Apnea causes

	Apnea Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Apnea from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Chest X Ray
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Apnea causes On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Apnea causes All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Apnea causes
CDC on Apnea causes
Apnea causes in the news
Blogs on Apnea causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Apnea
Risk calculators and risk factors for Apnea causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Overview

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Abrupt awakenings accompanied by shortness of breath

Achondroplasia^[1]

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

Aging^[2]

Airway obstruction

Alcohol abuse^[2]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Anemia of prematurity^[3]

Angina tonsillaris

Apnea of prematurity^[4]

Arnold-Chiari malformation^[5]

Arrhythmias^[6]

Asthma^[7]

Ataxic respiration^[8]

Atrial fibrillation^[9]

Automatic positive airway pressure

Biot's respiration^[10]

Body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome

Botulism^[11]

Brain abscess

Brain stem dysfunction

Brain tumor

Breastfeeding

Bronchial rupture

Bronchiolitis

Bronchospasm^[12]

Bupivacaine

Carbon dioxide^[13]

Cardiac arrest

Central nervous system depressants

Central sleep apnea

Cerebral hemorrhage

Cerebral infarction

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Chlordiazepoxide

Chondrodystrophy

Chronic airway-digestive inflammatory disease (CAID)

Chronic bronchitis

CNS depression due to drug effect

CNS depression due to postictal state

CNS depression due to sepsis

CNS due to respiratory syncytial virus

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome

Cyanide

Cyanotic congenital heart disease (see cyanosis)

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Deviated septum

Diazepam

Diffuse pneumonia

Diphtheria

Down syndrome

Drowning

Emphysema

Empty nose syndrome

Encephalitis

Enlarged adenoids

Flail chest

Foreign body aspiration

Gaucher's disease

Glycine encephalopathy

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Head trauma

Heart failure^[6]^[13]

Hemothorax

Hunter syndrome

Hypercapnia

Hyperpituitarism

Hypersomnia

Hypopnea^[2]^[9]

Increased intracranial pressure

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

Insomnia^[2]

Iron deficiency anemia

Joubert syndrome

Levobupivacaine

Lidocaine

Loud snoring^[1]

Marfan syndrome

Maternal beta-blocker use (transfer across placenta)

Maternal narcotic use (transfer across placenta)

Meconium aspiration syndrome

Medullary hemorrhage

Medullary infarction

Meningitis

Mucopolysaccharidosis

Mucus plug

Myasthenia gravis

Myocardial infarction

Nasal congestion

Near drowning

Neuromuscular disease

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Obstruction by tongue

Obstruction by tumor

Obstructive sleep apnea^[7]^[13]

Open chest wounds

Overweight and obesity^[2]

Oxymorphone

Pancuronium

Panic disorder

Parenchymal lung disease

Pertussis

Phrenic nerve paralysis

Pleural pressure gradient disruption

Pneumothorax

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Pontine hemorrhage

Premature birth

Prenatal asphyxia

Propofol

Pulmonary atresia

Pulmonary capillary perfusion decrease

Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary hypertension

Respiratory failure due to infantile botulism

Respiratory muscle failure due to myotonia

Ropivacaine

Rupture of the diaphragm

Secretion retention

Seizures

Septicemia

Shock

Smoking

Sodium thiopental

Spinal cord injury

Strychnine

Sudden infant death syndrome

Surfactant deficiency

Tonic-clonic seizure

Toxidrome

Tracheal rupture

Transtentorial herniation

Trauma

Trazodone

Upper airway obstruction

Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS)

Use of sedatives (sleeping pills, etc.)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Julliand S, Boulé M, Baujat G; et al. (2012). "Lung function, diagnosis, and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children with achondroplasia". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 158A (8): 1987–93. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.35441. PMID 22711495. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Gałecki P, Florkowski A, Zboralski K, Pietras T, Szemraj J, Talarowska M (2011). "[Psychiatric and psychological complications in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]". Pneumonol Alergol Pol (in Polish). 79 (1): 26–31. PMID 21190150.
↑ Zagol K, Lake DE, Vergales B; et al. (2012). "Anemia, apnea of prematurity, and blood transfusions". J. Pediatr. 161 (3): 417–421.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.044. PMID 22494873. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Zhao J, Gonzalez F, Mu D (2011). "Apnea of prematurity: from cause to treatment". Eur. J. Pediatr. 170 (9): 1097–105. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1409-6. PMC 3158333. PMID 21301866. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Campisi R, Ciancio N, Bivona L, Folisi C, Maria G (2013). "Type I Arnold-Chiari Malformation with Bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and sleep disordered breathing: a case report". Multidiscip Respir Med. 8 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/2049-6958-8-15. PMID 23433005. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Vitulano N, Di Marco Berardino A, Re A; et al. (2013). "Obstructive sleep apnea and heart disease: the biomarkers point of view". Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 5: 588–99. PMID 23277071.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Shi J, Lv J, Wu H (2012). "[Th1/Th2 cytokines and its clinical significance in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome children without allergic rhinitis and asthma]". Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 26 (23): 1073–6. PMID 23451475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Walker JM, Farney RJ, Rhondeau SM; et al. (2007). "Chronic opioid use is a risk factor for the development of central sleep apnea and ataxic breathing". J Clin Sleep Med. 3 (5): 455–61. PMC 1978331. PMID 17803007. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Mansukhani MP, Calvin AD, Kolla BP; et al. (2013). "The association between atrial fibrillation and stroke in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A population-based case-control study". Sleep Med. 14 (3): 243–6. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.08.021. PMID 23340087. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kuna ST, Smickley JS, Murchison LC (1990). "Hypercarbic periodic breathing during sleep in a child with a central nervous system tumor". Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142 (4): 880–3. PMID 2121081. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ McMahon M (1994). "Apnea in infantile botulism". J. Pediatr. 124 (1): 161. PMID 8283369. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Medford AR (2012). "Negative pressure pulmonary edema: consider undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea too". Chest. 141 (5): 1365, author reply 1365–6. doi:10.1378/chest.11-3089. PMID 22553275. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Kasai T, Motwani SS, Yumino D; et al. (2013). "Contrasting Effects of Lower Body Positive Pressure on Upper Airways Resistance and Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Men With Heart Failure and Obstructive or Central Sleep Apnea". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.055. PMID 23375931. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid22711495-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Julliand S, Boulé M, Baujat G; et al. (2012). "Lung function, diagnosis, and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children with achondroplasia". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 158A (8): 1987–93. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.35441. PMID 22711495. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid21190150-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Gałecki P, Florkowski A, Zboralski K, Pietras T, Szemraj J, Talarowska M (2011). "[Psychiatric and psychological complications in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]". Pneumonol Alergol Pol (in Polish). 79 (1): 26–31. PMID 21190150.

[pmid22494873-3] Zagol K, Lake DE, Vergales B; et al. (2012). "Anemia, apnea of prematurity, and blood transfusions". J. Pediatr. 161 (3): 417–421.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.044. PMID 22494873. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid21301866-4] Zhao J, Gonzalez F, Mu D (2011). "Apnea of prematurity: from cause to treatment". Eur. J. Pediatr. 170 (9): 1097–105. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1409-6. PMC 3158333. PMID 21301866. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23433005-5] Campisi R, Ciancio N, Bivona L, Folisi C, Maria G (2013). "Type I Arnold-Chiari Malformation with Bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and sleep disordered breathing: a case report". Multidiscip Respir Med. 8 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/2049-6958-8-15. PMID 23433005. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23277071-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Vitulano N, Di Marco Berardino A, Re A; et al. (2013). "Obstructive sleep apnea and heart disease: the biomarkers point of view". Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 5: 588–99. PMID 23277071.

[pmid23451475-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Shi J, Lv J, Wu H (2012). "[Th1/Th2 cytokines and its clinical significance in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome children without allergic rhinitis and asthma]". Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 26 (23): 1073–6. PMID 23451475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid17803007-8] Walker JM, Farney RJ, Rhondeau SM; et al. (2007). "Chronic opioid use is a risk factor for the development of central sleep apnea and ataxic breathing". J Clin Sleep Med. 3 (5): 455–61. PMC 1978331. PMID 17803007. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23340087-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Mansukhani MP, Calvin AD, Kolla BP; et al. (2013). "The association between atrial fibrillation and stroke in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A population-based case-control study". Sleep Med. 14 (3): 243–6. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.08.021. PMID 23340087. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid2121081-10] Kuna ST, Smickley JS, Murchison LC (1990). "Hypercarbic periodic breathing during sleep in a child with a central nervous system tumor". Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142 (4): 880–3. PMID 2121081. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid8283369-11] McMahon M (1994). "Apnea in infantile botulism". J. Pediatr. 124 (1): 161. PMID 8283369. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22553275-12] Medford AR (2012). "Negative pressure pulmonary edema: consider undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea too". Chest. 141 (5): 1365, author reply 1365–6. doi:10.1378/chest.11-3089. PMID 22553275. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23375931-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Kasai T, Motwani SS, Yumino D; et al. (2013). "Contrasting Effects of Lower Body Positive Pressure on Upper Airways Resistance and Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Men With Heart Failure and Obstructive or Central Sleep Apnea". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.055. PMID 23375931. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

Apnea causes

Overview

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

Navigation menu

Search