Ulcerative colitis history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Ulcerative colitis}} | {{Ulcerative colitis}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{USAMA}} | ||
==Overview== | |||
Patients with ulcerative colitis present with a history of bloody [[diarrhea]] mixed with [[mucus]], of gradual onset. Some patients may present with a sudden attack of [[diarrhea]], [[fever]] and [[abdominal pain]]. The extra intestinal symptoms may include joint swelling and pain, inflammation of the eye and skin involvement.<ref name="pmid8596552">{{cite journal| author=Hanauer SB| title=Inflammatory bowel disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1996 | volume= 334 | issue= 13 | pages= 841-8 | pmid=8596552 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199603283341307 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8596552 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28420941">{{cite journal| author=Guan Q, Zhang J| title=Recent Advances: The Imbalance of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. | journal=Mediators Inflamm | year= 2017 | volume= 2017 | issue= | pages= 4810258 | pmid=28420941 | doi=10.1155/2017/4810258 | pmc=5379128 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28420941 }} </ref> | |||
== History and Symptoms == | == History and Symptoms == | ||
Ulcerative colitis patients usually give a history of [[bloody diarrhea]] accompanied with mucus. They also may complain of abdominal pain and tenesmus in some cases.<ref name="pmid28420941">{{cite journal| author=Guan Q, Zhang J| title=Recent Advances: The Imbalance of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. | journal=Mediators Inflamm | year= 2017 | volume= 2017 | issue= | pages= 4810258 | pmid=28420941 | doi=10.1155/2017/4810258 | pmc=5379128 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28420941 }} </ref> | |||
===More common symptoms=== | |||
=== GI symptoms === | === GI symptoms === | ||
The clinical presentation<ref name= | The clinical presentation<ref name="pmid8596552">{{cite journal| author=Hanauer SB| title=Inflammatory bowel disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1996 | volume= 334 | issue= 13 | pages= 841-8 | pmid=8596552 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199603283341307 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8596552 }} </ref> of ulcerative colitis depends on the extent of the disease process. Patients usually present with | ||
*[[Diarrhea]] mixed with blood and [[mucus]], of gradual onset. | |||
*Signs of [[weight loss]] | |||
*Rectal urgency | |||
*[[Tenesmus]] | |||
*Blood is often noticed on underwear | |||
*Different degrees of [[abdominal pain]], from mild discomfort to severely painful cramps. | |||
Ulcerative colitis is a systemic disease that affects many parts of the body. Sometimes the extra-intestinal manifestations of the disease are the initial signs, such as painful, arthritic knees in a teenager. It is, however, unlikely that the disease will be correctly diagnosed until the onset of the intestinal manifestations. | Ulcerative colitis is a systemic disease that affects many parts of the body. Sometimes the extra-intestinal manifestations of the disease are the initial signs, such as painful, arthritic knees in a teenager. It is, however, unlikely that the disease will be correctly diagnosed until the onset of the intestinal manifestations. | ||
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Ulcerative colitis is normally continuous from the rectum up the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]. The disease is classified by the extent of involvement, depending on how far up the colon the disease extends: | Ulcerative colitis is normally continuous from the rectum up the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]. The disease is classified by the extent of involvement, depending on how far up the colon the disease extends: | ||
* Distal colitis, potentially treatable with enemas:<ref name=ACGGuideline>Ulcerative Colitis Practice Guidelines in Adults, Am. Coll. Gastroenterology, 2004. [http://www.acg.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/UlcerativeColitisUpdate.pdf PDF]</ref> | * Distal [[colitis]], potentially treatable with enemas:<ref name=ACGGuideline>Ulcerative Colitis Practice Guidelines in Adults, Am. Coll. Gastroenterology, 2004. [http://www.acg.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/UlcerativeColitisUpdate.pdf PDF]</ref> | ||
** [[Proctitis]]: Involvement limited to the [[rectum]]. | ** [[Proctitis]]: Involvement limited to the [[rectum]]. | ||
** Proctosigmoiditis: Involvement of the rectosigmoid colon, the portion of the colon adjacent to the rectum. | ** Proctosigmoiditis: Involvement of the rectosigmoid colon, the portion of the colon adjacent to the rectum. | ||
** Left-sided colitis: Involvement of the descending colon, which runs along the patient's left side, up to the splenic flexure and the beginning of the transverse colon. | ** Left-sided [[colitis]]: Involvement of the [[descending colon]], which runs along the patient's left side, up to the [[splenic flexure]] and the beginning of the [[transverse colon]]. | ||
* Extensive colitis, inflammation extending beyond the reach of enemas: | * Extensive [[Colitis|colitis,]] [[inflammation]] extending beyond the reach of enemas: | ||
** Pancolitis: Involvement of the entire colon, extending from the rectum to the cecum, beyond which the small intestine begins. | ** [[Pancolitis]]: Involvement of the entire [[colon]], extending from the rectum to the cecum, beyond which the small intestine begins. | ||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<gallery heights="175" widths="175"> | <gallery heights="175" widths="175"> | ||
Image:Intestine.png|Diagram of the Human Intestine | Image:Intestine.png|Diagram of the Human Intestine|thumb|By Connormah Raster: en:User:Dflock - Based off File:Intestine.png, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8928384 | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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In addition to the extent of involvement, UC patients may also be characterized by the severity of their disease.<ref name=ACGGuideline>Ulcerative Colitis Practice Guidelines in Adults, Am. Coll. Gastroenterology, 2004. [http://www.acg.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/UlcerativeColitisUpdate.pdf PDF]</ref> | In addition to the extent of involvement, UC patients may also be characterized by the severity of their disease.<ref name=ACGGuideline>Ulcerative Colitis Practice Guidelines in Adults, Am. Coll. Gastroenterology, 2004. [http://www.acg.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/UlcerativeColitisUpdate.pdf PDF]</ref> | ||
* | * Mild disease correlates with fewer than four stools daily, with or without blood, no [[systemic]] signs of toxicity, and a normal [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR). There may be mild abdominal pain or cramping. Patients may believe they are [[constipation|constipated]] when in fact they are experiencing [[tenesmus]], which is a constant feeling of the need to empty the bowel accompanied by involuntary straining efforts, pain, and cramping with little or no fecal output. Rectal pain is uncommon. | ||
<div align="center"> | <div align="center"> | ||
<gallery heights="175" widths="175"> | <gallery heights="175" widths="175"> | ||
Image:Chronic Ulcerative Colitis 1.jpg|[[Colon (anatomy)|Colonic]] pseudopolyps of a patient with intractable | Image:Chronic Ulcerative Colitis 1.jpg|[[Colon (anatomy)|Colonic]] pseudopolyps of a patient with intractable ulcerative colitis. [[Colectomy]] specimen.|thumb|By Photograph by Ed Uthman, MD. - http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/specimens/index.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=840134 | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
* | * Moderate disease correlates with more than four stools daily, but with minimal signs of toxicity. Patients may display [[anemia]] (not requiring transfusions), moderate [[abdominal pain]], and low grade [[fever]], 38 to 39 °C (99.5 to 102.2 °F). | ||
* Severe disease, correlates with more than six bloody stools a day, and evidence of toxicity as demonstrated by [[fever]], [[tachycardia]], [[anemia]] or an elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR.]] | |||
* | * [[Fulminant]] disease correlates with more than ten bowel movements daily, continuous bleeding, [[toxicity]], [[abdominal tenderness]] and distension, blood transfusion requirement and colonic dilation (expansion). Patients in this category may have [[inflammation]] extending beyond just the mucosal layer, causing impaired colonic motility and leading to [[toxic megacolon]]. If the [[serous membrane]] is involved, colonic perforation may ensue. Unless treated, fulminant disease will soon lead to death. | ||
=== Extraintestinal Symptoms === | |||
The extra intestinal symptoms of ulcerative colitis include:<ref name="urlonline.ccfa.org">{{cite web |url=http://online.ccfa.org/site/DocServer/CD_and_UC_-_Whats_the_Difference_-_Felder.pdf?docID=8922 |title=online.ccfa.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28346273">{{cite journal| author=Hata K, Ishii H, Anzai H, Ishihara S, Nozawa H, Kawai K et al.| title=Preoperative Extraintestinal Manifestations Associated with Chronic Pouchitis in Japanese Patients with Ulcerative Colitis After Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis: A Retrospective Study. | journal=Inflamm Bowel Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 23 | issue= 6 | pages= 1019-1024 | pmid=28346273 | doi=10.1097/MIB.0000000000001094 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28346273 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2353691">{{cite journal| author=Monsén U, Sorstad J, Hellers G, Johansson C| title=Extracolonic diagnoses in ulcerative colitis: an epidemiological study. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1990 | volume= 85 | issue= 6 | pages= 711-6 | pmid=2353691 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2353691 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Joint swelling]] | |||
*[[Joint pain]] | |||
*[[Inflammation]] of the eye | |||
*[[Skin]] involvement | |||
*[[Fatty liver]] | |||
*[[Thromboembolism]] | |||
*[[Parenchymal lung disease]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] | [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
| Line 54: | Line 74: | ||
[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]] | [[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]] | ||
[[Category:Abdominal pain]] | [[Category:Abdominal pain]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:32, 30 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Patients with ulcerative colitis present with a history of bloody diarrhea mixed with mucus, of gradual onset. Some patients may present with a sudden attack of diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain. The extra intestinal symptoms may include joint swelling and pain, inflammation of the eye and skin involvement.[1][2]
History and Symptoms
Ulcerative colitis patients usually give a history of bloody diarrhea accompanied with mucus. They also may complain of abdominal pain and tenesmus in some cases.[2]
More common symptoms
GI symptoms
The clinical presentation[1] of ulcerative colitis depends on the extent of the disease process. Patients usually present with
- Diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus, of gradual onset.
- Signs of weight loss
- Rectal urgency
- Tenesmus
- Blood is often noticed on underwear
- Different degrees of abdominal pain, from mild discomfort to severely painful cramps.
Ulcerative colitis is a systemic disease that affects many parts of the body. Sometimes the extra-intestinal manifestations of the disease are the initial signs, such as painful, arthritic knees in a teenager. It is, however, unlikely that the disease will be correctly diagnosed until the onset of the intestinal manifestations.
Extent of involvement
Ulcerative colitis is normally continuous from the rectum up the colon. The disease is classified by the extent of involvement, depending on how far up the colon the disease extends:
- Distal colitis, potentially treatable with enemas:[3]
- Proctitis: Involvement limited to the rectum.
- Proctosigmoiditis: Involvement of the rectosigmoid colon, the portion of the colon adjacent to the rectum.
- Left-sided colitis: Involvement of the descending colon, which runs along the patient's left side, up to the splenic flexure and the beginning of the transverse colon.
- Extensive colitis, inflammation extending beyond the reach of enemas:
- Pancolitis: Involvement of the entire colon, extending from the rectum to the cecum, beyond which the small intestine begins.
-
By Connormah Raster: en:User:Dflock - Based off File:Intestine.png, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8928384
Severity of disease
In addition to the extent of involvement, UC patients may also be characterized by the severity of their disease.[3]
- Mild disease correlates with fewer than four stools daily, with or without blood, no systemic signs of toxicity, and a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). There may be mild abdominal pain or cramping. Patients may believe they are constipated when in fact they are experiencing tenesmus, which is a constant feeling of the need to empty the bowel accompanied by involuntary straining efforts, pain, and cramping with little or no fecal output. Rectal pain is uncommon.
-
By Photograph by Ed Uthman, MD. - http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/specimens/index.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=840134
- Moderate disease correlates with more than four stools daily, but with minimal signs of toxicity. Patients may display anemia (not requiring transfusions), moderate abdominal pain, and low grade fever, 38 to 39 °C (99.5 to 102.2 °F).
- Severe disease, correlates with more than six bloody stools a day, and evidence of toxicity as demonstrated by fever, tachycardia, anemia or an elevated ESR.
- Fulminant disease correlates with more than ten bowel movements daily, continuous bleeding, toxicity, abdominal tenderness and distension, blood transfusion requirement and colonic dilation (expansion). Patients in this category may have inflammation extending beyond just the mucosal layer, causing impaired colonic motility and leading to toxic megacolon. If the serous membrane is involved, colonic perforation may ensue. Unless treated, fulminant disease will soon lead to death.
Extraintestinal Symptoms
The extra intestinal symptoms of ulcerative colitis include:[4][5][6]
- Joint swelling
- Joint pain
- Inflammation of the eye
- Skin involvement
- Fatty liver
- Thromboembolism
- Parenchymal lung disease
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hanauer SB (1996). "Inflammatory bowel disease". N Engl J Med. 334 (13): 841–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199603283341307. PMID 8596552.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guan Q, Zhang J (2017). "Recent Advances: The Imbalance of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Mediators Inflamm. 2017: 4810258. doi:10.1155/2017/4810258. PMC 5379128. PMID 28420941.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ulcerative Colitis Practice Guidelines in Adults, Am. Coll. Gastroenterology, 2004. PDF
- ↑ "online.ccfa.org" (PDF).
- ↑ Hata K, Ishii H, Anzai H, Ishihara S, Nozawa H, Kawai K; et al. (2017). "Preoperative Extraintestinal Manifestations Associated with Chronic Pouchitis in Japanese Patients with Ulcerative Colitis After Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis: A Retrospective Study". Inflamm Bowel Dis. 23 (6): 1019–1024. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000001094. PMID 28346273.
- ↑ Monsén U, Sorstad J, Hellers G, Johansson C (1990). "Extracolonic diagnoses in ulcerative colitis: an epidemiological study". Am J Gastroenterol. 85 (6): 711–6. PMID 2353691.