Kidney stone causes: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Kidney stone}} | {{Kidney stone}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADS}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The common causes of nephrolithiasis include [[hypercalcemia]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[hypercalciuria]], infection with urea splitting microorganisms like [[Proteus]] and [[Pseudomonas]], [[gout]], [[dehydration]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]]. Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include drugs such as [[loop diuretics]][[acetazolamide|, Acetazolamide]], [[ciprofloxacin]], [[indinavir]], [[guaifenesin]] [[triamterene]] and [[magnesium trisilicate]]. | |||
==Causes== | |||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
* | The common causes of nephrolithiasis: | ||
*[[Hypercalcemia]] | |||
**[[Hyperparathyroidism]] | |||
*[[Hypercalciuria]] | |||
*Infection with urea splitting microorganisms like [[Proteus]] and [[Pseudomonas]] | |||
*[[Gout]] | |||
*[[Dehydration]] | |||
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | |||
===Less Common Causes=== | |||
Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include: | |||
*Drugs: | |||
** [[Loop diuretics]] | |||
** [[Acetazolamide]] | |||
** [[Ciprofloxacin]] | |||
** [[Indinavir]] | |||
** [[Guaifenesin]] | |||
** [[Triamterene]] | |||
** [[Magnesium trisilicate]] | |||
** [[Cobicistat]] | |||
** [[Febuxostat]] | |||
** [[Sulfasalazine]] and other sulfa drugs | |||
** [[Topiramate]] | |||
** [[Zonisamide]] | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
{|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1" | {| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1" | ||
| | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular''' | ||
| | | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | | '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dental''' | | '''Dental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dermatologic''' | | '''Dermatologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Ciprofloxacin]], [[Cobicistat]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Guaifenesin]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Loop diuretics]], [[Magnesium trisilicate]] [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Tocilizumab]], [[Topiramate]],[[Triamterene]], [[Zonisamide]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Ear Nose Throat''' | | '''Ear Nose Throat''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Endocrine''' | | '''Endocrine''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[Diabetes mellitus]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Environmental''' | | '''Environmental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Gastroenterologic''' | | '''Gastroenterologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Short bowel syndrome]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], Increased intestinal absorption of [[oxalates]], Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |X-linked recessive [[nephrolithiasis]] type 1, X-linked [[hypophosphataemia]], [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | | '''Hematologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Leukemia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | | '''Iatrogenic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | | '''Infectious Disease''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Urinary tract infection]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Proteus]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Infection]] with urea splitting microorganisms, [[Berylliosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic''' | | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Paget's Disease]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Neurologic''' | | '''Neurologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic''' | | '''Nutritional/Metabolic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Xanthinuria]] type 2, [[Xanthinuria]] type 1, Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]], Lower Dietary[[ potassium]], Lower Dietary [[phytate]], Lower dietary [[calcium]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], Higher Dietary [[vitamin C]], Higher Dietary [[sucrose]], Higher Dietary [[sodium]], Higher Dietary [[oxalate]], Higher Dietary [[fructose]], Higher Dietary animal [[protein]], Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Oncologic''' | | '''Oncologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Tumor]] [[hypercalcemia]], [[Bone]] [[metastasis]], [[Leukemia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Ophthalmologic''' | | '''Ophthalmologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Overdose/Toxicity''' | | '''Overdose/Toxicity''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcohol abuse]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Psychiatric''' | | '''Psychiatric''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Pulmonary''' | | '''Pulmonary''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Renal/Electrolyte''' | | '''Renal/Electrolyte''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |Urine [[PH]] less than 5.5, Type I (distal) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis ]] , [[Medullary sponge kidney]], Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary [[citrate]], [[Hypophosphaturia]], [[Hypocitraturia]], [[Hyperuricosuria]], [[Hyperuricemia ]] , [[Hyperoxaluria]], [[Hypercalciuria]], [[Hypercalcemia]], [[Horseshoe kidney]], Higher Urinary [[pH]] (CaP stones), Higher Urinary [[oxalate]] (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary [[calcium]], Distal (type 1) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Cysteinuria, Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]], [[ Hyperoxaluria]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy''' | | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Sarcoidosis]], [[Gout]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Sexual''' | | '''Sexual''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Trauma''' | | '''Trauma''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Urologic''' | | '''Urologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |Urinary stasis, [[Urinary obstruction]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Miscellaneous''' | | '''Miscellaneous''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in [[urine]], Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, [[Obesity]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], Lower fluid intake, [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]], [[Idiopathic]], [[Dent's disease]], [[Dehydration]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]] | *[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]] | ||
*[[Alcohol abuse]] | *[[Alcohol abuse]] | ||
*[[Berylliosis ]] | *[[Berylliosis ]] | ||
*[[Bone]] [[metastasis]] | *[[Bone]] [[metastasis]] | ||
*Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome ]] | *Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome ]] | ||
*Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]] | *Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]] | ||
*[[Cobicistat]] | |||
*[[Ciprofloxacin]] | |||
*Cysteinuria | *Cysteinuria | ||
*[[Dehydration]] | *[[Dehydration]] | ||
Line 139: | Line 166: | ||
*Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake | *Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake | ||
*[[Gout]] | *[[Gout]] | ||
*[[Guaifenesin]] | |||
*Higher Dietary animal [[protein]] | *Higher Dietary animal [[protein]] | ||
*Higher Dietary [[fructose]] | *Higher Dietary [[fructose]] | ||
Line 152: | Line 180: | ||
*[[Hypercalciuria]] | *[[Hypercalciuria]] | ||
*[[Hyperoxaluria]] | *[[Hyperoxaluria]] | ||
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]] | |||
*[[Hyperuricemia ]] | *[[Hyperuricemia ]] | ||
*[[Hyperuricosuria]] | *[[Hyperuricosuria]] | ||
*[[Hypervitaminosis D]] | *[[Hypervitaminosis D]] | ||
*[[Hypocitraturia]] | *[[Hypocitraturia]] | ||
*[[Hypoparathyroidism]] | |||
*Hypophosphaturia | *Hypophosphaturia | ||
*[[Idiopathic]] | *[[Idiopathic]] | ||
Line 162: | Line 192: | ||
*Infection with urea splitting microorganisms | *Infection with urea splitting microorganisms | ||
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | ||
*[[Loop diuretics]] | |||
*[[Ixabepilone]] | |||
{{ColBreak}} | {{ColBreak}} | ||
*[[Klebsiella]] | *[[Klebsiella]] | ||
Line 173: | Line 205: | ||
*Lower Urinary [[citrate]] | *Lower Urinary [[citrate]] | ||
*Lower Urinary volume | *Lower Urinary volume | ||
*[[Magnesium trisilicate]] | |||
*[[Medullary sponge kidney]] | *[[Medullary sponge kidney]] | ||
*[[Milk-alkali syndrome]] | *[[Milk-alkali syndrome]] | ||
Line 178: | Line 211: | ||
*[[Paget's Disease]] | *[[Paget's Disease]] | ||
*Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation | *Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation | ||
*Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis]] | *Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis]] | ||
*Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]] | *Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]] | ||
Line 186: | Line 218: | ||
*[[Sarcoidosis]] | *[[Sarcoidosis]] | ||
*[[Short bowel syndrome ]] | *[[Short bowel syndrome ]] | ||
* | *Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in [[urine]] | ||
*[[Topiramate ]] | *[[Topiramate ]] | ||
*[[ | *Tumor [[hypercalcemia]] | ||
* | *Type I (distal) [[renal tubular acidosis]] | ||
*[[Urinary obstruction]] | *[[Urinary obstruction]] | ||
* | *Urinary stasis | ||
*[[Urinary tract infection]] | *[[Urinary tract infection]] | ||
* | *Urine PH less than 5.5 | ||
* | *X-linked [[hypophosphataemia ]] | ||
*[[X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1 ]] | *[[X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1 ]] | ||
*[[Xanthinuria type 1 | *[[Xanthinuria]] type 1 | ||
*[[Xanthinuria type 2 | *[[Xanthinuria]] type 2 | ||
*[[Zonisamide]] | *[[Zonisamide]] | ||
{{EndMultiCol}} | {{EndMultiCol}} | ||
Line 242: | Line 274: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
Line 249: | Line 283: | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:27, 29 July 2020
Kidney stone Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Kidney stone causes On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Kidney stone causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]
Overview
The common causes of nephrolithiasis include hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalciuria, infection with urea splitting microorganisms like Proteus and Pseudomonas, gout, dehydration, inflammatory bowel disease. Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include drugs such as loop diuretics, Acetazolamide, ciprofloxacin, indinavir, guaifenesin triamterene and magnesium trisilicate.
Causes
Common Causes
The common causes of nephrolithiasis:
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypercalciuria
- Infection with urea splitting microorganisms like Proteus and Pseudomonas
- Gout
- Dehydration
- Inflammatory bowel disease
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include:
- Drugs:
Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
Dental | No underlying causes |
Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
Drug Side Effect | Ciprofloxacin, Cobicistat, Febuxostat, Guaifenesin, Indinavir, Ixabepilone, Loop diuretics, Magnesium trisilicate Oxcarbazepine, Pramipexole, Sulfasalazine, Tocilizumab, Topiramate,Triamterene, Zonisamide |
Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
Endocrine | hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, Diabetes mellitus |
Environmental | No underlying causes |
Gastroenterologic | Short bowel syndrome, Inflammatory bowel disease, Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates, Chronic Malabsorption syndrome |
Genetic | X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1, X-linked hypophosphataemia, Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency |
Hematologic | Leukemia |
Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
Infectious Disease | Urinary tract infection, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Infection with urea splitting microorganisms, Berylliosis |
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Paget's Disease |
Neurologic | No underlying causes |
Nutritional/Metabolic | Xanthinuria type 2, Xanthinuria type 1, Primary type 1 Hyperoxaluria, Lower Dietarypotassium, Lower Dietary phytate, Lower dietary calcium, Hypervitaminosis D, Higher Dietary vitamin C, Higher Dietary sucrose, Higher Dietary sodium, Higher Dietary oxalate, Higher Dietary fructose, Higher Dietary animal protein, Excessive Vitamin C intake |
Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
Oncologic | Tumor hypercalcemia, Bone metastasis, Leukemia |
Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
Overdose/Toxicity | Alcohol abuse |
Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
Renal/Electrolyte | Urine PH less than 5.5, Type I (distal) renal tubular acidosis, Primary Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis , Medullary sponge kidney, Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary citrate, Hypophosphaturia, Hypocitraturia, Hyperuricosuria, Hyperuricemia , Hyperoxaluria, Hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia, Horseshoe kidney, Higher Urinary pH (CaP stones), Higher Urinary oxalate (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary calcium, Distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis, Cysteinuria, Chronic metabolic acidosis, Hyperoxaluria |
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Sarcoidosis, Gout |
Sexual | No underlying causes |
Trauma | No underlying causes |
Urologic | Urinary stasis, Urinary obstruction |
Miscellaneous | Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in urine, Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, Obesity, Milk-alkali syndrome, Lower fluid intake, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Idiopathic, Dent's disease, Dehydration |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Causes based on type of Stones
Calcium Stones
- Bone metastasis
- Cushing's syndrome
- Distal renal tubular acidosis
- Excessive Vitamin C intake
- Hypercalcemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperoxaluria
- Hyperuricosuria
- Hypophosphaturia
- Idiopathic hypercalciuria
- Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates
- Leukemia
- Milk-alkali syndrome
- Osteoporosis
- Paget's Disease
- Sarcoidosis
- Tumor hypercalcemias
- Hypervitaminosis D
Infectious Stones
Uric Acid Stones
- Alcohol abuse
- Dehydration
- Drugs
- Gout
- Purine metabolism
- Tumor
- Idiopathic