 |date=2007 |pmid=17289071 |doi=10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2006.12.013 |url=}}</ref>
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |<7-7.5
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |<7-7.5
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Paresthesias, muscle spasm
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Paresthesia|Paresthesias]], [[muscle spasm]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Trousseau's sign,  Chvostek's sign, seizures
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Trousseau's sign]][[Chvostek's sign]], [[Seizure|seizures]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* ECG changes: QT interval prolongation, QRS shortening
* ECG changes: [[QT prolongation|QT interval prolongation]], QRS shortening
* Arrhythmia: Sinus bradycardia, AV block
* Arrhythmia: [[Sinus bradycardia]], [[Atrioventricular block|AV block]]
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypercalcemia]]<ref name="pmid1424189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenqvist M, Nordenström J, Andersson M, Edhag OK |title=Cardiac conduction in patients with hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–33 |date=July 1992 |pmid=1424189 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypercalcemia]]<ref name="pmid1424189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenqvist M, Nordenström J, Andersson M, Edhag OK |title=Cardiac conduction in patients with hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–33 |date=July 1992 |pmid=1424189 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>12
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>12
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Fatigue, depression, insomnia,  nausea, vomiting, constipation, polyuria
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Fatigue]], [[depression]], [[insomnia]][[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[constipation]], [[polyuria]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hyperreflexia, confusion, coma
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Hyperreflexia]], [[confusion]], coma
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* ECG changes: QT interval shortening
* ECG changes: [[QT interval shortening]]
* Arrhythmia: Supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias
* Arrhythmia: [[Supraventricular arrhythmia|Supraventricular]] or ventricular arrhythmias
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypophosphatemia]]<ref name="pmid6773412">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silvis SE, DiBartolomeo AG, Aaker HM |title=Hypophosphatemia and neurological changes secondary to oral caloric intake: a variant of hyperalimentation syndrome |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=215–22 |date=March 1980 |pmid=6773412 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9717944">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weisinger JR, Bellorín-Font E |title=Magnesium and phosphorus |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9125 |pages=391–6 |date=August 1998 |pmid=9717944 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10535-9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7506845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ognibene A, Ciniglio R, Greifenstein A, Jarjoura D, Cugino A, Blend D, Whittier F |title=Ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction: the role of hypophosphatemia |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=65–9 |date=January 1994 |pmid=7506845 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypophosphatemia]]<ref name="pmid6773412">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silvis SE, DiBartolomeo AG, Aaker HM |title=Hypophosphatemia and neurological changes secondary to oral caloric intake: a variant of hyperalimentation syndrome |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=215–22 |date=March 1980 |pmid=6773412 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9717944">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weisinger JR, Bellorín-Font E |title=Magnesium and phosphorus |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9125 |pages=391–6 |date=August 1998 |pmid=9717944 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10535-9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7506845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ognibene A, Ciniglio R, Greifenstein A, Jarjoura D, Cugino A, Blend D, Whittier F |title=Ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction: the role of hypophosphatemia |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=65–9 |date=January 1994 |pmid=7506845 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |<1
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |<1
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Irritability, paresthesias, dysphagia
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Irritability]], [[Paresthesia|paresthesias]], [[dysphagia]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Delirium, seizure, coma
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Delirium]], [[seizure]], [[coma]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ventricular arrhythmias
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Ventricular arrhythmias]]
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyperphosphatemia]]<ref name="pmid28646995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ketteler M, Block GA, Evenepoel P, Fukagawa M, Herzog CA, McCann L, Moe SM, Shroff R, Tonelli MA, Toussaint ND, Vervloet MG, Leonard MB |title=Executive summary of the 2017 KDIGO Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Guideline Update: what's changed and why it matters |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=26–36 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28646995 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.006 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hyperphosphatemia]]<ref name="pmid28646995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ketteler M, Block GA, Evenepoel P, Fukagawa M, Herzog CA, McCann L, Moe SM, Shroff R, Tonelli MA, Toussaint ND, Vervloet MG, Leonard MB |title=Executive summary of the 2017 KDIGO Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Guideline Update: what's changed and why it matters |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=26–36 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28646995 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.006 |url=}}</ref>
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>4.5
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>4.5
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Muscle cramps, paresthesias,
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Muscle cramps]], [[Paresthesia|paresthesias]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Tetanus
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Tetanus]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |QT interval prolongation (mainly due to associated hypocalcemia)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[QT prolongation|QT interval prolongation]] (mainly due to associated hypocalcemia)
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypomagnesemia]]<ref name="pmid13840893">{{cite journal |vauthors=VALLEE BL, WACKER WE, ULMER DD |title=The magnesium-deficiency tetany syndrome in man |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=262 |issue= |pages=155–61 |date=January 1960 |pmid=13840893 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196001282620401 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypomagnesemia]]<ref name="pmid13840893">{{cite journal |vauthors=VALLEE BL, WACKER WE, ULMER DD |title=The magnesium-deficiency tetany syndrome in man |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=262 |issue= |pages=155–61 |date=January 1960 |pmid=13840893 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196001282620401 |url=}}</ref>
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |<1
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |<1
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Tremor, tetani, weakness
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Tremor]], [[tetanus]], [[Muscle weakness|weakness]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Apathy, delirium, coma
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Apathy]], [[delirium]], [[coma]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*ECG changes: QRS widening, peaked T waves, increased PR interval
*ECG changes: QRS widening, [[peaked T waves]], increased PR interval
*Arrhythmia: Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
*Arrhythmia: Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
|-
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypermagnesemia]]<ref name="pmid2161126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krendel DA |title=Hypermagnesemia and neuromuscular transmission |journal=Semin Neurol |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=42–5 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2161126 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1041252 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypermagnesemia]]<ref name="pmid2161126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krendel DA |title=Hypermagnesemia and neuromuscular transmission |journal=Semin Neurol |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=42–5 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2161126 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1041252 |url=}}</ref>
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>4
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |>4
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nausea, flushing, headache
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nausea, [[flushing]], [[headache]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Somnolence, hypotension, absent DTR
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Somnolence]], [[hypotension]], absent [[Deep tendon reflex|DTR]]
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*ECG changes: P-R interval prolongation, increased QRS duration, Q-T interval prolongation
*ECG changes: P-R interval prolongation, increased QRS duration, [[QT prolongation|Q-T interval prolongation]]
*Arrhythmia: Complete heart block
*Arrhythmia: [[Third degree AV block|Complete heart block]]
|}
|}


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Revision as of 16:51, 1 June 2018


,For patient information, click here

Electrolyte Disturbance Main Page

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia

Causes

Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: abnormal electrolytes, abnormal lytes, lytes

Overview

Electrolytes are electrically charged solutes necessary to maintain body homeostasis. The main electrolytes include Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), and Magnesium (Mg). These electrolytes are involved in multiple physiologic and neurohormonal reactions necessary to maintain neuromuscular, neuronal, myocardial, and acid-base balance. Their balance are mainly regulated by renal and endocrine systems, any changes in their balance may be life threatening. Electrolytes are in balance to achieve neutral electrical charges. Electrolytes could be classified based on their electrical charge to anions and cations. Anions include bicarbonate, chloride, and phosphorus. Cations are calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Sodium and chloride are the major extracellular ions that has the greatest impact on serum osmolality (solute concentration in 1 liter of water). Calcium and bicarbonate are the other major extracellular electrolytes. Main intracellular electrolytes are potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

Causes

The following table summarize the common causes for electrolytes imbalance.

Electrolyte Ionic formula Normal limits (meq/l) Disturbance Lab value Common causes
Sodium Na+ 135-145 Hyponatremia <135 meq/L Hypovolemic[1]
Euvolemic[2][3][4] SIADH, glucocorticoid deficiency, psychogenic polydipsia
Hypervolemic[5][6][7] CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure
Hypernatremia >145 meq/L Extrarenal loss[8][9] Vomiting, diarrhea, insensible loss
Renal loss[10] Diuretics, diabetes insipidus (central and nephrogenic)
Potassium K+ 3.5-5 Hypokalemia <3.5 meq/L Transcellular shifts[11][12] Insulin therapy, alkalosis
GI loss[13][14] Diarrhea, laxative abuse, vomiting
Renal loss[15][16][17][18]
Hyperkalemia[19][20][21] >5 meq/L ACE inhibitors, acidosis, addisonian crisis, beta blockers, blood transfusion, cirrhosis, diabetic nephropathy, high potassium diet, malnutrition, renal tubular acidosis type IV, renal failure
Calcium Ca2+ 8.5-10.2 Hypocalcemia[22][23][24] <8.5 meq/L Hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, hypovitaminosis D,

chronic kidney disease, hypoalbuminemia

Hypercalcemia[25][26][27][28] >10.2 meq/L Hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, malignancy, Milk-alkali syndrome,

vitamin D toxicity, sarcoidosis, diuretics, lithium

Phosphate PO43- 2.5-4.5 Hypophosphatemia[29][30][31] <2.5 meq/L Refeeding syndrome, respiratory alkalosis, alcohol abuse, malabsorption
Hyperphosphatemia[32][33] >4.5 meq/L Transcellular shift, tumor lysis syndrome , rhabdomyolysis, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease
Magnesium Mg2+ 1.5-2.5 Hypomagnesemia[34][35][36] <1.5 meq/L Alcohol use, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypercalcemia, Gitelman syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
Hypermagnesemia[37][38] >2.5 meq/L Renal failure, massive oral ingestion

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of electrolyte disturbances is suspected by clinical presentation and will be confirmed by laboratory values. Clinical manifestations depends on the severity of disturbances and their chronicity however, the presentation may vary according to underlying condition. The following table summarize common symptoms and signs of electrolytes disturbances and important ECG findings.


Disturbance Chronicity/ Level (meq/L) Common clinical manifestations ECG findings
Symptoms Signs
Hyponatremia Early/125-130 Nausea, malaise Muscle cramps N/A
Late/115-120 Headache, lethargy respiratory distress, coma, seizure Non specific St-T changes
Hypernatremia >145 Malaise Lethargy, confusion, coma Non specific St-T changes
Hypokalemia[39] <2.5-3 Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, muscle weakness, muscle cramps Rhabdomyolysis, respiratory failure
Hyperkalemia[40][41] >7.5 Muscle weakness, polyuria, polydipsia Paralysis
Hypocalcemia[42][43] <7-7.5 Paresthesias, muscle spasm Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign, seizures
Hypercalcemia[44] >12 Fatigue, depression, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, polyuria Hyperreflexia, confusion, coma
Hypophosphatemia[45][46][47] <1 Irritability, paresthesias, dysphagia Delirium, seizure, coma Ventricular arrhythmias
Hyperphosphatemia[48] >4.5 Muscle cramps, paresthesias Tetanus QT interval prolongation (mainly due to associated hypocalcemia)
Hypomagnesemia[49] <1 Tremor, tetanus, weakness Apathy, delirium, coma
  • ECG changes: QRS widening, peaked T waves, increased PR interval
  • Arrhythmia: Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
Hypermagnesemia[50] >4 Nausea, flushing, headache Somnolence, hypotension, absent DTR

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