Portal hypertension causes: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Portal hypertension}} | {{Portal hypertension}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
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*[[Berry aneurysm]] | *[[Berry aneurysm]] | ||
*[[Biliary atresia]] | *[[Biliary atresia]] | ||
*[[Blackfan Diamond anemia]] | *[[Blackfan-Diamond Syndrome|Blackfan Diamond anemia]] | ||
*[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]] | *[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]] | ||
*[[Cardiomyopathy]] | *[[Cardiomyopathy]] | ||
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*[[Cirrhosis]] | *[[Cirrhosis]] | ||
*[[COACH syndrome]] | *[[COACH syndrome]] | ||
*[[Congenital atresia or stenosis of portal vein]] | *[[Congenital]] [[atresia]] or [[stenosis]] of [[portal vein]] | ||
*[[Congenital hepatic fibrosis]] | *[[Congenital hepatic fibrosis]] | ||
*[[Congenital narrowing of the portal vein]] | *[[Congenital]] narrowing of the [[portal vein]] | ||
*[[Congenital pure red cell aplasia ]] | *[[Congenital pure red cell aplasia ]] | ||
*[[Congestive heart failure]] | *[[Congestive heart failure]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Constrictive pericarditis]] | ||
*[[Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome]] | *[[Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome]] | ||
*[[Cystic fibrosis]] | *[[Cystic fibrosis]] | ||
*[[Didanosine]] | *[[Didanosine]] | ||
* | *Extrinsic compression ([[tumors]]) | ||
*[[Fatty liver]] | *[[Fatty liver]] | ||
*[[Focal nodular hyperplasia]] | *[[Focal nodular hyperplasia]] | ||
*[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | *[[Fulminant hepatic failure]] | ||
*[[Gaucher disease]] | *[[Gaucher disease]] | ||
*[[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]] | *[[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol|Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency]] | ||
*[[Granulomatous diseases ( | *[[Granulomatous Hepatitis|Granulomatous diseases]] ([[Sarcoidosis]], [[Tuberculosis]]) | ||
*[[Hemochromatosis]] | *[[Hemochromatosis]] | ||
*[[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]] | *[[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]] | ||
*[[Hepatic arterioportal fistula]] | *[[Hepatic]] arterioportal [[fistula]] | ||
*[[Hepatic metastasis]] | *[[Hepatic]] [[metastasis]] | ||
*[[Hepatic portal vein obstruction]] | *[[Hepatic portal vein obstruction]] | ||
*[[Hepatic vein | *[[Hepatic vein]] occlusion | ||
*[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]] | *[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]] | ||
{{ColBreak}} | {{ColBreak}} | ||
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*[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | *[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] | ||
*[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]] | *[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]] | ||
*[[Idiopathic portal hypertension ]] | *[[Idiopathic]] [[portal hypertension]] | ||
*[[Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly]] | *[[Idiopathic]] tropical [[splenomegaly]] | ||
*[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | *[[Inferior vena cava obstruction]] | ||
*[[Interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiency]] | *[[Interferon gamma receptor 1|Interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiency]] | ||
*[[Liver fibrosis]] | *[[Liver]] [[fibrosis]] | ||
*[[Mosse syndrome]] | *[[Mosse syndrome]] | ||
*[[Myeloproliferative diseases]] | *[[Myeloproliferative diseases]] | ||
*[[Neonatal hepatitis]] | *[[Neonatal hepatitis]] | ||
*[[NISCH syndrome]] | *[[NISCH syndrome]] | ||
* | *Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver | ||
*[[Obliterative portal venopathy]] | *[[Obliterative portal venopathy]] | ||
*[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | *[[Osteomyelosclerosis]] | ||
*[[Pancreatic cancer]] | *[[Pancreatic cancer]] | ||
* | *Partial nodular transformation | ||
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]] | *[[Polycystic kidney disease]] | ||
*[[Portal hypertension due to intrahepatic block | *[[Portal hypertension]] due to intrahepatic block | ||
*[[Portal vein | *[[Portal vein]] abnormality | ||
*[[Portal vein | *[[Portal vein]] compression | ||
*[[Portal vein occlusion]] | *[[Portal vein occlusion]] | ||
*[[Portal vein thrombosis ]] | *[[Portal vein thrombosis ]] | ||
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*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]] | *[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]] | ||
*[[Sarcoidosis]] | *[[Sarcoidosis]] | ||
*[[Schistosomiasis ]] | *[[Schistosomiasis]] | ||
*[[Splanchnic arteriovenous fistula]] | *[[Arteriovenous fistula|Splanchnic arteriovenous fistula]] | ||
*[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | *[[Splenic vein thrombosis]] | ||
*[[Thioguanine]] | *[[Thioguanine]] | ||
*[[Tricuspid insufficiency ]] | *[[Tricuspid insufficiency]] | ||
*[[Umbilical sepsis ]] | *[[Umbilical]] [[sepsis]] | ||
*[[Viral hepatitis]] | *[[Viral hepatitis]] | ||
*[[Wilson's Disease ]] | *[[Wilson's Disease]] | ||
{{EndMultiCol}} | {{EndMultiCol}} | ||
Revision as of 17:03, 27 October 2017
Portal Hypertension Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
Case Studies |
Portal hypertension causes On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Portal hypertension causes |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Portal hypertension causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
Many conditions can result in portal hypertension. In North America and Europe, it is usually the result of an intrahepatic block due to cirrhosis of the liver. However, in less industrialized parts of the world, climate permitting, the major cause is schistosomiasis.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes of portal hypertension include cirrhosis, severe portal venous obstruction or thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome), and fulminant hepatic failure (e.g., due to hepatitis).
Common Causes
Portal hypertension may be caused by:
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of portal hypertension include:
- Antiphospholipid syndrome[4]
- Adams-Olivier syndrome[5]
- Antiretroviral therapy[6]
- Arsenicals[7]
- Beck's disease
- Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome[8]
- Connective tissue diseases[9]
- Crohn’s disease[10]
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Congenital abnormalities
- Familial cases[11]
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis[12]
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection[13]
- Inferior vena cava obstruction
- Inherited thrombophilias[4]
- Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly
- Myeloproliferative neoplasm[4]
- Osteomyelosclerosis
- Partial nodular transformation
- Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency[14]
- Portal vein occlusion
- Solid organ transplant
- Splenic vein thrombosis
- Thiopurine derivatives
- Turner syndrome[19]
- Tricuspid insufficiency
- Umbilical sepsis
- Vitamin A[20]
- Wilson's disease
Genetic Causes
Portal hypertension is caused by a mutation in these genes.
- Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK)
- Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
- Phospholipase A2 (PL2G10)
- Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 (CYP4F3)
- Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3)
- Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)
- Prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2)
- Endothelin (EDN1)
- Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA)
- Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3)
- Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)
- Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β
- Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 (ENTPD4)
- ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 1 (ABCC1)
Causes classified by etiology
Prehepatic
- Bacterial intestinal infections
- Congenital abnormalities
- Idiopathic tropical splenomegaly
- Portal vein occlusion
- Solid organ transplant
- Splenic vein thrombosis
- Umbilical sepsis
Intrahepatic
- Adams-Olivier syndrome[5]
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Antiretroviral therapy[6]
- Arsenicals[7]
- Autoimmune disease[1]
- Beck's disease
- Chronic hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome[8]
- Connective tissue diseases[9]
- Crohn’s disease[10]
- Familial cases[11]
- Fatty liver
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis[12]
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection[13]
- Osteomyelosclerosis
- Partial nodular transformation
- Phosphomannose isomerase deficiency[14]
- Schistosomiasis
- Thiopurine derivatives
- Turner syndrome[19]
- Vitamin A[20]
- Wilson's disease
Posthepatic
- Antiphospholipid syndrome[4]
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Inferior vena cava obstruction
- Inherited thrombophilias [4]
- Myeloproliferative neoplasm[4]
- Sickle cell disease[3]
- Tricuspid insufficiency
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Li X, Gao W, Chen J, Tang W (2000). "[Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with autoimmune disease]". Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 38 (2): 101–3. PMID 11831999.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kono K, Ohnishi K, Omata M, Saito M, Nakayama T, Hatano H, Nakajima Y, Sugita S, Okuda K (1988). "Experimental portal fibrosis produced by intraportal injection of killed nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in rabbits". Gastroenterology. 94 (3): 787–96. PMID 3276575.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kumar S, Joshi R, Jain AP (2007). "Portal hypertension associated with sickle cell disease". Indian J Gastroenterol. 26 (2): 94. PMID 17558079.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Bayan K, Tüzün Y, Yilmaz S, Canoruc N, Dursun M (2009). "Analysis of inherited thrombophilic mutations and natural anticoagulant deficiency in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension". J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 28 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1007/s11239-008-0244-8. PMID 18685811.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Girard M, Amiel J, Fabre M, Pariente D, Lyonnet S, Jacquemin E (2005). "Adams-Oliver syndrome and hepatoportal sclerosis: occasional association or common mechanism?". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 135 (2): 186–9. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30724. PMID 15832360.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Maida I, Garcia-Gasco P, Sotgiu G, Rios MJ, Vispo ME, Martin-Carbonero L, Barreiro P, Mura MS, Babudieri S, Albertos S, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V (2008). "Antiretroviral-associated portal hypertension: a new clinical condition? Prevalence, predictors and outcome". Antivir. Ther. (Lond.). 13 (1): 103–7. PMID 18389904.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nevens F, Fevery J, Van Steenbergen W, Sciot R, Desmet V, De Groote J (1990). "Arsenic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. A report of eight cases". J. Hepatol. 11 (1): 80–5. PMID 2398270.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Fuss IJ, Friend J, Yang Z, He JP, Hooda L, Boyer J, Xi L, Raffeld M, Kleiner DE, Heller T, Strober W (2013). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in common variable immunodeficiency". J. Clin. Immunol. 33 (4): 748–58. doi:10.1007/s10875-013-9873-6. PMC 3731765. PMID 23420139.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Vaiphei K, Bhatia A, Sinha SK (2011). "Liver pathology in collagen vascular disorders highlighting the vascular changes within portal tracts". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 54 (1): 25–31. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.77319. PMID 21393872.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 De Boer NK, Tuynman H, Bloemena E, Westerga J, Van Der Peet DL, Mulder CJ, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG, Van Nieuwkerk CM, Van Bodegraven AA (2008). "Histopathology of liver biopsies from a thiopurine-naïve inflammatory bowel disease cohort: prevalence of nodular regenerative hyperplasia". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 43 (5): 604–8. doi:10.1080/00365520701800266. PMID 18415755.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sarin SK, Mehra NK, Agarwal A, Malhotra V, Anand BS, Taneja V (1987). "Familial aggregation in noncirrhotic portal fibrosis: a report of four families". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 82 (11): 1130–3. PMID 3499813.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Imai Y, Minami Y, Miyoshi S, Kawata S, Saito R, Noda S, Tamura S, Nishikawa M, Tajima K, Tarui S (1986). "Idiopathic portal hypertension associated with Hashimoto's disease: report of three cases". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 81 (9): 791–5. PMID 2944377.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Siramolpiwat S, Seijo S, Miquel R, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Criado A, Darnell A, Turon F, Hernandez-Gea V, Bosch J, Garcia-Pagán JC (2014). "Idiopathic portal hypertension: natural history and long-term outcome". Hepatology. 59 (6): 2276–85. doi:10.1002/hep.26904. PMID 24155091.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 de Lonlay P, Seta N (2009). "The clinical spectrum of phosphomannose isomerase deficiency, with an evaluation of mannose treatment for CDG-Ib". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1792 (9): 841–3. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.11.012. PMID 19101627.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Allison MC, Mowat A, McCruden EA, McGregor E, Burt AD, Briggs JD, Junor BJ, Follett EA, MacSween RN, Mills PR (1992). "The spectrum of chronic liver disease in renal transplant recipients". Q. J. Med. 83 (301): 355–67. PMID 1438671.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Gane E, Portmann B, Saxena R, Wong P, Ramage J, Williams R (1994). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver graft after liver transplantation". Hepatology. 20 (1 Pt 1): 88–94. PMID 8020909.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Vernier-Massouille G, Cosnes J, Lemann M, Marteau P, Reinisch W, Laharie D, Cadiot G, Bouhnik Y, De Vos M, Boureille A, Duclos B, Seksik P, Mary JY, Colombel JF (2007). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine". Gut. 56 (10): 1404–9. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114363. PMC 2000290. PMID 17504943.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Calabrese E, Hanauer SB (2011). "Assessment of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease". J Crohns Colitis. 5 (1): 48–53. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2010.08.007. PMID 21272804.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Roulot D (2013). "Liver involvement in Turner syndrome". Liver Int. 33 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1111/liv.12007. PMID 23121401.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Geubel AP, De Galocsy C, Alves N, Rahier J, Dive C (1991). "Liver damage caused by therapeutic vitamin A administration: estimate of dose-related toxicity in 41 cases". Gastroenterology. 100 (6): 1701–9. PMID 2019375.