Cirrhosis medical therapy
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
The change that cirrhosis causes to the liver is irreversible, therefore treatment is mostly centered on ameliorating the complications of cirrhosis. This entails treating pain, osteoporosis, hypogonadism, constipation, itching, malnutrition, as well as any identified underlying causes.
Medical Therapy
Treatment of cirrhosis is directed most of the times towards the treatment of complications like ascites, esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, but some chronic constitutional symptoms, which include pruritus, hypogonadism, osteoporosis and anorexia should be treated as well.
Alcohol should be avoided by all patients with cirrhosis. Improvement in liver function is noticed in patients with alcohol induced cirrhosis after abstinence from alcohol.
Pruritus
Pruritus is a common symptom in chronic liver disease. Endogenous opioids have been proposed as the culprits for causing pruritus. Mild itching can be treated using antihistamines and ammonium lactate topical solution. Cholestyramine is the drug of choice for treating pruritus of chronic liver disease. Severe itching requires ultraviolet light therapy and/or plasmapheresis.
Other drugs that can be used include: diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, ursodeoxycholic acid, rifampin and naltrexone (opiate).
Hypogonadism
Males with cirrhosis sometimes complain of loss of libido due to hypogonadism. The possible treatment option for these patients is topical testosterone preparations, but no studies exist to prove the efficacy of such preparations.
Osteoporosis
Cirrhosisis one of the major causes of osteoporosis[1]. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is suggested for all the patients who are at risk for osteoporosis and also for patients who are on corticosteroids for autoimmune liver disease.
Pain management in Cirrhosis
Cirrhotic patients can develop pain from ascites (back pain and abdominal pain) and gynecomastia (mastalgia). Pain management in cirrhosis has a special consideration as many analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs are metabolized by the liver and dosage regulations are required to prevent further liver damage and drug toxicity. Drug dosages should be titrated as per the level of hepatic function in the patient. Dosage changes are required in patients with cirrhosis when they have the following:
- Portal hypertension
- Renal failure
- Alcoholic patient on multiple medications.
Non-selective NSAIDs should be avoided in patients with cirrhosis because of the following complications:
- Increased bleeding from varices
- Impaired renal function
- Development of diuretic resistant ascites
As per a study in humans, which involved 28 patients with cirrhosis and ascites, celecoxib seemed to be a reasonable option for pain management and anti-inflammatory treatment, but further studies are needed to prove the potential advantage of celecoxib over other NSAIDs.
Opioids should be used cautiously in patients with cirrhosis because they are metabolized by the liver through oxidation and glucuronidation. In a patient with cirrhosis, because of the reduced liver blood flow, reduced protein binding and reduced hepatic enzyme capacity, these drugs accumulate and the patient is prone to develop opiate toxicity.
Nutrition
Anorexia is a common symptom in cirrhosis patients who have ascites because of the direct compression of the bowel by the ascitic fluid. Adequate calories and proteins should be added to the diet of the patient. Patients should consume a balanced diet and one multivitamin daily. Vitamin D and K supplementation is needed in patients with cholestasis.
Excessive proteins in the diet places the patient at risk for hepatic encephalopathy. Low protein diets cause muscle wasting. Therefore, the diet should be adequately titrated. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) can function as pharmacologic nutrients for patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
Zinc
Zinc deficiency is commonly observed in patients with cirrhosis. Supplementation with 220 mg Zinc twice a day orally may improve dysgeusia and also helps in stimulating the patient's appetite. Zinc supplementation can also help resolve muscle cramps. Low dose Zn supplementation could prevent deterioration of the clinical status of cirrhosis and prevent excess Cu accumulation in non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Zn supplementation produces metabolic effects and trends towards improvements in liver function, hepatic encephalopathy, and nutritional status[2].
Treatment of Underlying Causes
Alcoholic Liver Disease
- Mild to moderate alcoholic hepatitis:
- Abstinence from alcohol.
- Aggressive enteral nutrition therapy.
- Severe Alcoholic hepatitis:
- Four week course of prednisolone (40 mg/day for 28 days), typically followed by discontinuation or a 2-week taper (if no contraindications for steroid use).
- Pentoxifylline therapy (400 mg orally 3 times daily for 4 weeks) is an alternative in severe disease, especially if there are contraindications to steroid therapy
Hepatitis C
- Abstinence from alcohol as alcohol aggravates HCV associated fibrosis, cirrhosis and makes liver cancer more likely.
Genotypes HCV 1 and 4
- Treatment with peginterferon plus ribavirin for 48 weeks. The dose for peginterferon alfa-2a is 180 µg subcutaneously per week together with ribavirin using doses of 1,000 mg for those <75 kg in weight and 1,200 mg for those >75 kg; the dose for peginterferon alfa-2b is 1.5 µg/kg subcutaneously per week together with ribavirin using doses of 800 mg for those weighing <65 kg; 1,000 mg for those weighing >65 kg to 85 kg, 1,200 mg for >85 kg to 105 kg, and 1,400 mg for >105 kg.
Genotypes HCV 2 and 3
- Treatment with peginterferon plus ribavirin should be administered for 24 weeks, using a ribavirin dose of 800 mg.
For "nonresponders" - people who do not respond to previous treatments addition of 100mg of amantadine twice a day has been suggested by a few studies and this is sometimes referred to as "triple therapy".
Hepatitis B
- Patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B
- a. ALT greater than 2 times normal or moderate/severe hepatitis on biopsy, and HBV DNA >20,000 IU/mL - treatment may be initiated with any of the 7 approved antiviral medications, but pegIFN-α, tenofovir or entecavir are preferred.
- b. ALT persistently normal or minimally elevated (<2 times normal) - should not be initiated on treatment.
- c. Children with elevated ALT greater than 2 times normal - treatment may be initiated with IFN-α or lamivudine if ALT levels remain elevated at this level for longer than 6 months.
- Patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (serum HBV DNA >20,000 IU/mL and elevated ALT >2 times normal) should be considered for treatment with pegIFN-α, tenofovir or entecavir.
- Patients with compensated cirrhosis - best treated with tenofovir or entecavir.
- Patients with decompensated cirrhosis — Lamivudine or telbivudine may be used as initial treatment in combination with adefovir or tenofovir to reduce the risk of drug resistance.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
- Immunosuppressive treatment based on serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum gamma-globulin levels, and histological features
- Prednisone or prednisolone with azathioprine (adults)
- Prednisone with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine (children)
- Prednisone or prednisolone alone.
- Alternative drug therapies for suboptimal response - (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or mycophenolate mofetil)
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
- There is no known cure, but medication may slow the progression so that a normal lifespan and quality of life may be attainable.
- Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodiol) is the most frequently used treatment.
- Cholestyramine (a bile acid sequestrant) may be prescribed to absorb bile acids in the gut and be eliminated, and in turn give relief from itching. Alternative agents include naltrexone and rifampicin.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
- Standard treatment includes ursodiol which has been shown to lower elevated liver enzyme numbers in people with PSC.
- Symptomatic treatment includes:
- Anti-histaminics - for itching
- Cholestyramine - bile acid sequestrant
- Antibiotics - for infections
- Vitamin supplemantation - Vitamin A, D and K.
Wilson's Disease
- Avoid intake of foods and water with high concentrations of copper.
- Initial treatment for symptomatic patients includes a chelating agent (D-penicillamine or trientine).
- Patients with acute liver failure due to Wilson's disease, or unresponsive to chelation treatment - should be referred to liver transplantation.
Treatment of Complications
Ascites
- Abstinence from alcohol.
- Salt restriction to less than 2000 mg per day.
- Fluid restriction unless the serum sodium is less than 120 - 125 mmol/L.
- Diuretics are the first line drugs for the treatment of ascites.
- Therapeutic paracentesis in tense ascites. Serial therapeutic paracentesis is a treatment option for refractory ascites.
Esophageal Variceal Bleeding
- Patients with no varices and bleeding:
- EGD should be performed at regular intervals.
- Patients with small varices that have not bled:
- Non-selective beta blockers should be used to prevent the first variceal bleeding
- Those not receiving beta blockers, should be followed up with EGD every 2 years
- If the liver decompensates, EGD should be performed at that time and then annually
- Those who recieve beta blockers may not require a regular follow up with EGD
- Patients with medium/large varices that have not bled:
- Esophageal variceal ligation or non-selective beta blockers may be used to prevent first variceal bleeding, as these patients are at a higher risk for bleeding with beta blockers being the first choice of treatment and esophageal variceal ligation reserved for those who are unable to tolerate the drugs
- Nitrates, sclerotherapy and shunts alone are not used as primary prophylaxis to prevent bleeding
- Patients with cirrhosis and an acute episode of variceal hemorrhage:
- Fluid replacement
- Blood transfusions to keep hemoglobin above 8gms/dl
- Antibiotics prophylaxis
- Oral norfloxacin- 400mg BD
- Intravenous ciprofloxacin
- Intravenous ceftriaxone (1 gm/day) in centers with high prevalence of quinolone resistance
- Somatostatin or its analogues octreotide and vapreotide; terlipressin should be initiated as soon as variceal bleeding is suspected and continued for 3 to 5 days after diagnosis is performed
- Esophageal variceal ligation
- Sclerotherapy
- Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
- Balloon tamponade: temporary measure to stop bleeding for 24 hours until one of the above procedures is initiated
- Patients who have cirrhosis and have recovered from a variceal bleed:
- Combination of esophageal variceal ligation (EVL) and non-selective beta blockers
- EVL should be repeated every 1-2 weeks until obliteration with first surveillance EVL performed 1-3 months and then every 6-12 months to check for recurrence
- Refractory cases should be referred for transplantation.
Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Lactulose: orally or rectally to effect a bowel purge
- Those who progress to Grade III or IV encephalopathy should undergo endotracheal intubation
- Seizures can be controlled with phenytoin and benzodiazepines with short half lives
- Intracranial pressure is monitored and frequent neurological examination is done in those with high grade encephalopathy
- Mannitol bolus (0.5-1.0 gm/kg body weight) is recommended as first-line therapy
- In patients at highest risk for cerebral edema (serum ammonia >150 µM, grade 3/4 hepatic encephalopathy, acute renal failure, requiring vasopressors to maintain mean arterial pressure [MAP]), the prophylactic induction of hypernatremia with hypertonic saline to a sodium level of 145-155 mEq/L is recommended
- Short acting barbiturates and induction of hypothermia in refractory cases as a bridge to liver transplantation.
Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy:
- Reduced protein intake
- May lead to protein malnutrition and negative nitrogen balance
- Correction of hypokalemia
- Lactulose
- Decreases absorption of ammonia from the gastrointestinal tract
- Works as a laxative, increasing the transit time and reducing absorption of ammonia
- Lactulose can be given rectally for patients who cannot take oral medications.[3][4][5] One regimen is 300 mL (200 gm) of lactulose syrup (10 gm/15 ml) in 1 L of water which is retained for 1 hour, with the patient in the Trendelenburg position.[6]
- Antibiotics
- Killing bacteria in the gut reduces the bacterial conversion of protein to ammonia
- Neomycin
- Metronidazole
- Rifaximin
- Benzodiazepines receptor agonists
- Flumazenil- 2 milligrams over 10 minutes
Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Albumin infusion
- 1 gm albumin per kg of body weight intravenously on day one followed by followed by 20-40 grams daily
- Octreotide
- Midodrine
- Vasopressin analogs
- Ornipressin- limited use by ischemic complications
- Terlipressin
- Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
- Liver dialysis
Other treatment modalities:
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
- Abdominal paracentesis
- Intravenous antibiotics-
- Cefotaxime 2 g every 8 hours
- Oral ofloxacin (400 mg twice per day) as a substitute for cefotaxime
- Patients with ascitic fluid PMN counts greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm3 (0.25 X 109/L) and clinical suspicion of SBP who also have a serum creatinine greater than 1 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen greater than 30 mg/dL, or total bilirubin greater than 4 mg/dL should receive 1.5 g albumin per kg body weight within 6 hours of detection and 1.0 g/kg on day 3.
Contraindicated medications
Cirrhosis is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:
References
- ↑ Giouleme OI, Vyzantiadis TA, Nikolaidis NL; et al. (2006). "Pathogenesis of osteoporosis in liver cirrhosis". Hepatogastroenterology. 53 (72): 938–43. PMID 17153457.
- ↑ Somi MH, Rezaeifar P, Ostad Rahimi A, Moshrefi B (2012). "Effects of Low Dose Zinc Supplementation on Biochemical Markers in Non-alcoholic Cirrhosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial". Arch Iran Med. 15 (8): 472–6. doi:012158/AIM.006 Check
|doi=value (help). PMID 22827782. Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kersh ES, Rifkin H (1973). "Lactulose enemas". Ann. Intern. Med. 78 (1): 81–4. PMID 4682313.
- ↑ Ratnaike RN, Hicks EP, Hislop IG (1975). "The rectal administration of lactulose". Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine. 5 (2): 137–40. PMID 240347.
- ↑ Uribe M, Campollo O, Vargas F; et al. (1987). "Acidifying enemas (lactitol and lactose) vs. nonacidifying enemas (tap water) to treat acute portal-systemic encephalopathy: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial". Hepatology. 7 (4): 639–43. PMID 3301614.
- ↑ Blei AT, Córdoba J (2001). "Hepatic Encephalopathy". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96 (7): 1968–76. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03964.x. PMID 11467622.
- ↑ Bucci L, Palmieri GC (1993). "Double-blind, double-dummy comparison between treatment with rifaximin and lactulose in patients with medium to severe degree hepatic encephalopathy". Current medical research and opinion. 13 (2): 109–18. PMID 8325041.
- ↑ Pedretti G, Calzetti C, Missale G, Fiaccadori F (1991). "Rifaximin versus neomycin on hyperammoniemia in chronic portal systemic encephalopathy of cirrhotics. A double-blind, randomized trial". The Italian journal of gastroenterology. 23 (4): 175–8. PMID 1751811.
- ↑ Ginés P, Arroyo V, Quintero E; et al. (1987). "Comparison of paracentesis and diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites. Results of a randomized study". Gastroenterology. 93 (2): 234–41. PMID 3297907.