Community-acquired pneumonia causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 74: Line 74:
* In patients with structural lung disease such as [[bronchiectasis]] and [[cystic fibrosis]], ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Burkholderia cepacia]]'', and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' are the common pathogens involved.
* In patients with structural lung disease such as [[bronchiectasis]] and [[cystic fibrosis]], ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Burkholderia cepacia]]'', and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' are the common pathogens involved.


=====Aspiration Pneumonia Causes=====
=====Aspiration Pneumonia=====


* Incompetent [[swallowing]] mechanism, such as in neurological disease (a common cause being [[cerebrovascular accident|strokes]]) or while a person is [[Drunkenness|intoxicated]].
* Incompetent [[swallowing]] mechanism, such as in neurological disease (a common cause being [[cerebrovascular accident|strokes]]) or while a person is [[Drunkenness|intoxicated]].
* [[Iatrogenic]] causes such as [[general anaesthesia]] for an [[Surgery|operation]]. Patients are therefore instructed to be [[nil per os]] (NPO) for at least four hours before surgery.
* [[Iatrogenic]] causes such as [[general anaesthesia]] for an [[Surgery|operation]]. Patients are therefore instructed to be [[nil per os]] (NPO) for at least four hours before surgery.
* Whether aspiration pneumonia represents a true bacterial infection or a chemical inflammatory process remains the subject of significant controversy.
* Whether aspiration pneumonia represents a true bacterial infection or a chemical inflammatory process remains the subject of significant controversy.


==Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus statement on common etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.<ref name="pmid17278083">{{cite journal |author=Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG |title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults |journal=[[Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America]] |volume=44 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S27–72 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17278083 |doi=10.1086/511159 |url=http://www.cid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17278083}}</ref> (DO NOT EDIT)==
==Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus statement on common etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.<ref name="pmid17278083">{{cite journal |author=Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG |title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults |journal=[[Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America]] |volume=44 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S27–72 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17278083 |doi=10.1086/511159 |url=http://www.cid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17278083}}</ref> (DO NOT EDIT)==
Line 132: Line 128:
==Causes==
==Causes==


===Common causes===
===Common Causes===


=====Neonates=====
=====Neonates=====

Revision as of 02:44, 19 February 2014

Pneumonia Main Page

Community-Acquired Pneumonia Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Community-acquired pneumonia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Severity Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

Ultrasound

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Hospital Admission Decision

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Community-acquired pneumonia causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Community-acquired pneumonia causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Community-acquired pneumonia causes

CDC on Community-acquired pneumonia causes

Community-acquired pneumonia causes in the news

Blogs on Community-acquired pneumonia causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Community-acquired pneumonia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Community-acquired pneumonia causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chetan Lokhande, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Community-acquired pneumonia can be caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms. Causative etiology varies with age, immune status, epidemiologic background, and comorbidity.

General Considerations

Infants and Newborns

Children

Adults

Viruses
Atypical Organisms
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila are often grouped as atypical pneumonia. Community acquired pneumonia caused by these agents present insidiously, with a non-productive cough and prominent extra-pulmonary complaints, such as myalgias and diarrhea (lack the typical pneumonia symptoms of fever, cough, and sputum).
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae is often referred to as "walking pneumonia." It is transmitted via respiratory droplets and is common among healthy individuals in close contact with one another, such as dormitories or military barracks.
  • Atypical organisms are more difficult to grow, respond to different antibiotics, and were discovered more recently than the typical bacteria discovered in the early twentieth century.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia.
  • Aspiration pneumonia is most commonly caused by anaerobic organisms.
  • Prior to the development of antibiotics and vaccination, it was a leading cause of death.
  • Traditionally, it was highly sensitive to penicillin, but during the 1970s resistance to multiple antibiotics began to develop.
  • Current strains of "drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae" or DRSP are common, accounting for twenty percent of all streptococcal infections.
  • Adults with risk factors for DRSP including being older than 65, having exposure to children in day care, alcoholism, other severe underlying disease, or recent treatment with antibiotics should initially be treated with antibiotics effective against DRSP.[7]
Hemophilus influenzae
  • Hemophilus influenzae used to be a common bacterial cause of CAP.
  • First discovered in 1892, it was initially believed to be the cause of influenza because it commonly causes CAP in people who have suffered recent lung damage from viral pneumonia.
Enteric Gram Negative Bacteria
  • Enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae may cause commnity-acquired penumonia.
  • Adults with risk factors for infection, which include living in a nursing home, serious heart and lung disease, and recent antibiotic use should initially be treated with antibiotics effective against Enteric Gram negative bacteria.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Special Situations
Aspiration Pneumonia
  • Incompetent swallowing mechanism, such as in neurological disease (a common cause being strokes) or while a person is intoxicated.
  • Iatrogenic causes such as general anaesthesia for an operation. Patients are therefore instructed to be nil per os (NPO) for at least four hours before surgery.
  • Whether aspiration pneumonia represents a true bacterial infection or a chemical inflammatory process remains the subject of significant controversy.

Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus statement on common etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.[2] (DO NOT EDIT)

Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia.
Location Etiology of community acquired pneumonia
 ▸ Outpatient Streptococcus pneumoniae
   Mycoplasma pneumoniae
   Haemophilus influenzae
   Chlamydophila pneumoniae
   Respiratory viruses
 ▸ Inpatient (non-ICU) S. pneumoniae
   M. pneumoniae
   C. pneumoniae '
   H. influenzae
   Legionella species
   Aspiration
   Respiratory viruses
   Yersinia enterocolitica [3]
 ▸ Inpatient (ICU) S. pneumoniae
   Staphylococcus aureus
   Legionella species
   Gram-negative bacilli
   H. influenzae
   Acinetobacter baumannii [4]

Causes

Common Causes

Neonates
  • Bacteria
  1. Listeria monocytogenes
  2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Viruses
  1. Herpes simplex virus
  2. Adenovirus
  3. Mumps
  4. Enterovirus
Children
  • Bacteria
  1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  2. Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  3. Legionella pneumophila
  4. Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Viruses
  1. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  2. Metapneumovirus
  3. Adenovirus
  4. Parainfluenza
  5. Influenza
  6. Rhinovirus
Adults
  • Typical Bacteria
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  2. Hemophilus influenzae
  3. Escherichia coli
  4. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Atypical Bacteria
  1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  2. Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  3. Legionella pneumophila
  • Viruses
  1. Influenza
  2. Parainfluenza
  3. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  4. Metapneumovirus
  5. Adenovirus
  • Newborn infants, children, and adults are at risk for different spectrums of disease causing microorganisms.
  • In addition, adults with chronic illnesses, who live in certain parts of the world, who reside in nursing homes, who have recently been treated with antibiotics, or who are alcoholics are at risk for unique infections.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying cause
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying cause
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying cause
Gastroenterologic No underlying cause
Genetic No underlying cause
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic General anaesthesia
Infectious Disease Acinetobacter baumann, Acinetobacter spp, Actinomycosis, Adenovirus serotypes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 35, Adenovirus, Aids-related opportunistic infections, Aspergillosis , Aspiration, Bacillus anthracis, Bird flu (avian influenza) , BlastomycosisBurkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei , C. pneumoniae, Chicken pox, Chlamydia pneumoniae , Chlamydophila pneumoniae,Coccidioides immitis, Coronaviruses, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cytomegalovirus, Cytomegalovirus, E.coli, Enterovirus 71 ,Enterovirus, Francisella tularenis infection, Gram-negative bacilli, Group b streptococcal infections , H. influenzae, H1n1 flu , Haemophilus influenzae, Hantavirus , Herpes simplex virus, Histoplasma capsulatum, Histoplasmosis, Human bocavirus,Human parechovirus types 1, 2, and 3, Influenza, K.pneumonia, Klebsiella sp, Legionella pneumophila, [Legionella species]], Legionnaires' disease, Listeria monocytogenes, M. pneumoniae, Measles, Melioidosis, Metapneumovirus, Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirusMoraxella catarrhalis, Mumps, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium haemophilum , Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, New haven coronavirus, Nocardia, Paragonimiasis , Parainfluenza , Parainfluenza virus type 1 , Parainfluenza virus type 2, Parainfluenza virus type 3 , Parainfluenza virus type 4 .., Parainfluenza, Pittsburgh pneumonia, Pneumococcal pneumonia , Pneumococcus, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Pneumonic plague , Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas pseudomallei , Psittacosis , Psittacosis, Q fever , Q fever, Rat-bite fever, Respiratory syncytial virus, Respiratory viruses, Rhinovirus,Rhodococcus equi, S. pneumoniae, Sars ., Sars, Serratia , Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Sporotrichosis Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus group a, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Swine flu, Toxocariasis ,Toxoplasma gondii, Trichosporon , Trypanosomiasis , Type a influenza , Type a influenza subtype h1 , Type a influenza subtype h10n71,Type a influenza subtype h1n1, Type a influenza subtype h1n2 1, Type a influenza subtype h2n2 , Type a influenza subtype h3n2, Type a influenza subtype h5 , Type a influenza subtype h5n1 , Type a influenza subtype h7 , Type a influenza subtype h7n2 , Type a influenza subtype h7n3 ,Type a influenza subtype h7n7 , Type a influenza subtype h9 , Type a influenza subtype h9n2, Type b influenza , Type c influenza ,Typhus, Varicella-zoster virus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Zygomycosis,
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying cause
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying cause
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying cause
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying cause
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying cause

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. Shachor-Meyouhas, Y.; Arad-Cohen, N.; Zaidman, I.; Gefen, A.; Kassis, I. (2012). "[Legionella pneumonia in a child with leukemia]". Harefuah. 151 (8): 479–82, 496. PMID 23350295. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults". Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 44 Suppl 2: S27–72. doi:10.1086/511159. PMID 17278083. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. Wong, KK.; Fistek, M.; Watkins, RR. (2013). "Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Yersinia enterocolitica in an immunocompetent patient". J Med Microbiol. 62 (Pt 4): 650–1. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.053488-0. PMID 23242642. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. Oh, YJ.; Song, SH.; Baik, SH.; Lee, HH.; Han, IM.; Oh, DH. (2013). "A case of fulminant community-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in Korea". Korean J Intern Med. 28 (4): 486–90. doi:10.3904/kjim.2013.28.4.486. PMID 23864808. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)