Ataxia causes: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes<ref name="pmid21626557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klockgether T, Paulson H |title=Milestones in ataxia |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1134–41 |date=May 2011 |pmid=21626557 |pmc=3105349 |doi=10.1002/mds.23559 |url=}}</ref>===
* [[Stroke]]
 
* [[Brain tumor]]
*[[Stroke]]
* [[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
* [[Alcoholism]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Head trauma]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
* [[Cerebral palsy]]
*[[Head trauma]]
* [[Drug intoxication]]
*[[Cerebral palsy]]
* [[Heavy metal poisoning]]
*[[Drug intoxication]]
* [[Hereditary ataxias]]
*[[Heavy metal poisoning]]
** [[Spinocerebellar ataxia]]s
*[[Hereditary ataxias]]
** [[Friedreich's ataxia]]
**[[Spinocerebellar ataxia]]s
** [[Ataxia-telangiectasia]]
**[[Friedreich's ataxia]]
* [[Wilson's disease]]
**[[Ataxia-telangiectasia]]
*[[Wilson's disease]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*Infections
*Infections
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===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Arteriosclerosis]], Circulation disorders in area of [[brain stem]], [[Morgagni's Syndrome]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Arteriosclerosis]], Circulation disorders in area of [[brain stem]], [[Morgagni's Syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|'''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[2,4,6-Trichlorophenol]], [[Acrylamide]], [[Aftershave]], [[Amitraz]], [[Aniline]], [[Antifreeze]], [[Apple seed poisoning]], [[Arizona Bark Scorpion poisoning]], [[Benzene]], [[Blue-ringed octopus poisoning]], [[Buckeye poisoning]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[Death Camas poisoning]], [[English Ivy poisoning]], [[Ethotoin]], [[Galantamine hydrobromide]], [[Gasoline]], [[Lantana poisoning]], [[Lead]], [[Mayapple poisoning]], [[Mercury]], [[Mescal poisoning]], [[Minamata disease]], [[Mistletoe poisoning]], [[Thallium poisoning]], [[Tolterodine toxicity]], [[Toxic mushrooms -- Anticholinergic]], [[Toxic mushrooms -- Monomethylhydrazine]], [[Toxic mushrooms -- Psychedelic]], [[Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha]], [[Xylene]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[2,4,6-Trichlorophenol]], [[Acrylamide]], [[Aftershave]], [[Amitraz]], [[Aniline]], [[Antifreeze]], [[Apple seed poisoning]], [[Arizona Bark Scorpion poisoning]], [[Benzene]], [[Blue-ringed octopus poisoning]], [[Buckeye poisoning]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[Death Camas poisoning]], [[English Ivy poisoning]], [[Ethotoin]], [[Galantamine hydrobromide]], [[Gasoline]], [[Lantana poisoning]], [[Lead]], [[Mayapple poisoning]], [[Mercury]], [[Mescal poisoning]], [[Minamata disease]], [[Mistletoe poisoning]], [[Thallium poisoning]], [[Tolterodine toxicity]], [[Toxic mushrooms -- Anticholinergic]], [[Toxic mushrooms -- Monomethylhydrazine]], [[Toxic mushrooms -- Psychedelic]], [[Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha]], [[Xylene]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|'''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Erythrokeratodermia with ataxia]], [[Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome]], [[DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome]], [[Xeroderma pigmentosum]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Erythrokeratodermia with ataxia]], [[Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome]], [[DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome]], [[Xeroderma pigmentosum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|'''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Agalsidase beta]], [[Alprazolam]],  [[Amobarbital sodium]], [[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[Atroine]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Barbituates]], [[Benzodiazepines]], [[Carbamazepine]], [[Chlordiazepoxide]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]], [[Estazolam]], [[Ethosuximide]], [[Flurazepam hydrochloride]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Flucytosine]], [[Gabapentin]], [[Hydroxychloroquine]], [[Lacosamide]], [[Lamotrigine]], [[Levetiracetam]], [[Loxapine]], [[lomustine]], [[Metronidazole]], [[Morphine]], [[Meprobamate]], [[Nabilone]], [[Nelarabine]], [[Olanzapine]],[[oxazepam]] [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Perampanel]], [[Pergolide]], [[Perphenazine]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Polymyxin B]], [[Primidone]], [[Rufinamide]], [[Secobarbital sodium]], [[Sertraline]], [[Spironolactone]], [[Topiramate]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Agalsidase beta]], [[Alprazolam]],  [[Amobarbital sodium]], [[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[Atroine]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Barbituates]], [[Benzodiazepines]], [[Carbamazepine]], [[Chlordiazepoxide]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]], [[Estazolam]], [[Ethosuximide]], [[Flurazepam hydrochloride]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Flucytosine]], [[Gabapentin]], [[Hydroxychloroquine]], [[Lacosamide]], [[Lamotrigine]], [[Levetiracetam]], [[Loxapine]], [[lomustine]], [[Metronidazole]], [[Morphine]], [[Meprobamate]], [[Nabilone]], [[Nelarabine]], [[Olanzapine]],[[oxazepam]] [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Perampanel]], [[Pergolide]], [[Perphenazine]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Polymyxin B]], [[Primidone]], [[Rufinamide]], [[Secobarbital sodium]], [[Sertraline]], [[Spironolactone]], [[Topiramate]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|'''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neurinoma]], [[Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo]], [[Reardon-Wilson-Cavanagh syndrome]], [[Richards-Rundle syndrome]], [[Susac syndrome]], [[Treft-Sanborn-Carey syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acoustic neurinoma]], [[Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo]], [[Reardon-Wilson-Cavanagh syndrome]], [[Richards-Rundle syndrome]], [[Susac syndrome]], [[Treft-Sanborn-Carey syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|'''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adult-onset adreno leukodystrophy]], [[Diabetic neuropathy]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Furukawa-Takagi-Nakao syndrome]], [[Hypogonadism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Insulinoma]], [[Metastatic insulinoma]], [[Morgagni's Syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Adult-onset adreno leukodystrophy]], [[Diabetic neuropathy]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Furukawa-Takagi-Nakao syndrome]], [[Hypogonadism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Insulinoma]], [[Metastatic insulinoma]], [[Morgagni's Syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|'''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute altitude sickness]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute altitude sickness]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|'''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome]], [[Celiac disease]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome]], [[Hepatocerebral degeneration]], [[Wilson's Disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome]], [[Celiac disease]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome]], [[Hepatocerebral degeneration]], [[Wilson's Disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|'''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpers Syndrome]], [[Angleman syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], [[Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome]], [[Bhaskar-Jagannathan syndrome]], [[Cerebellar ataxia]], [[Cockayne syndrome]], [[Dravet syndrome]], [[Familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E]], [[Familial periodic ataxia]], [[Feline spongiform encephalopathy]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Hallervorden-Spatz disease]], [[Hereditary spastic paraparesis]], [[Krabbe leukodystrophy]], [[Richards-Rundle syndrome]], [[Roussy-Levy syndrome]], [[Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome]], [[Sialidosis type 1 and 3]], [[Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome]], [[Xeroderma pigmentosum]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alpers Syndrome]], [[Angleman syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], [[Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome]], [[Bhaskar-Jagannathan syndrome]], [[Cerebellar ataxia]], [[Cockayne syndrome]], [[Dravet syndrome]], [[Familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E]], [[Familial periodic ataxia]], [[Feline spongiform encephalopathy]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Hallervorden-Spatz disease]], [[Hereditary spastic paraparesis]], [[Krabbe leukodystrophy]], [[Richards-Rundle syndrome]], [[Roussy-Levy syndrome]], [[Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome]], [[Sialidosis type 1 and 3]], [[Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome]], [[Xeroderma pigmentosum]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|'''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthocytosis]], [[Aceruloplasminemia]], [[Macrocytic anemia]], [[Pernicious anemia]], [[Revesz Debuse syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acanthocytosis]], [[Aceruloplasminemia]], [[Macrocytic anemia]], [[Pernicious anemia]], [[Revesz Debuse syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|'''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|'''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain abscess]], [[Cerebellar abscess]], [[Chickenpox]], [[Diphtheria]], [[Encephalitis]], [[HIV infection]], [[Measles]], [[Quaternary syphilis]], [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome]], [[Smallpox]], [[Tabes dorsalis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Brain abscess]], [[Cerebellar abscess]], [[Chickenpox]], [[Diphtheria]], [[Encephalitis]], [[HIV infection]], [[Measles]], [[Quaternary syphilis]], [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome]], [[Smallpox]], [[Tabes dorsalis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|'''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dinno-Shearer-Weisskopf syndrome]], [[Furukawa-Takagi-Nakao syndrome]], [[Myopathy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dinno-Shearer-Weisskopf syndrome]], [[Furukawa-Takagi-Nakao syndrome]], [[Myopathy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|'''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]], [[Alexander Syndrome]], [[Alpers Syndrome]], [[Arachnoid Cysts]], [[Arnold-Chiari Malformation]], [[ARTS syndrome]], [[Ataxia deafness reardon type]], [[Ataxia tapetoretinal degeneration]], [[Ataxia telangiectasia / Louis-Bar syndrome]], [[Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia syndrome]], [[Basal ganglia calcification]], [[Basilar artery migraine]], [[Vertebro-basilar artery ischemia]], [[Brain abscess]], [[Brain cancer]], [[Brain cyst]], [[Brain injury]], [[Brainstem or cortical lesions]], [[Central nervous system lymphoma, primary]], [[Cerebellar abscess]], [[Cerebellar ataxia]], [[Cerebellar cortex atrophy]], [[Cerebellar degeneration]], [[Cerebellar haemorrhage]], [[Cerebellar heredoataxia]], [[Cerebellar hypoplasia]], [[Cerebellar infarct]], [[Cerebellar mass]], [[Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Familial]], [[Cerebral hemorrhage]], [[Cerebral infarction]], [[Cerebral palsy]], [[Cerebrorenodigital syndrome]], [[Cerebrovascular accident]], [[Ceroid lipofuscinosis]], [[Cervical myelopathy]], [[Chorea familial benign]], [[Chronic progressive traumatic encephalopathy]], [[Cockayne syndrome]], [[Combarros Calleja Leno syndrome]], [[Corneal cerebellar syndrome]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[Cutler-Bass-Romshe syndrome]], [[Dandy-Walker Syndrome]], [[Dementia pugilis]], [[Demyelinating disorder]], [[DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome]], [[Dinno-Shearer-Weisskopf syndrome]], [[Dravet syndrome]], [[Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome]], [[Dysequilibrium syndrome]], [[Encephalitis]], [[Encephalocele frontal]], [[Epiphyseal tumor]], [[Episodic ataxia]], [[Erythrokeratodermia with ataxia]], [[Feline spongiform encephalopathy]], [[Fisher's Syndrome]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], [[Frontal lobe lesion]], [[GALOP Syndrome]] (gait disorder, autoantibodies, late age onset, polyneuropathy), [[Glioma]], [[Granulomatous Angiitis of the central nervous system]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[Hallervorden-Spatz disease]], [[Heidenhain syndrome]], [[Hepatocerebral degeneration]], [[Hydrocephalus]], [[Infantile polymyoclonus]], [[Inherited neuropathies]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma]], [[Kearns-Sayre Syndrome]], [[Kuru]], [[Lhermitte-McAlpine syndrome]], [[Machado-Joseph Disease]], [[Macrogyria, pseudobulbar palsy and mental retardation]], [[Mann Syndrome]], [[Marinesco-Sjogren-like syndrome]] (MSLS), [[Marinescu-Garland Syndrome]], [[Medulloblastoma]], [[Meinecke syndrome]], [[Meningoencephalocele]], [[Mental retardation progressive spasticity, X-linked]], [[Mental retardation, X-linked, with cerebellar hypoplasia and distinctive facial appearance]], [[Metachromatic Leukodystrophy]], [[Miller Fisher Syndrome]], [[Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy]], [[Mononeuropathy/radiculopathy affecting the lower extremities]], [[Multiple sclerosis]], [[Myelopathy]], [[Myoclonus]], [[Neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease]], [[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]], [[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy]], [[Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]], [[Parietal lobe lesion]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Partington X-linked mental retardation syndrome]], [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]], [[Peripheral neuropathy]], [[Polyneuritis]], [[Polyneuropathy]], [[Post-infective polyradiculopathy]], [[Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Posterior fossa tumor]], [[Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy]], [[Reardon-Wilson-Cavanagh syndrome]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[Rhombencephalosynapsis]], [[Roussy-Levy syndrome]], [[Schroer-Hammer-Mauldin syndrome]], [[Segawa syndrome, autosomal recessive]], [[Shy-Drager syndrome]], [[Spastic paraplegia]], [[Spinal cord compression (and pressure on dorsal nerve roots)]], [[Spinal cord tumor]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia]], [[Spinocerebellar degenerescence, book type]], [[Stroke]], [[Susac syndrome]], [[Tabes dorsalis]], [[Telencephalic leukoencephalopathy]], [[Thalamic syndrome]], [[Thoracic dysplasia -- hydrocephalus syndrome]], [[Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome]], [[Transient ischemic attack (TIA)]], [[Transverse myelitis]], [[Vascular dementia]], [[Vertebral Artery Dissection]], [[Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia]], [[Vertigo, benign paroxysmal]], [[Westphal's Disease]], [[Wilson's Disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]], [[Alexander Syndrome]], [[Alpers Syndrome]], [[Arachnoid Cysts]], [[Arnold-Chiari Malformation]], [[ARTS syndrome]], [[Ataxia deafness reardon type]], [[Ataxia tapetoretinal degeneration]], [[Ataxia telangiectasia / Louis-Bar syndrome]], [[Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia syndrome]], [[Basal ganglia calcification]], [[Basilar artery migraine]], [[Vertebro-basilar artery ischemia]], [[Brain abscess]], [[Brain cancer]], [[Brain cyst]], [[Brain injury]], [[Brainstem or cortical lesions]], [[Central nervous system lymphoma, primary]], [[Cerebellar abscess]], [[Cerebellar ataxia]], [[Cerebellar cortex atrophy]], [[Cerebellar degeneration]], [[Cerebellar haemorrhage]], [[Cerebellar heredoataxia]], [[Cerebellar hypoplasia]], [[Cerebellar infarct]], [[Cerebellar mass]], [[Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Familial]], [[Cerebral hemorrhage]], [[Cerebral infarction]], [[Cerebral palsy]], [[Cerebrorenodigital syndrome]], [[Cerebrovascular accident]], [[Ceroid lipofuscinosis]], [[Cervical myelopathy]], [[Chorea familial benign]], [[Chronic progressive traumatic encephalopathy]], [[Cockayne syndrome]], [[Combarros Calleja Leno syndrome]], [[Corneal cerebellar syndrome]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[Cutler-Bass-Romshe syndrome]], [[Dandy-Walker Syndrome]], [[Dementia pugilis]], [[Demyelinating disorder]], [[DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome]], [[Dinno-Shearer-Weisskopf syndrome]], [[Dravet syndrome]], [[Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome]], [[Dysequilibrium syndrome]], [[Encephalitis]], [[Encephalocele frontal]], [[Epiphyseal tumor]], [[Episodic ataxia]], [[Erythrokeratodermia with ataxia]], [[Feline spongiform encephalopathy]], [[Fisher's Syndrome]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], [[Frontal lobe lesion]], [[GALOP Syndrome]] (gait disorder, autoantibodies, late age onset, polyneuropathy), [[Glioma]], [[Granulomatous Angiitis of the central nervous system]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[Hallervorden-Spatz disease]], [[Heidenhain syndrome]], [[Hepatocerebral degeneration]], [[Hydrocephalus]], [[Infantile polymyoclonus]], [[Inherited neuropathies]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma]], [[Kearns-Sayre Syndrome]], [[Kuru]], [[Lhermitte-McAlpine syndrome]], [[Machado-Joseph Disease]], [[Macrogyria, pseudobulbar palsy and mental retardation]], [[Mann Syndrome]], [[Marinesco-Sjogren-like syndrome]] (MSLS), [[Marinescu-Garland Syndrome]], [[Medulloblastoma]], [[Meinecke syndrome]], [[Meningoencephalocele]], [[Mental retardation progressive spasticity, X-linked]], [[Mental retardation, X-linked, with cerebellar hypoplasia and distinctive facial appearance]], [[Metachromatic Leukodystrophy]], [[Miller Fisher Syndrome]], [[Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy]], [[Mononeuropathy/radiculopathy affecting the lower extremities]], [[Multiple sclerosis]], [[Myelopathy]], [[Myoclonus]], [[Neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease]], [[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]], [[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy]], [[Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]], [[Parietal lobe lesion]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Partington X-linked mental retardation syndrome]], [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]], [[Peripheral neuropathy]], [[Polyneuritis]], [[Polyneuropathy]], [[Post-infective polyradiculopathy]], [[Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Posterior fossa tumor]], [[Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy]], [[Reardon-Wilson-Cavanagh syndrome]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[Rhombencephalosynapsis]], [[Roussy-Levy syndrome]], [[Schroer-Hammer-Mauldin syndrome]], [[Segawa syndrome, autosomal recessive]], [[Shy-Drager syndrome]], [[Spastic paraplegia]], [[Spinal cord compression (and pressure on dorsal nerve roots)]], [[Spinal cord tumor]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia]], [[Spinocerebellar degenerescence, book type]], [[Stroke]], [[Susac syndrome]], [[Tabes dorsalis]], [[Telencephalic leukoencephalopathy]], [[Thalamic syndrome]], [[Thoracic dysplasia -- hydrocephalus syndrome]], [[Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome]], [[Transient ischemic attack (TIA)]], [[Transverse myelitis]], [[Vascular dementia]], [[Vertebral Artery Dissection]], [[Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia]], [[Vertigo, benign paroxysmal]], [[Westphal's Disease]], [[Wilson's Disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|'''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abetalipoproteinemia]], [[Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Aminoaciduria]], [[Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency - late onset]], [[Arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency]], [[Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency]], [[Biotinidase deficiency]], [[Ceruloplasmin deficiency]], [[Cholestanol storage disease]], [[Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ10), deficiency]], [[Complex 2 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency]], [[Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation]], [[Cystinuria -- lysinuria]], [[Fabry's Disease]], [[Gangliosidosis GM1 type 3]], [[Gaucher disease type 2]], [[Glutathione synthase deficiency]], [[Glycine encephalopathy, atypical mild form]], [[GM2-gangliosidoses]], [[Hartnup Disease ]], [[Hexosaminidase deficiency]], [[Homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[Hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase, type 2, deficiency]], [[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[Lactic acidosis congenital infantile]], [[Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Maple syrup urine disease]], [[Mevalonic aciduria]], [[Mitochondrial cytopathy]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Pellagra-like syndrome]], [[Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity]], [[Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency]], [[Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Refsum Disease]], [[Selective vitamin E deficiency]], [[Sialidosis type 1 and 3]], [[SSADH deficiency (succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency)]], [[Thiamine deficiency]], [[Triglyceride storage disease with impaired long-chain fatty acid oxidation]], [[Vitamin B12 deficieny]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis]], [[Zinc deficiency]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Abetalipoproteinemia]], [[Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Aminoaciduria]], [[Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency - late onset]], [[Arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency]], [[Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency]], [[Biotinidase deficiency]], [[Ceruloplasmin deficiency]], [[Cholestanol storage disease]], [[Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ10), deficiency]], [[Complex 2 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency]], [[Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation]], [[Cystinuria -- lysinuria]], [[Fabry's Disease]], [[Gangliosidosis GM1 type 3]], [[Gaucher disease type 2]], [[Glutathione synthase deficiency]], [[Glycine encephalopathy, atypical mild form]], [[GM2-gangliosidoses]], [[Hartnup Disease ]] , [[Hexosaminidase deficiency]], [[Homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[Hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase, type 2, deficiency]], [[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[Lactic acidosis congenital infantile]], [[Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Maple syrup urine disease]], [[Mevalonic aciduria]], [[Mitochondrial cytopathy]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Pellagra-like syndrome]], [[Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity]], [[Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency]], [[Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Refsum Disease]], [[Selective vitamin E deficiency]], [[Sialidosis type 1 and 3]], [[SSADH deficiency (succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency)]], [[Thiamine deficiency]], [[Triglyceride storage disease with impaired long-chain fatty acid oxidation]], [[Vitamin B12 deficieny]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis]], [[Zinc deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|'''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neurinoma]], [[Brain cancer]], [[Bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[Central nervous system lymphoma, primary]], [[Epiphyseal tumor]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Glioma]], [[Insulinoma]], [[Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma]], [[Medulloblastoma]], [[Metastatic insulinoma]], [[Paraneoplastic syndromes]], [[Posterior fossa tumor]], [[Spinal cord tumor]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acoustic neurinoma]], [[Brain cancer]], [[Bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[Central nervous system lymphoma, primary]], [[Epiphyseal tumor]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Glioma]], [[Insulinoma]], [[Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma]], [[Medulloblastoma]], [[Metastatic insulinoma]], [[Paraneoplastic syndromes]], [[Posterior fossa tumor]], [[Spinal cord tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|'''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Combarros Calleja Leno syndrome]], [[Corneal cerebellar syndrome]], [[Fisher's Syndrome]], [[Marinesco-Sjogren-like syndrome]] (MSLS), [[Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Refsum Disease]], [[Revesz Debuse syndrome]], [[Schroer-Hammer-Mauldin syndrome]], [[Susac syndrome]], [[Treft-Sanborn-Carey syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Combarros Calleja Leno syndrome]], [[Corneal cerebellar syndrome]], [[Fisher's Syndrome]], [[Marinesco-Sjogren-like syndrome]] (MSLS), [[Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Refsum Disease]], [[Revesz Debuse syndrome]], [[Schroer-Hammer-Mauldin syndrome]], [[Susac syndrome]], [[Treft-Sanborn-Carey syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|'''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lithium toxicity]], [[Phenytoin toxicity]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lithium toxicity]], [[Phenytoin toxicity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|'''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hysteria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hysteria]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|'''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[Prolonged anoxia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[Prolonged anoxia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|'''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cerebrorenodigital syndrome]], [[Cutler-Bass-Romshe syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cerebrorenodigital syndrome]], [[Cutler-Bass-Romshe syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|'''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ARTS syndrome]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Fisher's Syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[ARTS syndrome]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Fisher's Syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|'''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|'''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brainstem]] or cortical lesions, [[Frontal lobe]]lesion, [[Mann Syndrome]], [[Parietal lobe]]lesion, [[Head trauma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Brainstem]] or cortical lesions, [[Frontal lobe]]lesion, [[Mann Syndrome]], [[Parietal lobe]]lesion, [[Head trauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|'''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|'''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol intoxication]], [[Amyloidosis, oculoleptomeningeal]], [[Arteriosclerosis]], [[Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome]], [[Chitayat-Moore-Del Bigio syndrome]], [[Hemangioblastoma]], [[Hyperammonemia]], [[sporadic ataxia]], [[Tick paralysis]], [[Transthyretin amyloidosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcohol intoxication]], [[Amyloidosis, oculoleptomeningeal]], [[Arteriosclerosis]], [[Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome]], [[Chitayat-Moore-Del Bigio syndrome]], [[Hemangioblastoma]], [[Hyperammonemia]], [[sporadic ataxia]], [[Tick paralysis]], [[Transthyretin amyloidosis]]
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

Latest revision as of 17:26, 24 August 2020

Ataxia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Common Causes[1]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Arteriosclerosis, Circulation disorders in area of brain stem, Morgagni's Syndrome
Chemical / poisoning 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, Acrylamide, Aftershave, Amitraz, Aniline, Antifreeze, Apple seed poisoning, Arizona Bark Scorpion poisoning, Benzene, Blue-ringed octopus poisoning, Buckeye poisoning, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Death Camas poisoning, English Ivy poisoning, Ethotoin, Galantamine hydrobromide, Gasoline, Lantana poisoning, Lead, Mayapple poisoning, Mercury, Mescal poisoning, Minamata disease, Mistletoe poisoning, Thallium poisoning, Tolterodine toxicity, Toxic mushrooms -- Anticholinergic, Toxic mushrooms -- Monomethylhydrazine, Toxic mushrooms -- Psychedelic, Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha, Xylene
Dermatologic Erythrokeratodermia with ataxia, Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome, DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome, Xeroderma pigmentosum
Drug Side Effect Agalsidase beta, Alprazolam, Amobarbital sodium, Artemether and lumefantrin, Atroine, Amiodarone, Barbituates, Benzodiazepines, Carbamazepine, Chlordiazepoxide, Cidofovir, Cytarabine, Eslicarbazepine acetate, Estazolam, Ethosuximide, Flurazepam hydrochloride, Flurbiprofen, Flucytosine, Gabapentin, Hydroxychloroquine, Lacosamide, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Loxapine, lomustine, Metronidazole, Morphine, Meprobamate, Nabilone, Nelarabine, Olanzapine,oxazepam Oxcarbazepine, Perampanel, Pergolide, Perphenazine, Phenytoin, Polymyxin B, Primidone, Rufinamide, Secobarbital sodium, Sertraline, Spironolactone, Topiramate
Ear Nose Throat Acoustic neurinoma, Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, Reardon-Wilson-Cavanagh syndrome, Richards-Rundle syndrome, Susac syndrome, Treft-Sanborn-Carey syndrome
Endocrine Adult-onset adreno leukodystrophy, Diabetic neuropathy, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Furukawa-Takagi-Nakao syndrome, Hypogonadism, Hypothyroidism, Insulinoma, Metastatic insulinoma, Morgagni's Syndrome
Environmental Acute altitude sickness
Gastroenterologic Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, Celiac disease, Cirrhosis, Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome, Hepatocerebral degeneration, Wilson's Disease
Genetic Alpers Syndrome, Angleman syndrome, Bangstad syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, Bhaskar-Jagannathan syndrome, Cerebellar ataxia, Cockayne syndrome, Dravet syndrome, Familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E, Familial periodic ataxia, Feline spongiform encephalopathy, Friedreich's ataxia, Griscelli disease, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, Hereditary spastic paraparesis, Krabbe leukodystrophy, Richards-Rundle syndrome, Roussy-Levy syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Sialidosis type 1 and 3, Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome, Xeroderma pigmentosum, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia
Hematologic Acanthocytosis, Aceruloplasminemia, Macrocytic anemia, Pernicious anemia, Revesz Debuse syndrome, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Brain abscess, Cerebellar abscess, Chickenpox, Diphtheria, Encephalitis, HIV infection, Measles, Quaternary syphilis, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, Smallpox, Tabes dorsalis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Dinno-Shearer-Weisskopf syndrome, Furukawa-Takagi-Nakao syndrome, Myopathy
Neurologic Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Alexander Syndrome, Alpers Syndrome, Arachnoid Cysts, Arnold-Chiari Malformation, ARTS syndrome, Ataxia deafness reardon type, Ataxia tapetoretinal degeneration, Ataxia telangiectasia / Louis-Bar syndrome, Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia syndrome, Basal ganglia calcification, Basilar artery migraine, Vertebro-basilar artery ischemia, Brain abscess, Brain cancer, Brain cyst, Brain injury, Brainstem or cortical lesions, Central nervous system lymphoma, primary, Cerebellar abscess, Cerebellar ataxia, Cerebellar cortex atrophy, Cerebellar degeneration, Cerebellar haemorrhage, Cerebellar heredoataxia, Cerebellar hypoplasia, Cerebellar infarct, Cerebellar mass, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Familial, Cerebral hemorrhage, Cerebral infarction, Cerebral palsy, Cerebrorenodigital syndrome, Cerebrovascular accident, Ceroid lipofuscinosis, Cervical myelopathy, Chorea familial benign, Chronic progressive traumatic encephalopathy, Cockayne syndrome, Combarros Calleja Leno syndrome, Corneal cerebellar syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Cutler-Bass-Romshe syndrome, Dandy-Walker Syndrome, Dementia pugilis, Demyelinating disorder, DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome, Dinno-Shearer-Weisskopf syndrome, Dravet syndrome, Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome, Dysequilibrium syndrome, Encephalitis, Encephalocele frontal, Epiphyseal tumor, Episodic ataxia, Erythrokeratodermia with ataxia, Feline spongiform encephalopathy, Fisher's Syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, Frontal lobe lesion, GALOP Syndrome (gait disorder, autoantibodies, late age onset, polyneuropathy), Glioma, Granulomatous Angiitis of the central nervous system, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, Heidenhain syndrome, Hepatocerebral degeneration, Hydrocephalus, Infantile polymyoclonus, Inherited neuropathies, Joubert syndrome, Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, Kearns-Sayre Syndrome, Kuru, Lhermitte-McAlpine syndrome, Machado-Joseph Disease, Macrogyria, pseudobulbar palsy and mental retardation, Mann Syndrome, Marinesco-Sjogren-like syndrome (MSLS), Marinescu-Garland Syndrome, Medulloblastoma, Meinecke syndrome, Meningoencephalocele, Mental retardation progressive spasticity, X-linked, Mental retardation, X-linked, with cerebellar hypoplasia and distinctive facial appearance, Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Miller Fisher Syndrome, Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, Mononeuropathy/radiculopathy affecting the lower extremities, Multiple sclerosis, Myelopathy, Myoclonus, Neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, Normal pressure hydrocephalus, Olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, Parietal lobe lesion, Parkinson's disease, Partington X-linked mental retardation syndrome, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Peripheral neuropathy, Polyneuritis, Polyneuropathy, Post-infective polyradiculopathy, Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa, Posterior fossa tumor, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, Reardon-Wilson-Cavanagh syndrome, Rett syndrome, Rhombencephalosynapsis, Roussy-Levy syndrome, Schroer-Hammer-Mauldin syndrome, Segawa syndrome, autosomal recessive, Shy-Drager syndrome, Spastic paraplegia, Spinal cord compression (and pressure on dorsal nerve roots), Spinal cord tumor, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Spinocerebellar degenerescence, book type, Stroke, Susac syndrome, Tabes dorsalis, Telencephalic leukoencephalopathy, Thalamic syndrome, Thoracic dysplasia -- hydrocephalus syndrome, Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome, Transient ischemic attack (TIA), Transverse myelitis, Vascular dementia, Vertebral Artery Dissection, Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia, Vertigo, benign paroxysmal, Westphal's Disease, Wilson's Disease
Nutritional / Metabolic Abetalipoproteinemia, Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, Aminoaciduria, Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency - late onset, Arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency, Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency, Biotinidase deficiency, Ceruloplasmin deficiency, Cholestanol storage disease, Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ10), deficiency, Complex 2 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation, Cystinuria -- lysinuria, Fabry's Disease, Gangliosidosis GM1 type 3, Gaucher disease type 2, Glutathione synthase deficiency, Glycine encephalopathy, atypical mild form, GM2-gangliosidoses, Hartnup Disease , Hexosaminidase deficiency, Homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia, Hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase, type 2, deficiency, Infantile sialic acid storage disorder, Lactic acidosis congenital infantile, Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, Maple syrup urine disease, Mevalonic aciduria, Mitochondrial cytopathy, Niemann-Pick disease, Pellagra-like syndrome, Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, Refsum Disease, Selective vitamin E deficiency, Sialidosis type 1 and 3, SSADH deficiency (succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency), Thiamine deficiency, Triglyceride storage disease with impaired long-chain fatty acid oxidation, Vitamin B12 deficieny, Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis, Zinc deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Acoustic neurinoma, Brain cancer, Bronchogenic carcinoma, Central nervous system lymphoma, primary, Epiphyseal tumor, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Glioma, Insulinoma, Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, Medulloblastoma, Metastatic insulinoma, Paraneoplastic syndromes, Posterior fossa tumor, Spinal cord tumor
Opthalmologic Combarros Calleja Leno syndrome, Corneal cerebellar syndrome, Fisher's Syndrome, Marinesco-Sjogren-like syndrome (MSLS), Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa, Refsum Disease, Revesz Debuse syndrome, Schroer-Hammer-Mauldin syndrome, Susac syndrome, Treft-Sanborn-Carey syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity Lithium toxicity, Phenytoin toxicity
Psychiatric Hysteria
Pulmonary Bronchogenic carcinoma, Prolonged anoxia
Renal / Electrolyte Cerebrorenodigital syndrome, Cutler-Bass-Romshe syndrome
Rheum / Immune / Allergy ARTS syndrome, Griscelli disease, Fisher's Syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Brainstem or cortical lesions, Frontal lobelesion, Mann Syndrome, Parietal lobelesion, Head trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcohol intoxication, Amyloidosis, oculoleptomeningeal, Arteriosclerosis, Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome, Chitayat-Moore-Del Bigio syndrome, Hemangioblastoma, Hyperammonemia, sporadic ataxia, Tick paralysis, Transthyretin amyloidosis

Causes by Alphabetical Order


References

  1. Klockgether T, Paulson H (May 2011). "Milestones in ataxia". Mov. Disord. 26 (6): 1134–41. doi:10.1002/mds.23559. PMC 3105349. PMID 21626557.
  2. Chardon L, Sassolas A, Dingeon B; et al. (2009). "Identification of two novel mutations and long-term follow-up in abetalipoproteinemia: a report of four cases". Eur. J. Pediatr. 168 (8): 983–9. doi:10.1007/s00431-008-0888-6. PMID 19066957. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Stephens K, Adam MP, Miyajima H. PMID 20301666. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. Oliver SJ, Sanders SJ, Williams CJ; et al. (2012). "Physiological and psychological illness symptoms at high altitude and their relationship with acute mountain sickness: a prospective cohort study". J Travel Med. 19 (4): 210–9. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00609.x. PMID 22776381. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. Bonnefont JP, Chretien D, Rustin P; et al. (1992). "Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency presenting as congenital lactic acidosis". J. Pediatr. 121 (2): 255–8. PMID 1640293. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR; et al. PMID 20301738. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. Müller KI, Bekkelund SI (2011). "Epilepsy in a patient with ataxia caused by vitamin E deficiency". BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2011.3728. PMID 22696689.
  8. Henschen F (1976). "[Morgagni's syndrome]". Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol (in German). 370 (1): 1–11. PMID 818785. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Konstantinidou A, Sofocleous C; et al. (2012). "Familial Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease caused by a 320.6-kb Xq22.2 duplication and the pathological findings of a male fetus". Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 94 (6): 494–8. doi:10.1002/bdra.23015. PMID 22511562. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. Franceschi M, Parmigiani F, Zamproni P, Cairoli G, Canal N (1984). "Richards-Rundle syndrome, cochleovestibular dysfunction and neurofibromatosis in a family". J. Neurol. 231 (1): 11–3. PMID 6425460.


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