Bronchitis causes: Difference between revisions

	Bronchitis Main page
Patient Information
Overview
Causes
Classification Acute bronchitis Chronic bronchitis
Differential Diagnosis

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Latest revision as of 20:44, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]; Nate Michalak, B.A.

Overview

Virus are thought to be the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Influenza A and B, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus are the most commonly involved pathogens. Bacteria, such as mycoplasma, chlamydiae and bordetella pertussis, are also found to cause acute bronchitis. Smoking, occupational exposures, air pollutants, and genetic factors are etiologies of chronic bronchitis.

Causes

Acute Bronchitis: may be caused by either viruses, bacteria or environmental factors.

Viruses: Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, and human metapneumovirus^[1]^[2]^[3]

Bacteria: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis^[4]

Environmental factors: Toxic fume inhalation, tobacco, dust, and aerosols^[5]

Chronic Bronchitis: may be caused by smoking, air pollutants, occupational exposures, and genetic factors

Smoking

The primary risk factor for COPD is chronic tobacco smoking. In the United States, 80 to 90% of cases of COPD are due to smoking.^[6]^[7] Exposure to cigarette smoke is measured in pack-years, the average number of packages of cigarettes smoked daily multiplied by the number of years of smoking.^[8] The likelihood of developing COPD increases with age and cumulative smoke exposure. Almost all life-long smokers will develop COPD.^[9]

Occupational Exposures

Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts found in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry, and chemicals such as cadmium, isocyanates, and fumes from welding, have been implicated in the development of airflow obstruction, even in nonsmokers.^[10] Workers who smoke and are exposed to these particles and gases are even more likely to develop COPD. Intense silica dust exposure causes silicosis, a restrictive lung disease distinct from COPD; however, less intense silica dust exposures have been linked to a COPD-like condition.^[11] The effect of occupational pollutants on the lungs appears to be substantially less important than the effect of cigarette smoking.^[12]

Air Pollution

Studies in many countries reveal that people who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas.^[13] Urban air pollution may be a contributing factor for COPD, as it is thought to slow the normal growth of the lungs, although the long-term research needed to confirm the link has not been performed. Studies of the industrial waste gas and COPD/asthma-aggravating compound, sulfur dioxide, and the inverse relation to the presence of the blue lichen Xanthoria (usually found abundantly in the countryside, but never in towns or cities) suggest that combustive industrial processes do not aid COPD sufferers. In many developing countries, indoor air pollution from cooking fire smoke (often using biomass fuels such as wood and animal dung) is a common cause of COPD, especially in women.^[14]

Genetics

Some factor in addition to heavy smoke exposure is required for a person to develop COPD. This factor is probably a genetic susceptibility. COPD is more common among relatives of COPD patients who smoke than unrelated smokers.^[15] The genetic differences that make some peoples' lungs susceptible to the effects of tobacco smoke are mostly unknown. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic condition that is responsible for approximately 2% of cases of COPD. In this condition, the body does not make enough of the protein alpha 1-antitrypsin. Alpha 1-antitrypsin protects the lungs from damage caused by protease enzymes, such as elastase and trypsin, that can be released as a result of an inflammatory response to tobacco smoke.^[16]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Heart disease
Chemical / poisoning	Acenaphthene, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, biphenyl, chlorine dioxide, ethyleneamine, hexamethylene diisocyanate, nitric acid, phosphine, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, selenium poisoning, silver, sulfuric acid, toluene diisocyanate, vanadium poisoning
Dermatologic	Yellow nail syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Albuterol, alferon N, alfuzosin, artemether and lumefantrin, belimumab, benazepril, budesonide, butorphanol, candesartan, captafol, cardura, cevimeline, ciclesonide, citalopram, clopidogrel, crofelemer, doxazosin, enalapril maleate, escitalopram, exemestane, febuxostat, felodipine, fingolimod, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, goserelin, ibandronate, infliximab, interferon, ipratropium, irbesartan, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, itraconazole, lamotrigine, latanoprost, leflunomide, lumigan, methotrexate, metipranolol, metronidazole topical, minoxidil, moexipril, mycophenolate, mycophenolic acid, nateglinide, nitisinone, oseltamivir, oxcarbazepine, paroxetine, pentamidine isethionate, pirbuterol, pramipexole, repaglinide, risedronate, ropinirole, rosuvastatin, sertraline, sibutramine, simvastatin, tacrolimus, tamsulosin, tarka (medication), telmisartan, thalidomide, tiagabine, tobramycin, tolterodine, topiramate, trandolapril, travoprost, unoprostone, zanamivir
Ear Nose Throat	Pharyngitis, sinusitis
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Air pollution, aluminium lung, anthracosis, coal dust, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, farmer's lung, mesothelioma, pneumoconiosis, silicosis, smoking
Gastroenterologic	Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, inflammatory bowel disease
Genetic	Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, ataxia telangiectasia, cystic fibrosis, Gulf War syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Lung transplantation
Infectious Disease	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, aspergillosis, bordetella pertussis, chickenpox, chlamydia pneumonia, common cold, coronavirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, encephalitozoon cuniculi infection, enterovirus, flu, group A streptococcal infection, HIV, influenza, measles, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumonia, orthomyxovirus, paragonimiasis, parainfluenza, paramyxovirus, pharyngitis, pneumococcus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, trichinellosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Prune belly syndrome
Neurologic	Ataxia telangiectasia, Gulf War syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Hypoglycemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Lung cancer, mesothelioma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Marijuana abuse, nicotine addiction
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, aluminium lung, anthracosis, aspergillosis, asthma, blue and bloated syndrome, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, common cold, COPD, farmer's lung, flu, influenza, lung cancer, lung transplantation, mesothelioma, yellow nail syndrome
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Asthma, Felty's syndrome, Gulf War syndrome, IgG deficiency, Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency, MHC class I deficiency, primary immunodeficiency, Sjogren's syndrome
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Prune belly syndrome
Miscellaneous	Tobacco smoking

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes Based on Classification

Acute Bronchitis

The cause of acute bronchitis depends on several factors including season of the year (winter and fall), vaccination level, age and immune status of the patient.
Viruses are considered to be the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Common viruses include influenza A and B, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus and rhinovirus.
Human metapneumovirus is also found to cause bronchitis.
Some atypical bacteria are also found to act as causative factors for bronchitis namely bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia pneumonia and mycoplasma pneumonia.

The following factors exacerbate bronchitis:

Air pollution
Allergens
Certain occupations (such as coal mining, textile manufacturing, or grain handling)

Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition. People have a cough that produces excessive mucus. To be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, a patient must have a cough with mucus most days of the month for at least 3 months.

References

↑ Jonsson JS, Sigurdsson JA, Kristinsson KG, Guthnadóttir M, Magnusson S (1997). "Acute bronchitis in adults. How close do we come to its aetiology in general practice?". Scand J Prim Health Care. 15 (3): 156–60. PMID 9323784.
↑ Boivin G, Abed Y, Pelletier G, Ruel L, Moisan D, Côté S, Peret TC, Erdman DD, Anderson LJ (2002). "Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups". J. Infect. Dis. 186 (9): 1330–4. doi:10.1086/344319. PMID 12402203.
↑ Louie JK, Hacker JK, Gonzales R, Mark J, Maselli JH, Yagi S, Drew WL (2005). "Characterization of viral agents causing acute respiratory infection in a San Francisco University Medical Center Clinic during the influenza season". Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (6): 822–8. doi:10.1086/432800. PMID 16107980.
↑ Wenzel RP, Fowler AA (2006). "Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (20): 2125–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp061493. PMID 17108344.
↑ Irwin RS, Madison JM (2000). "The diagnosis and treatment of cough". N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (23): 1715–21. doi:10.1056/NEJM200012073432308. PMID 11106722.
↑ MedicineNet.com - COPD causes
↑ Young RP, Hopkins RJ, Christmas T, Black PN, Metcalf P, Gamble GD (2009). "COPD prevalence is increased in lung cancer, independent of age, sex and smoking history". Eur. Respir. J. 34 (2): 380–6. doi:10.1183/09031936.00144208. PMID 19196816. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ "Definition of pack year - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms".
↑ Template:Cite doi
↑ Devereux, Graham (2006). "Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors". BMJ. 332 (7550): 1142–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1142. PMC 1459603. PMID 16690673. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Hnizdo E, Vallyathan V (2003). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to occupational exposure to silica dust: a review of epidemiological and pathological evidence". Occup Environ Med. 60 (4): 237–43. doi:10.1136/oem.60.4.237. PMC 1740506. PMID 12660371. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. (2008). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-146633-9.
↑ Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM (2006). "Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur. Respir. J. 28 (3): 523–32. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00124605. PMID 16611654. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kennedy SM, Chambers R, Du W, Dimich-Ward H (2007). "Environmental and occupational exposures: do they affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease differently in women and men?". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 4 (8): 692–4. doi:10.1513/pats.200707-094SD. PMID 18073405. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Silverman EK, Chapman HA, Drazen JM; et al. (1998). "Genetic epidemiology of severe, early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Risk to relatives for airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157 (6 Pt 1): 1770–8. PMID 9620904. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 000091

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid9323784-1] Jonsson JS, Sigurdsson JA, Kristinsson KG, Guthnadóttir M, Magnusson S (1997). "Acute bronchitis in adults. How close do we come to its aetiology in general practice?". Scand J Prim Health Care. 15 (3): 156–60. PMID 9323784.

[pmid12402203-2] Boivin G, Abed Y, Pelletier G, Ruel L, Moisan D, Côté S, Peret TC, Erdman DD, Anderson LJ (2002). "Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups". J. Infect. Dis. 186 (9): 1330–4. doi:10.1086/344319. PMID 12402203.

[pmid16107980-3] Louie JK, Hacker JK, Gonzales R, Mark J, Maselli JH, Yagi S, Drew WL (2005). "Characterization of viral agents causing acute respiratory infection in a San Francisco University Medical Center Clinic during the influenza season". Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (6): 822–8. doi:10.1086/432800. PMID 16107980.

[pmid17108344-4] Wenzel RP, Fowler AA (2006). "Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (20): 2125–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp061493. PMID 17108344.

[pmid11106722-5] Irwin RS, Madison JM (2000). "The diagnosis and treatment of cough". N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (23): 1715–21. doi:10.1056/NEJM200012073432308. PMID 11106722.

[medcauses-6] MedicineNet.com - COPD causes

[7] Young RP, Hopkins RJ, Christmas T, Black PN, Metcalf P, Gamble GD (2009). "COPD prevalence is increased in lung cancer, independent of age, sex and smoking history". Eur. Respir. J. 34 (2): 380–6. doi:10.1183/09031936.00144208. PMID 19196816. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[8] "Definition of pack year - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms".

[9] Template:Cite doi

[10] Devereux, Graham (2006). "Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors". BMJ. 332 (7550): 1142–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1142. PMC 1459603. PMID 16690673. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[11] Hnizdo E, Vallyathan V (2003). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to occupational exposure to silica dust: a review of epidemiological and pathological evidence". Occup Environ Med. 60 (4): 237–43. doi:10.1136/oem.60.4.237. PMC 1740506. PMID 12660371. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Harrisons-12] Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. (2008). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-146633-9.

[13] Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM (2006). "Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur. Respir. J. 28 (3): 523–32. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00124605. PMID 16611654. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[14] Kennedy SM, Chambers R, Du W, Dimich-Ward H (2007). "Environmental and occupational exposures: do they affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease differently in women and men?". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 4 (8): 692–4. doi:10.1513/pats.200707-094SD. PMID 18073405. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[15] Silverman EK, Chapman HA, Drazen JM; et al. (1998). "Genetic epidemiology of severe, early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Risk to relatives for airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157 (6 Pt 1): 1770–8. PMID 9620904. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[16] MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 000091

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.
-{{CMG}}
 {{Bronchitis}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MehdiP}}; {{NRM}}
 ==Overview==
-[[Acute bronchitis]] is a self-limited inflammation of the large airways of the lung that is characterized by cough with or without sputum that last several days or weeks (10 days). It is one of the commonest causes of outpatient admission worldwide. Virus are thought to be the commonest cause of acute bronchitis. [[Influenza]] A and B, [[parainfluenza]], [[respiratory synctial virus]], [[corona virus]] are the commonest involved pathogens. Some atypical bacterias like [[mycoplasma]], [[chlamydiae]] and [[bordetella pertusis]] are also found to cause acute bronchitis.
+Virus are thought to be the most common cause of acute bronchitis.  [[Influenza]] A and B, [[parainfluenza]], [[respiratory syncytial virus]], [[coronavirus]] are the most commonly involved pathogens. Bacteria, such as [[mycoplasma]], [[chlamydiae]] and [[bordetella pertussis]], are also found to cause acute bronchitis. Smoking, occupational exposures, air pollutants, and genetic factors are etiologies of chronic bronchitis.
 ==Causes==
-===Life Threatening Causes===
+*<font size="3.3">'''[[Acute bronchitis|Acute Bronchitis]]:'''</font>  may be caused by either viruses, bacteria or environmental factors.
+::'''Viruses:''' [[Influenza]] virus, [[parainfluenza virus]], [[respiratory syncytial virus]], [[coronavirus]], [[adenovirus]], [[enterovirus]], [[rhinovirus]], [[coxsackievirus]], and human [[metapneumovirus]]<ref name="pmid9323784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jonsson JS, Sigurdsson JA, Kristinsson KG, Guthnadóttir M, Magnusson S |title=Acute bronchitis in adults. How close do we come to its aetiology in general practice? |journal=Scand J Prim Health Care |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=156–60 |year=1997 |pmid=9323784 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12402203">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boivin G, Abed Y, Pelletier G, Ruel L, Moisan D, Côté S, Peret TC, Erdman DD, Anderson LJ |title=Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=186 |issue=9 |pages=1330–4 |year=2002 |pmid=12402203 |doi=10.1086/344319 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16107980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Louie JK, Hacker JK, Gonzales R, Mark J, Maselli JH, Yagi S, Drew WL |title=Characterization of viral agents causing acute respiratory infection in a San Francisco University Medical Center Clinic during the influenza season |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=822–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16107980 |doi=10.1086/432800 |url=}}</ref>
+::'''Bacteria:''' [[Mycoplasma pneumoniae|''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'']], [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae|''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'']], and ''[[Bordetella pertussis]]''<ref name="pmid17108344">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wenzel RP, Fowler AA |title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=20 |pages=2125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=17108344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp061493 |url=}}</ref>
+::'''Environmental factors:''' Toxic fume inhalation, tobacco, dust, and aerosols<ref name="pmid11106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Irwin RS, Madison JM |title=The diagnosis and treatment of cough |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=343 |issue=23 |pages=1715–21 |year=2000 |pmid=11106722 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200012073432308 |url=}}</ref>
+*<font size="3.3">'''[[Chronic Bronchitis]]:'''</font> may be caused by smoking, air pollutants, occupational exposures, and genetic factors
+::'''Smoking'''
+:::The primary risk factor for COPD is chronic tobacco smoking. In the [[United States]], 80 to 90% of cases of COPD are due to smoking.<ref name="medcauses">[http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/page3.htm MedicineNet.com - COPD causes]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Young RP, Hopkins RJ, Christmas T, Black PN, Metcalf P, Gamble GD |title=COPD prevalence is increased in lung cancer, independent of age, sex and smoking history |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=380–6 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19196816 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00144208 }}</ref> Exposure to cigarette smoke is measured in pack-years, the average number of packages of cigarettes smoked daily multiplied by the number of years of smoking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.gov/Templates/db_alpha.aspx?CdrID=306510 |title=Definition of pack year - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> The likelihood of developing COPD increases with age and cumulative smoke exposure. Almost all life-long smokers will develop COPD.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68516-4}}</ref>
+::'''Occupational Exposures'''
+:::Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts found in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry, and chemicals such as [[cadmium]], [[isocyanates]], and fumes from welding,  have been implicated in the development of airflow obstruction, even in nonsmokers.<ref>{{cite journal
+ | pmid = 16690673
+ | pmc = 1459603
+ | title = Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors
+ | year = 2006
+ | journal = BMJ
+ | volume = 332
+ | issue = 7550
+ | pages = 1142–4
+ | doi = 10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1142
+ | month = May
+ | author = Devereux, Graham
+}}</ref> Workers who smoke and are exposed to these particles and gases are even more likely to develop [[COPD]]. Intense [[silica]] dust exposure causes [[silicosis]], a restrictive lung disease distinct from COPD; however, less intense silica dust exposures have been linked to a COPD-like condition.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hnizdo E, Vallyathan V |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to occupational exposure to silica dust: a review of epidemiological and pathological evidence |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=237–43 |year=2003 |month=April |pmid=12660371 |pmc=1740506 |doi=10.1136/oem.60.4.237}}</ref> The effect of occupational pollutants on the lungs appears to be substantially less important than the effect of cigarette smoking.<ref name="Harrisons">{{cite book |author=Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |edition=17th |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2008 |isbn=0-07-146633-9}}</ref>
+::'''Air Pollution'''
+:::Studies in many countries reveal that people who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM |title=Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=523–32 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16611654 |doi=10.1183/09031936.06.00124605 }}</ref> Urban [[air pollution]] may be a contributing factor for COPD, as it is thought to slow the normal growth of the lungs, although the long-term research needed to confirm the link has not been performed. Studies of the industrial waste gas and COPD/asthma-aggravating compound, [[sulfur dioxide]], and the inverse relation to the presence of the blue lichen ''Xanthoria'' (usually found abundantly in the countryside, but never in towns or cities) suggest that combustive industrial processes do not aid COPD sufferers. In many [[developing countries]], indoor air pollution from cooking fire smoke (often using [[biomass fuel]]s such as wood and animal dung) is a common cause of COPD, especially in women.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kennedy SM, Chambers R, Du W, Dimich-Ward H |title=Environmental and occupational exposures: do they affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease differently in women and men?|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=692–4 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18073405 |url=http://pats.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/4/8/692 |doi=10.1513/pats.200707-094SD}}</ref>
+::'''Genetics'''
+:::Some factor in addition to heavy smoke exposure is required for a person to develop COPD. This factor is probably a [[gene]]tic susceptibility. COPD is more common among relatives of COPD patients who smoke than unrelated smokers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silverman EK, Chapman HA, Drazen JM, ''et al.'' |title=Genetic epidemiology of severe, early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Risk to relatives for airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=157 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=1770–8 |year=1998 |month=June |pmid=9620904 |url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9620904}}</ref> The genetic differences that make some peoples' lungs susceptible to the effects of tobacco smoke are mostly unknown. [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]] is a genetic condition that is responsible for approximately 2% of cases of COPD. In this condition, the body does not make enough of the protein [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]]. Alpha 1-antitrypsin protects the lungs from damage caused by [[protease]] [[enzymes]], such as [[elastase]] and [[trypsin]], that can be released as a result of an inflammatory response to tobacco smoke.<ref>{{MedlinePlus|000091}}</ref>
 ===Common Causes===
+*[[Adenovirus]]
+*[[Air pollution]]
+*[[Bordetella pertussis]]
+*[[dust|Coal dust]]
+*[[Coronavirus]]
+*[[Influenza]]
+*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
+*[[Parainfluenza]]
+*[[Respiratory syncytial virus]]
+*[[Rhinovirus]]
+*[[Tobacco smoking]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
@@ Line 16: / Line 52: @@
 {|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Heart disease]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acenaphthene]], [[acetaldehyde]], [[acetic acid]], [[acetic anhydride]], [[biphenyl]], [[chlorine dioxide]], [[ethyleneamine]], [[hexamethylene diisocyanate]], [[nitric acid]], [[phosphine]], [[polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|polychlorinated dibenzofurans]], [[selenium|selenium poisoning]], [[silver]], [[sulfuric acid]], [[toluene diisocyanate]], [[vanadium|vanadium poisoning]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Yellow nail syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Alfuzosin]], [[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[Belimumab]], [[Butorphanol]], [[Ciclesonide]], [[crofelemer]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Goserelin]], [[Lamotrigine]], [[Methotrexate]], [[Metronidazole Topical]], [[Metipranolol]], [[Nitisinone]], [[Pentamidine Isethionate]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sertraline]], [[Thalidomide]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Topiramate]], [[Travoprost]], [[Tobramycin]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Albuterol]], [[alferon N]], [[alfuzosin]], [[artemether and lumefantrin]], [[belimumab]], [[benazepril]], [[budesonide]], [[butorphanol]], [[candesartan]], [[captafol]], [[cardura]], [[cevimeline]], [[ciclesonide]], [[citalopram]], [[clopidogrel]], [[crofelemer]], [[doxazosin]], [[enalapril maleate]], [[escitalopram]], [[exemestane]], [[febuxostat]], [[felodipine]], [[fingolimod]], [[fluoxetine]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[goserelin]], [[ibandronate]], [[infliximab]], [[interferon]], [[ipratropium]], [[irbesartan]], [[isosorbide dinitrate]], [[isosorbide mononitrate]], [[itraconazole]], [[lamotrigine]], [[latanoprost]], [[leflunomide]], [[lumigan]], [[methotrexate]], [[metipranolol]], [[Metronidazole Topical|metronidazole topical]], [[minoxidil]], [[moexipril]], [[mycophenolate]], [[mycophenolic acid]], [[nateglinide]], [[nitisinone]], [[oseltamivir]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[paroxetine]], [[pentamidine isethionate]], [[pirbuterol]], [[pramipexole]], [[repaglinide]], [[risedronate]], [[ropinirole]], [[rosuvastatin]], [[sertraline]], [[sibutramine]], [[simvastatin]], [[tacrolimus]], [[tamsulosin]], [[tarka (medication)]], [[telmisartan]], [[thalidomide]], [[tiagabine]], [[tobramycin]], [[tolterodine]], [[topiramate]], [[trandolapril]], [[travoprost]], [[unoprostone]], [[zanamivir]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 40: / Line 76: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Air pollution]], [[aluminium lung]], [[anthracosis]], [[dust|coal dust]], [[coal worker's pneumoconiosis]], [[farmer's lung]], [[mesothelioma]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[silicosis]], [[smoking]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[ataxia telangiectasia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[Gulf War syndrome]], [[Klinefelter syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 56: / Line 92: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lung transplantation]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Influenza]], [[Pharyngitis]], [[Sinusitis]], [[Streptococcus Group A infection]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[adenovirus]], [[aspergillosis]], [[bordetella pertussis]], [[chickenpox]], [[chlamydia pneumonia]], [[common cold]], [[coronavirus]], [[coxsackievirus]], [[echovirus]], [[microsporidiosis pathophysiology|encephalitozoon cuniculi infection]], [[enterovirus]], [[flu]], [[group A streptococcal infection]], [[HIV]], [[influenza]], [[measles]], [[moraxella catarrhalis]], [[mycoplasma pneumonia]], [[orthomyxovirus]], [[paragonimiasis]], [[parainfluenza]], [[paramyxovirus]], [[pharyngitis]], [[pneumococcus]], [[respiratory syncytial virus]], [[rhinovirus]], [[trichinellosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prune belly syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ataxia telangiectasia]], [[Gulf War syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| Hypoglycemia
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoglycemia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 80: / Line 116: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lung cancer]], [[mesothelioma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 88: / Line 124: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Marijuana abuse]], [[nicotine addiction]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 96: / Line 132: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency]], [[Asthma]] , [[Bronchiectasis]], [[Bronchiolitis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[aluminium lung]], [[anthracosis]], [[aspergillosis]], [[asthma]], [[blue and bloated syndrome]], [[bronchiectasis]], [[bronchiolitis]], [[coal worker's pneumoconiosis]], [[common cold]], [[COPD]], [[farmer's lung]], [[flu]], [[influenza]], [[lung cancer]], [[lung transplantation]], [[mesothelioma]], [[yellow nail syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 104: / Line 140: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asthma]], [[Felty's syndrome]], [[Gulf War syndrome]], [[IgG|IgG deficiency]], [[Immunoglobulin G|Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency]], [[MHC class I|MHC class I deficiency]], [[primary immunodeficiency]], [[Sjogren's syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 116: / Line 152: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prune belly syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tobacco smoking]]
 |-
 |}
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{columns-list|
+*[[Acenaphthene]]
+*[[Acetaldehyde]]
+*[[Acetic acid]]
+*[[Acetic anhydride]]
+*[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]]
+*[[Adenovirus]]
+*[[Air pollution]]
+*[[Albuterol]]
+*[[Alferon N]]
+*[[Alfuzosin]]
+*[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]
+*[[Aluminium lung]]
+*[[Anthracosis]]
+*[[Artemether and lumefantrin]]
+*[[Aspergillosis]]
+*[[Asthma]]
+*[[Ataxia telangiectasia]]
+*[[Belimumab]]
+*[[Benazepril]]
+*[[Biphenyl]]
+*[[Blue and bloated syndrome]]
+*[[Bordetella pertussis]]
+*[[Bronchiectasis]]
+*[[Bronchiolitis]]
+*[[Budesonide]]
+*[[Butorphanol]]
+*[[Candesartan]]
+*[[Captafol]]
+*[[Cardura]]
+*[[Cevimeline]]
+*[[Chickenpox]]
+*[[Chlamydia pneumonia]]
+*[[Chlorine dioxide]]
+*[[Ciclesonide]]
+*[[Citalopram]]
+*[[Clopidogrel]]
+*[[dust|Coal dust]]
+*[[Coal worker's pneumoconiosis]]
+*[[Common cold]]
+*[[COPD]]
+*[[Coronavirus]]
+*[[Coxsackievirus]]
+*[[Crofelemer]]
+*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
+*[[Doxazosin]]
+*[[Echovirus]]
+*[[Enalapril maleate]]
+*[[microsporidiosis pathophysiology|Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection]]
+*[[Enterovirus]]
+*[[Escitalopram]]
+*[[Ethyleneamine]]
+*[[Exemestane]]
+*[[Farmer's lung]]
+*[[Febuxostat]]
+*[[Felodipine]]
+*[[Felty's syndrome]]
+*[[Fingolimod]]
+*[[Flu]]
+*[[Fluoxetine]]
+*[[Fluvoxamine]]
+*[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]
+*[[Goserelin]]
+*[[Group A streptococcal infection]]
+*[[Gulf War syndrome]]
+*[[Heart disease]]
+*[[Hexamethylene diisocyanate]]
+*[[HIV]]
+*[[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Ibandronate]]
+*[[IgG|IgG deficiency]]
+*[[Immunoglobulin G|Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency]]
+*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
+*[[Infliximab]]
+*[[Influenza]]
+*[[Interferon]]
+*[[Ipratropium]]
+*[[Irbesartan]]
+*[[Isosorbide dinitrate]]
+*[[Isosorbide mononitrate]]
+*[[Itraconazole]]
+*[[Klinefelter syndrome]]
+*[[Lamotrigine]]
+*[[Latanoprost]]
+*[[Leflunomide]]
+*[[Lumigan]]
+*[[Lung cancer]]
+*[[Lung transplantation]]
+*[[Marijuana abuse]]
+*[[Measles]]
+*[[Mesothelioma]]
+*[[Methotrexate]]
+*[[Metipranolol]]
+*[[Metronidazole Topical|Metronidazole topical]]
+*[[MHC class I|MHC class I deficiency]]
+*[[Minoxidil]]
+*[[Moexipril]]
+*[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
+*[[Mycophenolate]]
+*[[Mycophenolic acid]]
+*[[Mycoplasma pneumonia]]
+*[[Nateglinide]]
+*[[Nicotine addiction]]
+*[[Nitisinone]]
+*[[Nitric acid]]
+*[[Orthomyxovirus]]
+*[[Oseltamivir]]
+*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
+*[[Paragonimiasis]]
+*[[Parainfluenza]]
+*[[Paramyxovirus]]
+*[[Paroxetine]]
+*[[Pentamidine isethionate]]
+*[[Pharyngitis]]
+*[[Phosphine]]
+*[[Pirbuterol]]
+*[[Pneumococcus]]
+*[[Pneumoconiosis]]
+*[[polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|Polychlorinated dibenzofurans]]
+*[[Pramipexole]]
+*[[Primary immunodeficiency]]
+*[[Prune belly syndrome]]
+*[[Repaglinide]]
+*[[Respiratory syncytial virus]]
+*[[Rhinovirus]]
+*[[Risedronate]]
+*[[Ropinirole]]
+*[[Rosuvastatin]]
+*[[selenium|Selenium poisoning]]
+*[[Sertraline]]
+*[[Sibutramine]]
+*[[Silicosis]]
+*[[Silver]]
+*[[Simvastatin]]
+*[[Sinusitis]]
+*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
+*[[Smoking ]]
+*[[Sulfuric acid]]
+*[[Tacrolimus]]
+*[[Tamsulosin]]
+*[[Tarka (medication)]]
+*[[Telmisartan]]
+*[[Thalidomide]]
+*[[Tiagabine]]
+*[[Tobacco smoking]]
+*[[Tobramycin]]
+*[[Tolterodine]]
+*[[Toluene diisocyanate]]
+*[[Topiramate]]
+*[[Trandolapril]]
+*[[Travoprost]]
+*[[Trichinellosis]]
+*[[Unoprostone]]
+*[[vanadium|Vanadium poisoning]]
+*[[Yellow nail syndrome]]
+*[[Zanamivir]]
+}}
 ===Causes Based on Classification===
 ====Acute Bronchitis====
-* The cause of acute bronchitis depend on several factors, for instance season of the year (winter and fall), vaccination level, age and immune status of the patient
+* The cause of acute bronchitis depends on several factors including season of the year (winter and fall), vaccination level, age and immune status of the patient.
-* Viruses are considered to be the commonest cause of acute bronchitis. The common virus involved are influenza A and B, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus and rhinovirus.
+* Viruses are considered to be the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Common viruses include [[influenza]] A and B, [[parainfluenza]], [[respiratory syncytial virus]], [[coronavirus]], [[adenovirus]] and [[rhinovirus]].
-* Human metapneumovirus is also found to cause bronchitis.
+* [[Human metapneumovirus]] is also found to cause bronchitis.
-* Some atypical bacterias are also found toact as causative factors for bronchitis namely [[bordetella pertusis]], [[Chlamydia pneumonia]] and [[mycoplasma pneumonia]].
+* Some atypical bacteria are also found to act as causative factors for bronchitis namely [[bordetella pertussis]], [[Chlamydia pneumonia]] and [[mycoplasma pneumonia]].
-The following things can make [[bronchitis]] worse:
+The following factors exacerbate [[bronchitis]]:
-*Air pollution
+*[[Air pollution]]
 *[[Allergens]]
 *Certain occupations (such as coal mining, textile manufacturing, or grain handling)
 ====Chronic Bronchitis====
-[[Chronic bronchitis]] is a long-term [[condition]]. People have a [[cough]] that produces excessive [[mucus]]. To be diagnosed with [[chronic bronchitis]], you must have a [[cough]] with [[mucus]] most days of the month for at least 3 months.
+[[Chronic bronchitis]] is a long-term [[condition]]. People have a [[cough]] that produces excessive [[mucus]]. To be diagnosed with [[chronic bronchitis]], a patient must have a [[cough]] with [[mucus]] most days of the month for at least 3 months.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
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+{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 [[Category:Inflammations]]
 [[Category:Pulmonology]]
 [[Category:General practice]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease]]
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
-[[Category:primary care]]
-[[Category:Needs content]]
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