Portal hypertension causes: Difference between revisions
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===Less Common Causes=== | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
Less common causes of portal hypertension include: | Less common causes of portal hypertension include:<ref name="pmid18685811">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bayan K, Tüzün Y, Yilmaz S, Canoruc N, Dursun M |title=Analysis of inherited thrombophilic mutations and natural anticoagulant deficiency in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension |journal=J. Thromb. Thrombolysis |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |year=2009 |pmid=18685811 |doi=10.1007/s11239-008-0244-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15832360">{{cite journal |vauthors=Girard M, Amiel J, Fabre M, Pariente D, Lyonnet S, Jacquemin E |title=Adams-Oliver syndrome and hepatoportal sclerosis: occasional association or common mechanism? |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=186–9 |year=2005 |pmid=15832360 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.30724 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18389904">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maida I, Garcia-Gasco P, Sotgiu G, Rios MJ, Vispo ME, Martin-Carbonero L, Barreiro P, Mura MS, Babudieri S, Albertos S, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V |title=Antiretroviral-associated portal hypertension: a new clinical condition? Prevalence, predictors and outcome |journal=Antivir. Ther. (Lond.) |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=103–7 |year=2008 |pmid=18389904 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2398270">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nevens F, Fevery J, Van Steenbergen W, Sciot R, Desmet V, De Groote J |title=Arsenic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. A report of eight cases |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=80–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2398270 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23420139">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fuss IJ, Friend J, Yang Z, He JP, Hooda L, Boyer J, Xi L, Raffeld M, Kleiner DE, Heller T, Strober W |title=Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in common variable immunodeficiency |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=748–58 |year=2013 |pmid=23420139 |pmc=3731765 |doi=10.1007/s10875-013-9873-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21393872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaiphei K, Bhatia A, Sinha SK |title=Liver pathology in collagen vascular disorders highlighting the vascular changes within portal tracts |journal=Indian J Pathol Microbiol |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |year=2011 |pmid=21393872 |doi=10.4103/0377-4929.77319 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18415755">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Boer NK, Tuynman H, Bloemena E, Westerga J, Van Der Peet DL, Mulder CJ, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG, Van Nieuwkerk CM, Van Bodegraven AA |title=Histopathology of liver biopsies from a thiopurine-naïve inflammatory bowel disease cohort: prevalence of nodular regenerative hyperplasia |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=604–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18415755 |doi=10.1080/00365520701800266 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3499813">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarin SK, Mehra NK, Agarwal A, Malhotra V, Anand BS, Taneja V |title=Familial aggregation in noncirrhotic portal fibrosis: a report of four families |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=82 |issue=11 |pages=1130–3 |year=1987 |pmid=3499813 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2944377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imai Y, Minami Y, Miyoshi S, Kawata S, Saito R, Noda S, Tamura S, Nishikawa M, Tajima K, Tarui S |title=Idiopathic portal hypertension associated with Hashimoto's disease: report of three cases |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=81 |issue=9 |pages=791–5 |year=1986 |pmid=2944377 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24155091">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siramolpiwat S, Seijo S, Miquel R, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Criado A, Darnell A, Turon F, Hernandez-Gea V, Bosch J, Garcia-Pagán JC |title=Idiopathic portal hypertension: natural history and long-term outcome |journal=Hepatology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=2276–85 |year=2014 |pmid=24155091 |doi=10.1002/hep.26904 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19101627">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Lonlay P, Seta N |title=The clinical spectrum of phosphomannose isomerase deficiency, with an evaluation of mannose treatment for CDG-Ib |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1792 |issue=9 |pages=841–3 |year=2009 |pmid=19101627 |doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.11.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1438671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allison MC, Mowat A, McCruden EA, McGregor E, Burt AD, Briggs JD, Junor BJ, Follett EA, MacSween RN, Mills PR |title=The spectrum of chronic liver disease in renal transplant recipients |journal=Q. J. Med. |volume=83 |issue=301 |pages=355–67 |year=1992 |pmid=1438671 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8020909">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gane E, Portmann B, Saxena R, Wong P, Ramage J, Williams R |title=Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver graft after liver transplantation |journal=Hepatology |volume=20 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=88–94 |year=1994 |pmid=8020909 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17504943">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vernier-Massouille G, Cosnes J, Lemann M, Marteau P, Reinisch W, Laharie D, Cadiot G, Bouhnik Y, De Vos M, Boureille A, Duclos B, Seksik P, Mary JY, Colombel JF |title=Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=1404–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17504943 |pmc=2000290 |doi=10.1136/gut.2006.114363 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21272804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Calabrese E, Hanauer SB |title=Assessment of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease |journal=J Crohns Colitis |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=48–53 |year=2011 |pmid=21272804 |doi=10.1016/j.crohns.2010.08.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23121401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roulot D |title=Liver involvement in Turner syndrome |journal=Liver Int. |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=24–30 |year=2013 |pmid=23121401 |doi=10.1111/liv.12007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2019375">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geubel AP, De Galocsy C, Alves N, Rahier J, Dive C |title=Liver damage caused by therapeutic vitamin A administration: estimate of dose-related toxicity in 41 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=1701–9 |year=1991 |pmid=2019375 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|Antiretroviral therapy]] | |||
* [[Crohn’s disease]] | |||
*[[Turner syndrome]] | |||
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] | |||
*Adams-Olivier syndrome | |||
*[[Arsenicals]] | |||
*[[Beck syndrome|Beck's disease]] | *[[Beck syndrome|Beck's disease]] | ||
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency|Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome]] | *[[Common variable immunodeficiency|Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome]] | ||
* [[Connective tissue disease|Connective tissue diseases]] | *[[Connective tissue disease|Connective tissue diseases]] | ||
*[[Cardiomyopathy]] | *[[Cardiomyopathy]] | ||
*[[Congestive heart failure]] | *[[Congestive heart failure]] | ||
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]] | *[[Constrictive pericarditis]] | ||
*Congenital abnormalities | *Congenital abnormalities | ||
*Familial cases | *Familial cases | ||
*[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | *[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | ||
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] | *[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] | ||
*[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | *[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | ||
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]] | *[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]] | ||
*[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | *[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | ||
*[[Inherited thrombophilia|Inherited thrombophilias]] | *[[Inherited thrombophilia|Inherited thrombophilias]] | ||
*Idiopathic tropical [[splenomegaly]] | *Idiopathic tropical [[splenomegaly]] | ||
*[[Myeloproliferative neoplasm]] | *[[Myeloproliferative neoplasm]] | ||
*[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | *[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | ||
*Partial nodular transformation | *Partial nodular transformation | ||
*Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency | *Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency | ||
*[[Portal vein occlusion]] | *[[Portal vein occlusion]] | ||
*[[Organ transplant|Solid organ transplant]] | *[[Organ transplant|Solid organ transplant]] | ||
** [[Renal transplantation]] | ** [[Renal transplantation]] | ||
** [[Liver transplantation]] | ** [[Liver transplantation]] | ||
*[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | *[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | ||
*[[Thiopurine|Thiopurine derivatives]] | *[[Thiopurine|Thiopurine derivatives]] | ||
** [[Didanosine]] | ** [[Didanosine]] | ||
** [[Azathioprine]] | ** [[Azathioprine]] | ||
** [[Thioguanine|Cis-thioguanine]] | ** [[Thioguanine|Cis-thioguanine]] | ||
*[[Tricuspid insufficiency]] | *[[Tricuspid insufficiency]] | ||
*Umbilical sepsis | *Umbilical sepsis | ||
*[[Vitamin A]] | *[[Vitamin A]] | ||
*[[Wilson's disease]] | *[[Wilson's disease]] | ||
===Genetic Causes=== | ===Genetic Causes=== | ||
Portal hypertension is caused by a [[mutation]] in these [[genes]]. | Portal hypertension is caused by a [[mutation]] in these [[genes]]. |
Revision as of 17:38, 5 December 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
Life-threatening causes of portal hypertension include cirrhosis, severe portal venous obstruction or thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome), and fulminant hepatic failure (e.g., due to hepatitis). Common causes for portal hypertension include alcoholic hepatitis, autoimmune disease, bacterial intestinal infections (e.g., recurrent E.coli infection), chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver, schistosomiasis, and sickle cell disease.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes of portal hypertension include cirrhosis, severe portal venous obstruction or thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome), and fulminant hepatic failure (e.g., due to hepatitis).
Common Causes
Portal hypertension may be caused by:[1][2][3]
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Autoimmune disease
- Bacterial intestinal infections
- Recurrent E.coli infection
- Chronic hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Fatty liver
- Schistosomiasis
- Sickle cell disease
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of portal hypertension include:[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
- Antiretroviral therapy
- Crohn’s disease
- Turner syndrome
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Adams-Olivier syndrome
- Arsenicals
- Beck's disease
- Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome
- Connective tissue diseases
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Congenital abnormalities
- Familial cases
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
- Inferior vena cava obstruction
- Inherited thrombophilias
- Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly
- Myeloproliferative neoplasm
- Osteomyelosclerosis
- Partial nodular transformation
- Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency
- Portal vein occlusion
- Solid organ transplant
- Splenic vein thrombosis
- Thiopurine derivatives
- Tricuspid insufficiency
- Umbilical sepsis
- Vitamin A
- Wilson's disease
Genetic Causes
Portal hypertension is caused by a mutation in these genes.
- Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK)
- Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
- Phospholipase A2 (PL2G10)
- Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 (CYP4F3)
- Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3)
- Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)
- Prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2)
- Endothelin (EDN1)
- Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA)
- Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3)
- Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)
- Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β
- Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 (ENTPD4)
- ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 1 (ABCC1)
Causes classified by etiology
Prehepatic
- Bacterial intestinal infections
- Congenital abnormalities
- Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly
- Portal vein occlusion
- Solid organ transplant
- Splenic vein thrombosis
- Umbilical sepsis
Intrahepatic
- Adams-Olivier syndrome[5]
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Antiretroviral therapy[6]
- Arsenicals[7]
- Autoimmune disease[1]
- Beck's disease
- Chronic hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome[8]
- Connective tissue diseases[9]
- Crohn’s disease[10]
- Familial cases[11]
- Fatty liver
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis[12]
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection[13]
- Osteomyelosclerosis
- Partial nodular transformation
- Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency[14]
- Schistosomiasis
- Thiopurine derivatives
- Turner syndrome[19]
- Vitamin A[20]
- Wilson's disease
Posthepatic
- Antiphospholipid syndrome[4]
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Inferior vena cava obstruction
- Inherited thrombophilias [4]
- Myeloproliferative neoplasm[4]
- Sickle cell disease[3]
- Tricuspid insufficiency
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Li X, Gao W, Chen J, Tang W (2000). "[Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with autoimmune disease]". Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 38 (2): 101–3. PMID 11831999.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kono K, Ohnishi K, Omata M, Saito M, Nakayama T, Hatano H, Nakajima Y, Sugita S, Okuda K (1988). "Experimental portal fibrosis produced by intraportal injection of killed nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in rabbits". Gastroenterology. 94 (3): 787–96. PMID 3276575.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kumar S, Joshi R, Jain AP (2007). "Portal hypertension associated with sickle cell disease". Indian J Gastroenterol. 26 (2): 94. PMID 17558079.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bayan K, Tüzün Y, Yilmaz S, Canoruc N, Dursun M (2009). "Analysis of inherited thrombophilic mutations and natural anticoagulant deficiency in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension". J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 28 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1007/s11239-008-0244-8. PMID 18685811.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Girard M, Amiel J, Fabre M, Pariente D, Lyonnet S, Jacquemin E (2005). "Adams-Oliver syndrome and hepatoportal sclerosis: occasional association or common mechanism?". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 135 (2): 186–9. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30724. PMID 15832360.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Maida I, Garcia-Gasco P, Sotgiu G, Rios MJ, Vispo ME, Martin-Carbonero L, Barreiro P, Mura MS, Babudieri S, Albertos S, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V (2008). "Antiretroviral-associated portal hypertension: a new clinical condition? Prevalence, predictors and outcome". Antivir. Ther. (Lond.). 13 (1): 103–7. PMID 18389904.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nevens F, Fevery J, Van Steenbergen W, Sciot R, Desmet V, De Groote J (1990). "Arsenic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. A report of eight cases". J. Hepatol. 11 (1): 80–5. PMID 2398270.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Fuss IJ, Friend J, Yang Z, He JP, Hooda L, Boyer J, Xi L, Raffeld M, Kleiner DE, Heller T, Strober W (2013). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in common variable immunodeficiency". J. Clin. Immunol. 33 (4): 748–58. doi:10.1007/s10875-013-9873-6. PMC 3731765. PMID 23420139.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Vaiphei K, Bhatia A, Sinha SK (2011). "Liver pathology in collagen vascular disorders highlighting the vascular changes within portal tracts". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 54 (1): 25–31. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.77319. PMID 21393872.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 De Boer NK, Tuynman H, Bloemena E, Westerga J, Van Der Peet DL, Mulder CJ, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG, Van Nieuwkerk CM, Van Bodegraven AA (2008). "Histopathology of liver biopsies from a thiopurine-naïve inflammatory bowel disease cohort: prevalence of nodular regenerative hyperplasia". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 43 (5): 604–8. doi:10.1080/00365520701800266. PMID 18415755.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sarin SK, Mehra NK, Agarwal A, Malhotra V, Anand BS, Taneja V (1987). "Familial aggregation in noncirrhotic portal fibrosis: a report of four families". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 82 (11): 1130–3. PMID 3499813.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Imai Y, Minami Y, Miyoshi S, Kawata S, Saito R, Noda S, Tamura S, Nishikawa M, Tajima K, Tarui S (1986). "Idiopathic portal hypertension associated with Hashimoto's disease: report of three cases". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 81 (9): 791–5. PMID 2944377.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Siramolpiwat S, Seijo S, Miquel R, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Criado A, Darnell A, Turon F, Hernandez-Gea V, Bosch J, Garcia-Pagán JC (2014). "Idiopathic portal hypertension: natural history and long-term outcome". Hepatology. 59 (6): 2276–85. doi:10.1002/hep.26904. PMID 24155091.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 de Lonlay P, Seta N (2009). "The clinical spectrum of phosphomannose isomerase deficiency, with an evaluation of mannose treatment for CDG-Ib". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1792 (9): 841–3. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.11.012. PMID 19101627.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Allison MC, Mowat A, McCruden EA, McGregor E, Burt AD, Briggs JD, Junor BJ, Follett EA, MacSween RN, Mills PR (1992). "The spectrum of chronic liver disease in renal transplant recipients". Q. J. Med. 83 (301): 355–67. PMID 1438671.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Gane E, Portmann B, Saxena R, Wong P, Ramage J, Williams R (1994). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver graft after liver transplantation". Hepatology. 20 (1 Pt 1): 88–94. PMID 8020909.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Vernier-Massouille G, Cosnes J, Lemann M, Marteau P, Reinisch W, Laharie D, Cadiot G, Bouhnik Y, De Vos M, Boureille A, Duclos B, Seksik P, Mary JY, Colombel JF (2007). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine". Gut. 56 (10): 1404–9. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114363. PMC 2000290. PMID 17504943.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Calabrese E, Hanauer SB (2011). "Assessment of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease". J Crohns Colitis. 5 (1): 48–53. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2010.08.007. PMID 21272804.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Roulot D (2013). "Liver involvement in Turner syndrome". Liver Int. 33 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1111/liv.12007. PMID 23121401.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Geubel AP, De Galocsy C, Alves N, Rahier J, Dive C (1991). "Liver damage caused by therapeutic vitamin A administration: estimate of dose-related toxicity in 41 cases". Gastroenterology. 100 (6): 1701–9. PMID 2019375.