Bronchospasm: Difference between revisions
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==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
It is caused by the release ([[degranulation]]) of substances from [[mast cells]] or [[basophil]]s under the influence of [[anaphylatoxin]]s. The overactivity of the bronchioles' muscle is a result of exposure to a stimulus which under normal circumstances would cause little or no response. The resulting constriction and inflammation causes a narrowing of the airways and an increase in [[mucus]] production; this reduces the amount of [[oxygen]] that is available to the individual causing breathlessness, coughing and [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]. | It is caused by the release ([[degranulation]]) of substances from [[mast cells]] or [[basophil]]s under the influence of [[anaphylatoxin]]s. The overactivity of the bronchioles' muscle is a result of exposure to a stimulus which under normal circumstances would cause little or no response. The resulting constriction and inflammation causes a narrowing of the airways and an increase in [[mucus]] production; this reduces the amount of [[oxygen]] that is available to the individual causing breathlessness, coughing and [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]. | ||
[[Image:Bb.png|thumb|center|470px|'''Inflamed airways and bronchoconstriction in asthma'''. Airways narrowed as a result of the inflammatory response cause wheezing.]] | |||
===Associated Conditions=== | ===Associated Conditions=== | ||
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Bronchospasms are one of several conditions associated with cold housing.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02673030050009258 |title=Housing Deprivation and Health: A Longitudinal Analysis |year=2000 |last1=Marsh |first1=Alex |last2=Gordon |first2=David |last3=Heslop |first3=Pauline |last4=Pantazis |first4=Christina |journal=Housing Studies |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=411}}</ref> | Bronchospasms are one of several conditions associated with cold housing.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02673030050009258 |title=Housing Deprivation and Health: A Longitudinal Analysis |year=2000 |last1=Marsh |first1=Alex |last2=Gordon |first2=David |last3=Heslop |first3=Pauline |last4=Pantazis |first4=Christina |journal=Housing Studies |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=411}}</ref> | ||
Bronchospasms are a serious potential complication of placing a [[Tracheal tube|breathing tube]] during [[general anesthesia]]. When the airways spasm or constrict in response to the irritating stimulus of the breathing tube, it is difficult to maintain the airway and the patient can become [[apneic]]. | Bronchospasms are a serious potential complication of placing a [[Tracheal tube|breathing tube]] during [[general anesthesia]]. When the airways spasm or constrict in response to the irritating stimulus of the breathing tube, it is difficult to maintain the airway and the patient can become [[apneic]]. | ||
== Causes == | == Causes == | ||
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=== Common Causes === | === Common Causes === | ||
*[[Allergens]] such as eggs, milk, [[peanut allergy|peanuts]], [[peanut allergy|walnuts]], tree and other [[peanut allergy|nuts]], fish, especially [[shellfish allergy|shellfish]], soy and wheat; insect bites and stings, especially [[bee stings]]; and other medicines, especially [[penicillin]] and its derivatives. | |||
*[[Anaphylaxis]] | *[[Anaphylaxis]] | ||
*[[Asthma]] | *[[Asthma]] | ||
Revision as of 11:52, 19 August 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S.; Areej Tariq
Overview
Bronchospasm is a difficulty in breathing caused by a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles.
Pathophysiology
It is caused by the release (degranulation) of substances from mast cells or basophils under the influence of anaphylatoxins. The overactivity of the bronchioles' muscle is a result of exposure to a stimulus which under normal circumstances would cause little or no response. The resulting constriction and inflammation causes a narrowing of the airways and an increase in mucus production; this reduces the amount of oxygen that is available to the individual causing breathlessness, coughing and hypoxia.
Associated Conditions
Bronchospasm appears as the feature of asthma, chronic bronchitis, anaphylaxis, and as a possible side-effect of the drug Pilocarpine (which is used to treat illness resulting from the ingestion of deadly nightshade as well as other things) and also as a side effect for beta blockers (used to treat hypertension) and other drugs. It can present as a sign of giardiasis.
Bronchospasms are one of several conditions associated with cold housing.[1]
Bronchospasms are a serious potential complication of placing a breathing tube during general anesthesia. When the airways spasm or constrict in response to the irritating stimulus of the breathing tube, it is difficult to maintain the airway and the patient can become apneic.
Causes
Common Causes
- Allergens such as eggs, milk, peanuts, walnuts, tree and other nuts, fish, especially shellfish, soy and wheat; insect bites and stings, especially bee stings; and other medicines, especially penicillin and its derivatives.
- Anaphylaxis
- Asthma
- Beta-blockers
- Bronchiolitis
- COPD
- Decongestants
- LRTI
- URTI
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Beta 2 agonists
Beta 2 adrenergic agonists are recommended for bronchospasm.
- Short acting (SABA)
- Long acting (LABA)
- Others
Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
Since the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is known to decrease sympathetic response by slowing the heart rate and constricting the smooth muscle tissue; ongoing research and successful clinical trials have shown that agents such as diphenhydramine, atropine and Ipratropium bromide is known to be effective for treating asthma and COPD-related symptoms.
References
- ↑ Marsh, Alex; Gordon, David; Heslop, Pauline; Pantazis, Christina (2000). "Housing Deprivation and Health: A Longitudinal Analysis". Housing Studies. 15 (3): 411. doi:10.1080/02673030050009258.