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{{Brucellosis}}
{{Brucellosis}}
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==Overview==
 
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of brucellosis include: consuming [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] dairy products or raw meat products, unsafe hunting practices and occupational exposure.


== Risk Factors ==
== Risk Factors ==
Inhalation of Brucella organisms is not a common route of infection, but it can be a significant hazard for people in certain occupations, such as those working in laboratories where the organism is cultured. Inhalation is often responsible for a significant percentage of cases in abattoir employees. Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for persons working in slaughterhouses or meat packing plants or for veterinarians. Hunters may be infected through skin wounds or by accidentally ingesting the bacteria after cleaning deer, elk, moose, or wild pigs that they have killed.
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[Brucellosis]] include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/|title=CDC|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22739776">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Human exposures to marine Brucella isolated from a harbor porpoise - Maine, 2012. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2012 | volume= 61 | issue= 25 | pages= 461-3 | pmid=22739776 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22739776  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18199967">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Laboratory-acquired brucellosis--Indiana and Minnesota, 2006. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2008 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 39-42 | pmid=18199967 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18199967  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16102304">{{cite journal| author=Yagupsky P, Baron EJ| title=Laboratory exposures to brucellae and implications for bioterrorism. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 11 | issue= 8 | pages= 1180-5 | pmid=16102304 | doi=10.3201/eid1108.041197 | pmc=3320509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16102304  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19521334">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Brucella suis infection associated with feral swine hunting - three states, 2007-2008. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2009 | volume= 58 | issue= 22 | pages= 618-21 | pmid=19521334 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19521334  }} </ref>
* Living or travelling to brucellosis [[endemic]] countries
* [[Occupational Health|Occupational]] exposure
* Consumption of [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] dairy products or [[Raw foodism|raw]] meat products
* Hunting
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Risk factors/risk of exposure in the development of Brucellosis (Center of disease control and prevention)
|-
|Countries at Risk
|Although brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common in countries that do not have effective public health and domestic animal health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are:
*Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa)
*Mexico, South America and Central America
*Eastern Europe
*Asia
*Africa
*The Caribbean
*The Middle East
|-
|Occupational Risks
|Individuals in certain occupations or settings may face increased exposure to the [[bacteria]] that cause [[Brucellosis (patient information)|Brucellosis]]. These include:
*'''Slaughterhouse workers'''
**Contamination of [[skin]] [[wounds]] may be a problem for individuals working in slaughterhouses
*'''Meat-packing employees'''
**Contamination of [[skin]] [[wounds]] may be a problem for individuals working in meat packing plants
*'''Veterinarians'''
**Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for veterinarians
**[[Brucella canis|''B.canis'']] is the species of [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] species that can [[infect]] dogs. This species has occasionally been transmitted to humans but the vast majority of dog [[Infection|infections]] do not result in human illness. Although veterinarians exposed to [[blood]] of [[infected]] animals are at risk, pet owners are not considered to be at risk for [[infection]]. This is partly because it is unlikely that they will come in contact with blood, [[semen]] or [[placenta]] of the dog.
*'''Laboratory workers'''
**Inhalation of [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] [[organisms]] is not a common route of infection but it can be a significant [[hazard]] for people working in laboratories
|-
|[[Unpasteurized milk|Unpasteurized]] Dairy Products  and raw meat products
|
*[[Unpasteurized milk|Unpasteurized]] cheeses (sometimes called "village cheeses") from areas at increased risk for [[brucellosis]] may represent a particular risk for tourists.
*Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help prevent or monitor possible outbreaks, such as pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations and [[brucellosis]] surveillance programs.
*When traveling in areas with high risk, individuals may unknowingly consume unpasteurized dairy products. People from the U.S. who travel to these areas should:
**Recognize that milk and [[Dairy|dairy products]] may not be pasteurized and could be unsafe to consume.
**Only consume meat products which are thoroughly cooked, since many countries cannot ensure [[Brucellosis (patient information)|Brucellosis]]-free meat products.
|-
|Hunters
|
*Some game animals that transmit brucellosis include:
**Wild hogs (feral swine)
**Elk
**Bison
**Caribou
**Moose
*Hunters may be infected through [[skin]] [[wounds]] or by accidentally ingesting the [[bacteria]] after cleaning animals that they have killed.
|-
|Risks for Expecting Mothers
|
*While rare, human-to-human [[transmission]] from lactating mothers to their breastfed [[infant|infant<nowiki/>s]] has been reported.
*Prompt diagnosis and treatment of [[brucellosis]] during [[pregnancy]] can be lifesaving for the [[fetus]].
|}


B. canis is the species of Brucella species that can infect dogs. This species has occasionally been transmitted to humans, but the vast majority of dog infections do not result in human illness. Although veterinarians exposed to blood of infected animals are at risk, pet owners are not considered to be at risk for infection. This is partly because it is unlikely that they will come in contact with blood, semen, or placenta of the dog. The bacteria may be cleared from the animal within a few days of treatment; however re-infection is common and some animal body fluids may be infectious for weeks. Immunocompromised persons (cancer patients, HIV-infected individuals, or transplantation patients) should not handle dogs known to be infected with B. canis.
== Reference==
{{reflist|2}}


These are live vaccines, and strain 19 is known to cause disease in humans. Although we know less about the other vaccines, the recommendations are the same. You should see a health care provider. A baseline blood sample should be collected for testing for antibodies. We recommend that you take antibiotics (doxycycline and rifampin for strain 19 and REV-1, or doxycycline alone for RB-51) for 3 weeks. At the end of that time you should be rechecked and a second blood sample should be collected. (The sample can also be collected at 2 weeks.) The same recommendations hold true for spraying vaccine in the eyes (6 weeks of treatment in this case) or spraying onto open wounds on the skin <ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/brucellosis_g.htm#whatis
[[Category:Disease]]
</ref> .
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
==Reference==
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Occupational diseases]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Biological weapons]]
[[Category:Disease]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:45, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Danitza Lukac Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of brucellosis include: consuming unpasteurized dairy products or raw meat products, unsafe hunting practices and occupational exposure.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of Brucellosis include:[1][2][3][4][5]

Risk factors/risk of exposure in the development of Brucellosis (Center of disease control and prevention)
Countries at Risk Although brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common in countries that do not have effective public health and domestic animal health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are:
  • Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa)
  • Mexico, South America and Central America
  • Eastern Europe
  • Asia
  • Africa
  • The Caribbean
  • The Middle East
Occupational Risks Individuals in certain occupations or settings may face increased exposure to the bacteria that cause Brucellosis. These include:
  • Slaughterhouse workers
    • Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for individuals working in slaughterhouses
  • Meat-packing employees
    • Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for individuals working in meat packing plants
  • Veterinarians
    • Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for veterinarians
    • B.canis is the species of Brucella species that can infect dogs. This species has occasionally been transmitted to humans but the vast majority of dog infections do not result in human illness. Although veterinarians exposed to blood of infected animals are at risk, pet owners are not considered to be at risk for infection. This is partly because it is unlikely that they will come in contact with blood, semen or placenta of the dog.
  • Laboratory workers
    • Inhalation of Brucella organisms is not a common route of infection but it can be a significant hazard for people working in laboratories
Unpasteurized Dairy Products and raw meat products
  • Unpasteurized cheeses (sometimes called "village cheeses") from areas at increased risk for brucellosis may represent a particular risk for tourists.
  • Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help prevent or monitor possible outbreaks, such as pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations and brucellosis surveillance programs.
  • When traveling in areas with high risk, individuals may unknowingly consume unpasteurized dairy products. People from the U.S. who travel to these areas should:
    • Recognize that milk and dairy products may not be pasteurized and could be unsafe to consume.
    • Only consume meat products which are thoroughly cooked, since many countries cannot ensure Brucellosis-free meat products.
Hunters
  • Some game animals that transmit brucellosis include:
    • Wild hogs (feral swine)
    • Elk
    • Bison
    • Caribou
    • Moose
  • Hunters may be infected through skin wounds or by accidentally ingesting the bacteria after cleaning animals that they have killed.
Risks for Expecting Mothers

Reference

  1. ↑ "CDC".
  2. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012). "Human exposures to marine Brucella isolated from a harbor porpoise - Maine, 2012". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 61 (25): 461–3. PMID 22739776.
  3. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008). "Laboratory-acquired brucellosis--Indiana and Minnesota, 2006". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 57 (2): 39–42. PMID 18199967.
  4. ↑ Yagupsky P, Baron EJ (2005). "Laboratory exposures to brucellae and implications for bioterrorism". Emerg Infect Dis. 11 (8): 1180–5. doi:10.3201/eid1108.041197. PMC 3320509. PMID 16102304.
  5. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009). "Brucella suis infection associated with feral swine hunting - three states, 2007-2008". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 58 (22): 618–21. PMID 19521334.
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