Anandamide
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Overview
Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamide or AEA, is an endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in animal and human organs, especially in the brain. It was isolated and its structure was elucidated by Czech analytical chemist Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and American molecular pharmacologist William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel in 1992. The name is taken from the Sanskrit word ananda, which means "bliss, delight", and amide. [1] [2] It is degraded by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme which converts anandamide into the inactive ethanolamine and arachidonic acid. As such, inhibitors of FAAH lead to elevated anandamide levels and are being pursued for therapeutic use.
Cannabinoid receptors
Anandamide's effects can be either central, in the brain, or peripheral, in other parts of the body. These distinct effects are mediated primarily by CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the nervous system, and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the periphery. The latter is mainly involved in functions of the immune system.
Cannabinoid receptors are part of the largest known family of receptors, the G protein-coupled receptors, which - in this case - has a distinctive pattern in which the receptor molecule spans the cell membrane seven times over. The CB1 receptor is one of the most numerous G protein-coupled receptors in the nervous system.
Cannabinoid receptors were originally discovered as being sensitive to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, commonly called THC), which is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis. The discovery of anandamide came from research into CB1 and CB2, as it was inevitable that a naturally occurring (endogenous) chemical would be found to affect these receptors.
Anandamide has been shown to be involved in working memory[3]. Studies are under way to explore what role anandamide plays in human behavior, such as eating and sleep patterns, and pain relief.
Anandamide is also important for implantation of the early stage embryo in its blastocyst form into the uterus. Therefore cannabinoids such as Δ9-THC might interfere with the earliest stages of human pregnancy[4].
Anandamide also is important in the regulation of feeding behavior, and the neural generation of motivation and pleasure. Both anandamide and exogenous cannabinoids like THC enhance food intake in animals and humans, an effect that is sometimes called the 'marijuana munchies.' In addition, anandamide injected directly into the forebrain reward-related brain structure nucleus accumbens enhances the pleasurable responses of rats to a rewarding sucrose taste, and enhances food intake as well.
Moreover, anandamide is thought to be an endogenous ligand for vanilloid receptors (which are involved in the transduction of acute and inflammatory pain signals), activating the receptor in a PKC-dependent (protein kinase C-dependent) manner.
Endogenous and dietary sources
Anandamide occurs in minute quantities in sea urchin roe[5], though there is some controversy over whether they have any effects on the body in these quantities.
The human body synthesizes anandamide from N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, which is itself made by transferring arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine (PC) to the free amine of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).[6][7] Endogenous anandamide is present at very low levels and has a very short half-life due to the action of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase which breaks it down into free arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. Studies of piglets show that dietary levels of AA and other essential fatty acids affect the levels of anandamide and other endocannabinoids in the brain. [8]
See also
References
- ↑ Devane W. A., Hanuš L., Breuer A., Pertwee R. G., Stevenson L. A., Griffin G., Gibson D., Mandelbaum A., Etinger A., Mechoulam R.: Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258, 1946-1949 (1992)
- ↑ Mechoulam R., Fride E.: The unpaved road to the endogenous brain cannabinoid ligands, the anandamides in “Cannabinoid Receptors” (ed. R. Pertwee), Academic Press, London. Pp. 233-258 (1995)
- ↑ Mallet PE, Beninger RJ. The endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist anandamide impairs memory in rats. Behav Pharmacol. 1996; 7:276-284.
- ↑ Piomelli D. THC: moderation during implantation. Nat Med. 2004 Jan;10(1):19-20. PMID 14702623
- ↑ Bisogno T, Ventriglia M, Milone A, Mosca M, Cimino G, Di Marzo V. Occurrence and metabolism of anandamide and related acyl-ethanolamides in ovaries of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Apr 21;1345(3):338-48. PMID 9150253
- ↑ V Natarajan, PV Reddy, PC Schmid, HH Schmid, N-Acylation of ethanolamine phospholipids in canine myocardium, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1982, Vol 712, 342-355, PMID 7126608
- ↑ H Cadas, E di Tamaso, D Piomelli, Occurrence and biosynthesis of endogenous cannabinoid precursor, N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, in rat brain., J Neurosci, 1997, Vol 17(4), 1226-42. PMID 9006968
- ↑ Alvin Berger, Anandamide and diet: Inclusion of dietary arachidonate and docosahexaenoate leads to increased brain levels of the corresponding N-acylethanolamines in piglets, PNAS, May 22, 2001 vol. 9, no. 11, http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/11/6402
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