Constipation resident survival guide

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [3]

Synonyms and keywords: Chronic constipation

Overview

Constipation is a syndrome that is characterized by either difficulty in passing stool, infrequent bowel movements, hard stool, or a feeling of incomplete evacuation that occurs either in isolation or secondary to another underlying disorder.

Classification

Normal Transit Constipation

Normal transit constipation refers to constipation in patients with normal anorectal function and normal colonic transit, with or without abnormal colonic motor disturbances and abnormal (ie, reduced or increased) colonic sensations.

Slow Transit Constipation

Slow transit constipation refers to constipation in patients with normal anorectal function but slow colonic transit, with or without abnormal colonic motor disturbances and abnormal (ie, reduced or increased) colonic sensations.

Defecatory Disorders

Defecatory disorders refer to constipation in patients with impaired rectal evacuation from inadequate rectal propulsive forces and/or increased resistance to evacuation during defecation, with or without structural disturbances like rectocele and intussusception, reduced rectal sensation, and slow colonic transit. Increased resistance to evacuation might follow high anal resting pressure (anismus) and/or incomplete relaxation or paradoxical contraction of the pelvic floor and external anal sphincters (dyssynergia).

Combination Disorders

Combination disorders refer to patients with combination or overlap of disorders (example, slow transit constipation with defecatory disorders), perhaps even an association with features of irritable bowel syndrome.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

• Atropine poisoning
• Hypokalemia
• Lead poisoning
• Opium poisoning
• Severe dehydration
• Spinal cord injury
• Superior mesenteric artery occlusion

Common Causes

• Hardening of the feces: Improper mastication, low dietary fiber, dehydration and medications (aluminium, calcium, diuretic, iron).
• Paralysis or slowed transit: Hypothyroidism, hypokalemia, injured anal sphincter, medications (loperamide, codeine, morphine, tricyclic antidepressants) and severe systemic illness due to other causes.
• Constriction, where part of the intestine or rectum is narrowed or blocked: Diverticulosis, pelvic masses and stenosis.
• Psychosomatic constipation: Functional constipation and irritable bowel syndrome.
• Smoking cessation
• Abdominal surgery and childbirth

Management

Diagnostic Approach

Shown below is an algorithm depicting the diagnostic approach of chronic constipation in adults based on the 2013 American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) technical review and medical position statement regarding guidelines on constipation.

Characterize the symptoms: Symptoms suggestive of constipation: ❑ Difficulty passing stool ❑ Desire to defecate but inability to pass stool ❑ Straining to begin and/or to end defecation ❑ Prolongation in time to pass stool ❑ Sensation of incomplete emptying of bowel ❑ Sensation of anal blockage during defecation ❑ Difficulty passing soft stool and/or enema fluid ❑ Difficulty passing stool postprandially ❑ Direct digital manipulation to pass stool ❑ Perineal or vaginal pressure to pass stool ❑ Sudden or gradual in onset ❑ Duration ≥ 3 months ❑ Infrequency in passing stool ❑ Hard or lumpy stools ❑ Use of laxatives to pass stool ❑ Type of laxative ❑ Frequency of usage ❑ Dosage ❑ Use of enemas to pass stool ❑ Use of suppositories to pass stool Symptoms associated with constipation: ❑ Abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort ❑ Associated with change in frequency of stool ❑ Associated with change in consistency of stool ❑ Improved with passage of stool ❑ Occurring during straining ❑ Persisting between bowel movements ❑ Abdominal distention ❑ Abdominal bloating ❑ Diarrhea alternating with constipation ❑ Blood in stools ❑ Fever ❑ Nausea and vomiting ❑ Loss of appetite ❑ Loss of weight ❑ Fatigue ❑ Malaise ❑ Fibromyalgia ❑ Psychosocial distress Obtain a detailed history: ❑ Diet ❑ Dietary pattern change ❑ Low fiber diet ❑ Food intolerance ❑ Medications ❑ Anticholinergics ❑ Anticonvulsants ❑ Antidepressants ❑ Antihistamines ❑ Antihypertensives ❑ Antiparkinsonian drugs ❑ Antipsychotics ❑ Antispasmodics ❑ Bile acid sequestrants ❑ Chemotherapeutic agents ❑ Endocrine medications (pamidronate or alendronic acid) ❑ Miscellaneous compounds (barium sulfate or oral contraceptives) ❑ Opioid analgesics ❑ Sympathomimetics ❑ Systemic illness ❑ Diabetes ❑ Hypothyroidism ❑ Gastrointestinal disorders ❑ Neuromuscular disorders ❑ Surgical history ❑ Abdominal surgeries ❑ Caesarean section ❑ Post surgical extended bed rest ❑ Trauma history ( spinal cord injury) ❑ Family history ❑ Colorectal cancer ❑ Pelvic masses ❑ Neuromuscular diseases ❑ Social history ❑ Smoking cessation ❑ Drug abuse ❑ Travel history

Examine the patient: ❑ General examination ❑ Pulse rate ❑ Blood pressure ❑ Respiratory rate ❑ Weight ❑ Thyroid ❑ Signs of dehydration ❑ Perineal/rectal examination ❑ Observe perianal skin for evidence of fecal soiling ❑ During stimulated evacuation observe ❑ Anal verge for any patulous opening or prolapse of anorectal mucosa ❑ Descent of the perineum ❑ During a squeeze aimed at retention observe the elevation of perineum ❑ Test anal reflex by a light pinprick or scratch ❑ During digital evaluation ❑ Evaluate the resting tone of the sphincter ❑ Look for puborectalis muscle tenderness ❑ Look for rectocele, hemorrhoids or anal fissure ❑ Abdominal examination ❑ Abdominal mass ❑ Abdominal distension ❑ Abdominal tenderness ❑ Increased or decreased bowel sounds ❑ Neurological examination ❑ Neuropathy ❑ Parkinson's disease ❑ Spinal cord injury ❑ Cerebrovascular disease ❑ Depression ❑ Cognitive impairment ❑ Cardiovascular examination ❑ Cardiac diseases ❑ Respiratory examination ❑ Chronic respiratory diseases ❑ Skeletal examination ❑ Degenerative joint diseases ❑ Immobility

Order laboratory tests: ❑ CBC ❑ BMP ❑ TSH ❑ Serum calcium ❑ Serum magnesium ❑ Order additional tests if secondary causes of constipation are suspected Consider structural evaluation of the colon: ❑ For patients with clinically alarming symptoms ❑ Sudden change in bowel habits after the age of 50 years ❑ Blood in stools ❑ Anemia ❑ Weight loss ❑ Family history of colon cancer and ❑ For patients who have not undergone an age appropriate colon cancer screening procedure Include: ❑ Colonoscopy ❑ Flexible sigmoidoscopy ❑ Barium enema ❑ Computed tomographic colonography

Consider the diagnostic criteria of constipation Rome III criteria: Symptom onset for ≥6 months and ≥2 of the following for the past 3 months: ❑ Straining during at least one-fourth of defecation ❑ Hard or lumpy stools in at least one-fourth of defecation ❑ Sensation of incomplete evacuation for at least one-fourth of defecation ❑ Sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockade for at least one-fourth of defecation ❑ Manual maneuvers to facilitate at least one-fourth of defecation ❑ <3 defecations/week ❑ Without the use of laxatives, loose stools are rarely present ❑ No sufficient criteria for irritable bowel syndrome or Pharmacologic studies based criteria: Spontaneous bowel movements <3 per week and ≥1 of the following for at least 12 weeks during the past 12 months: ❑ Straining during more than one-fourth of defecation ❑ Lumpy or hard stools in more than one-fourth of defecation ❑ Sensation of incomplete evacuation in more than one-fourth of defecation ❑ Absence of loose stools or watery spontaneous bowel movements

❑ Adjust or discontinue medications causing constipation ❑ Administer a trial of fiber and/or osmotic or stimulant laxatives If secondary causes of constipation are uncovered during evaluation: Due to metabolic conditions, myopathies, neuropathies, or other conditions ❑ Treat the secondary cause or ❑ Offer symptomatic treatment If organic causes of constipation are uncovered during evaluation: Due to mechanical obstruction or adverse drug effect ❑ Treat mechanical obstruction or remove the drug causing constipation or ❑ Offer symptomatic treatment If irritable bowel syndrome is diagnosed during evaluation: ❑ Treat irritable bowel syndrome

Improvement with trial of fiber and/or laxatives

Failure of improvement with trial of fiber and/or laxatives

❑ General management of constipation

❑ Gastroenterology consult ❑ Anorectal manometry ❑ Balloon expulsion test

Normal

Inconclusive

Abnormal

❑ Barium defecography or ❑ MR defecography

Normal

Abnormal

❑ Assess the colonic transit

❑ Management of defecatory disorder

Slow

Normal

❑ Management of low transit constipation

❑ Management of normal transit constipation

BMP: Basic metabolic panel; CBC: Complete blood count; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone

Therapeutic Approach

Shown below are algorithms depicting the general as well as different clinical subgroup based therapeutic approaches of constipation in adults based on the 2013 American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) technical review and medical position statement regarding guidelines on constipation.

General Management

		❑ Increase fiber intake in food ❑ Increase fiber intake as supplements ❑ Psyllium: 1 tsp up to 3 times daily or ❑ Methylcellulose: 1 tsp up to 3 times daily or ❑ Calcium polycarbophil: 2-4 tablets OD ❑ Advise to ingest fiber along with fluids and/or meals ❑ Gradually adjust the dose of fiber after 7 to 10 days ❑ Continue the adjusted dose for several weeks ❑ Recommend increased fluid intake, particularly if dehydration is present ❑ Recommend increasing physical activity
		Failure to improve
		Add hyperosmolar agents: ❑ Polyethylene glycol: ❑ 8-32 oz OD ❑ 2 weeks to 24 months ❑ Polyethylene glycol with electrolyte containing preparation indicated when large volume is used for colonic cleansing or ❑ Lactulose: 15-30 ml OD or BID or ❑ Sorbitol: 15-30 ml OD or BID Supplement with stimulant laxatives as needed: ❑ Bisacodyl: ❑ 10 mg suppositories or ❑ 5-10 mg orally up to 3 times/week or ❑ Glycerin: Suppository OD or ❑ Senna or cascara: ❑ 2 tablets OD or 4 tablets BID or ❑ 1-2 tsp OD or ❑ 1-2 tablets OD ❑ Administer suppositories 30 minutes after meals Supplement with stool softener as needed: ❑ Docusate sodium: 100 mg BD If necessary administer: ❑ Newer agents ❑ Secretagogues: ❑ Lubiprostone: 24 μg BID or ❑ Linaclotide: 145 μg daily or ❑ Serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist: Prucalopridec ❑ Pyridostigmine in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with constipation ❑ Misoprostol ❑ Opioid antagonists in patients with opioid induced constipation

BID: Twice a day; OD: Once daily; tsp: Teaspoon

Normal and Slow Transit Constipation

Normal or slow transit constipation

Administer: ❑ Hyperosmolar agents: ❑ Polyethylene glycol: 8-32 oz OD or ❑ Lactulose: 15-30 ml OD or BID or ❑ Sorbitol: 15-30 ml OD or BID or ❑ Saline laxatives: ❑ Magnesium (milk of magnesia or milk of magnesia + mineral oil) : 15-30 mL OD or BID or ❑ Stimulant laxatives: ❑ Bisacodyl: ❑ 10 mg suppositories or ❑ 5-10 mg orally up to 3 times/week or ❑ Glycerin: Suppository OD or ❑ Senna or cascara: ❑ 2 tablets OD or 4 tablets BID or ❑ 1-2 tsp OD or ❑ 1-2 tablets OD

Improvement ❑ Continue the same regimen on a long term basis

Failure to improve ❑ Modify the treatment regimen by considering ❑ Secretagogues ❑ Lubiprostone: 24 μg BID or ❑ Linaclotide: 145 μg daily or ❑ Serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonists ❑ Prucalopridec

Improvement ❑ Continue the same regimen on a long term basis

Failure to improve ❑ Repeat colonic transit test while continuing medications

Delayed transit ❑ Consider gastric emptying

Normal transit ❑ Adjust medications as needed

Slow emptying ❑ Consider assessment for upper GI motility disorder

Normal emptying

Abnormal ❑ Manage the upper GI motility disorder appropriately

Normal

Consider colonic manometry with/without barostat

Normal ❑ Consider temporary loop ileostomy

Abnormal ❑ Consider subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastamosis

BID: Twice a day; OD: Once daily; GI: Gastrointestinal

Defecatory Disorder

Defecatory disorder

Biofeedback-aided pelvic floor training: ❑ Record anorectal and pelvic floor muscle activity through surface electromyographic sensors or manometry ❑ Teach patients to appropriately increase intraabdominal pressure and relax the pelvic floor muscles during defecation ❑ Provide practice of expelling air filled balloon, if necessary with external traction to the patients ❑ Teach patients to recognize weaker sensations of rectal filling in case of reduced rectal sensation ❑ Teach Kegel exercise to improve pelvic floor contractions ❑ Request a dietitian consult ❑ Request a psychologist consult

Improvement ❑ Follow up the patient clinically

Failure to improve ❑ Repeat balloon expulsion test

Abnormal ❑ Defecating proctogram or ❑ Magnetic resonance proctogram

Normal ❑ Colonic transit

Normal anal or pelvic floor relaxation ❑ Consider surgery in case of clinically significant structural abnormalities

Abnormal anal or pelvic floor relaxation ❑ Reassess biofeedback ❑ Administer stimulant laxative suppositories as needed ❑ Administer enemas as needed ❑ Mineral oil retention enema: 199–250 mL OD per rectum or ❑ Tap water enema: 500 mL per rectum or ❑ Phosphate enema: 1 unit per rectum or ❑ Soapsuds enema: 1500 mL per rectum ❑ Consider fallback

Slow transit ❑ Consider treatment for slow transit constipation

Normal transit ❑ Consider treatment for normal transit constipation

OD: Once daily

Do's

• Perform a careful digital rectal examination that includes assessment of pelvic floor motion during simulated evacuation in the left lateral position, with the buttocks separated, before referral for anorectal manometry. A normal digital rectal examination does not exclude defecatory disorders (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
• Discontinue medications, if possible even before further testing (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence).
• Order only a complete blood cell count test in the absence of other symptoms and signs of constipation (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence).
• Always recommend a therapeutic trial with fiber supplementation and/or osmotic or stimulant laxatives before further testing.
• Warn patients that fiber supplements may increase gaseousness and that the symptoms often decrease after several days.
• Educate the patient not to expect an immediate response while on fiber supplements and that they should continue the supplements for several weeks.
• Perform a anorectal manometry and a balloon expulsion test in those patients who fail to respond to trail of laxatives (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
• Perform a colonic transit test, if anorectal test results do not show a defecatory disorder or if symptoms persist despite treating defecatory disorder (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence).
• Treat patients with normal or slow transit constipation refractory to simple laxatives, with newer agents.
• Consider a subtotal colectomy for patients with symptomatic slow transit constipation without a defecatory disorder not responding to medications and always perform a colonic intraluminal testing (manometry, barostat) to document colonic motor dysfunction before colectomy (weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).

Dont's

• Do not order metabolic tests such as blood glucose, calcium, and thyroid stimulating hormone unless the patient has these metabolic disorders related symptoms (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
• Do not use insoluble fiber like wheat bran for the intial managment of constipation in adults.
• Do not perform a colonoscopy in patients without alarm features (eg, blood in stools, anemia, weight loss, family history of colon cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, positive fecal occult blood test) and unless age-appropriate colon cancer screening has not been performed (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
• Do not perform a defecography before anorectal manometry and rectal balloon expulsion test (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence).