Occupational lung disease causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Occupational lung disease}}
{{Occupational lung disease}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}};{{HM}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{HM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Occupational lung disease may be caused by organic dust such as thermophilic and true fungi, and bacteria and animal proteins, or by inorganic dust such as, silicates, carbons and metals, or by agents other than organic or inorganic dusts such as, chemicals, gases, fumes, vapors and aerosols.
Occupational lung disease may be caused by organic dust such as thermophilic and true [[fungi]], and [[bacteria]] and animal proteins, or by inorganic dust such as, [[Silicate|silicates]], carbons and metals, or by agents other than organic or inorganic dusts such as, chemicals, gases, fumes, vapors, and aerosols.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life-threatening Causes===
===Life-threatening Causes===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.<ref name="pmid7310975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldman RH, Peters JM |title=The occupational and environmental health history |journal=JAMA |volume=246 |issue=24 |pages=2831–6 |year=1981 |pmid=7310975 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16645172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banauch GI, Hall C, Weiden M, Cohen HW, Aldrich TK, Christodoulou V, Arcentales N, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ |title=Pulmonary function after exposure to the World Trade Center collapse in the New York City Fire Department |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=312–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16645172 |pmc=2648115 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200511-1736OC |url=}}</ref>
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*Life-threatening causes of occupational lung disease include asbestos and chemical gas inhalation such as chlorine gas.
*Life-threatening causes of occupational lung disease include chemical gas inhalation such as [[chlorine]] or sarin gas.<ref name="pmid7310975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldman RH, Peters JM |title=The occupational and environmental health history |journal=JAMA |volume=246 |issue=24 |pages=2831–6 |year=1981 |pmid=7310975 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16645172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banauch GI, Hall C, Weiden M, Cohen HW, Aldrich TK, Christodoulou V, Arcentales N, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ |title=Pulmonary function after exposure to the World Trade Center collapse in the New York City Fire Department |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=312–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16645172 |pmc=2648115 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200511-1736OC |url=}}</ref>


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Occupational lung disease may be caused by:<ref name="pmid15640671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banauch GI, Dhala A, Alleyne D, Alva R, Santhyadka G, Krasko A, Weiden M, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ |title=Bronchial hyperreactivity and other inhalation lung injuries in rescue/recovery workers after the World Trade Center collapse |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=33 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=S102–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15640671 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12226151">{{cite journal |vauthors=Prezant DJ, Weiden M, Banauch GI, McGuinness G, Rom WN, Aldrich TK, Kelly KJ |title=Cough and bronchial responsiveness in firefighters at the World Trade Center site |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=347 |issue=11 |pages=806–15 |year=2002 |pmid=12226151 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa021300 |url=}}</ref>
Common causes of occupational lung disease include:<ref name="pmid15640671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banauch GI, Dhala A, Alleyne D, Alva R, Santhyadka G, Krasko A, Weiden M, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ |title=Bronchial hyperreactivity and other inhalation lung injuries in rescue/recovery workers after the World Trade Center collapse |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=33 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=S102–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15640671 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12226151">{{cite journal |vauthors=Prezant DJ, Weiden M, Banauch GI, McGuinness G, Rom WN, Aldrich TK, Kelly KJ |title=Cough and bronchial responsiveness in firefighters at the World Trade Center site |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=347 |issue=11 |pages=806–15 |year=2002 |pmid=12226151 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa021300 |url=}}</ref>
*Silica ("silicosis")
*[[Silica]]
*Asbestos ("asbestosis")
*[[Asbestos]]
*Beryllium ("berylliosis")
*[[Beryllium]]
*Mica (principally K and Mg aluminum silicates)
*Mica  
*Portland cement
*Portland cement
*Aluminum silicates (sericite, sillimanite, zeolite)
*Aluminum silicates
*Aluminum
*[[Aluminium|Aluminum]]
*Hard metal dusts (cadmium, tungsten, titanium and cobalt)
*[[Cadmium]]
*Iron ("siderosis")
*[[Tungsten]]
*Coal dust ("coal worker's pneumoconiosis")
*[[Titanium]]
*Graphite ("carbon pneumoconiosis")
*[[Cobalt]]
*Farmer's lung (Macropolyspora faeni)
*[[Iron]]
*Grain handler's lung (Thermactinomyces vulgaris)
*Coal dust  
*Humidifier or air conditioner lung (T. sacchari)
*[[Graphite]]
*Aspergillus
*Macropolyspora faeni
*CuSO4 neutralized with hydrated lime (Bordeaux mixture; "vineyard sprayer's lung")
*Thermactinomyces vulgaris
*Bird fancier's disease
*[[Thermoactinomyces sacchari]]
*[[Aspergillus]]
*Copper sulfate neutralized with hydrated lime  
*Bird droppings


===Less Common Causes===
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of occupational lung disease include:<ref name="pmid24521110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarlo SM, Lemiere C |title=Occupational asthma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=370 |issue=7 |pages=640–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24521110 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1301758 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18779187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, Beach J, Beckett W, Bernstein D, Blanc PD, Brooks SM, Cowl CT, Daroowalla F, Harber P, Lemiere C, Liss GM, Pacheco KA, Redlich CA, Rowe B, Heitzer J |title=Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College Of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement |journal=Chest |volume=134 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1S–41S |year=2008 |pmid=18779187 |doi=10.1378/chest.08-0201 |url=}}</ref>
Less common causes of occupational lung disease include:<ref name="pmid24521110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarlo SM, Lemiere C |title=Occupational asthma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=370 |issue=7 |pages=640–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24521110 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1301758 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18779187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, Beach J, Beckett W, Bernstein D, Blanc PD, Brooks SM, Cowl CT, Daroowalla F, Harber P, Lemiere C, Liss GM, Pacheco KA, Redlich CA, Rowe B, Heitzer J |title=Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College Of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement |journal=Chest |volume=134 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1S–41S |year=2008 |pmid=18779187 |doi=10.1378/chest.08-0201 |url=}}</ref>
*Vinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride powder
*[[Vinyl chloride]]
*Oxygen
*[[Oxygen]]
*Oxides of nitrogen
*Nitrogen oxide
*Sulfur dioxide
*[[Sulfur dioxide]]
*Chlorine gas
*[[Chlorine|Chlorine gas]]
*Methyl isocyanate
*[[Methyl isocyanate]]
*Oxides of zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, magnesium, nickel, brass, selenium, tin, and antimony
*[[Zinc]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
*[[Cadmium]]
*[[Iron]]
*[[Magnesium]]
*[[Nickel]]
*[[Selenium]]
*[[Tin]]
*[[Antimony]]
*Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
*Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
*Trimellitic anhydride toxicity
*Trimellitic anhydride  
*Hydrocarbons
*[[Hydrocarbon|Hydrocarbons]]
*Thermosetting resins (rubber tire workers)
*Thermosetting resins  
*Toluene diisocyanate (TDI - asthmatic reactions prominent)
*[[Toluene diisocyanate]]
*Talc (hydrated Mg silicates; "talcosis")
*[[Talcosis|Talc]]
*Kaolin or "china clay" (hydrated aluminum silicate)
*[[Kaolinite|Kaolin]]
*Popcorn worker's lung (butter flavoring)
*Diacetyl
*Oxygen
*[[Oxygen]]
*Mercury
*[[Mercury]]
*Oils
*Oils
*Fats
*Fats
*Pyrethrum (a natural insecticide)
*Pyrethrum  
*Nepheline (hard rock containing mixed silicates)
*Nepheline  
*Diatomaceous earth (Fuller's earth, aluminum silicate with Fe and Mg)
*Diatomaceous earth  
*Tin ("stannosis")
*Hematite
*Antimony
*Copper sulfate
*Hematite(mixed dusts of iron oxide, silica and silicates; "siderosilicosis")
*Cerium
*Mixed dusts of silver and iron oxide ("argyrosiderosis")
*Scandium
*CuSO4 neutralized with hydrated lime (Bordeaux mixture; "vineyard sprayer's lung")
*Yttrium
*Rare earths (cerium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum)
*Lanthanum
*Cryptostroma corticale
*Cryptostroma corticale
*Aureobasidium pullulans
*[[Aureobasidium pullulans]]
*Penicillium species
*Penicillium species
*Bacillus subtilis
*[[Bacillus subtilis]]
*B. cereus
*[[Bacillus cereus]]
*Synthetic - fiber lung (Orlon, polyesters, nylon, acrylic)
*Orlon  
*Bakelite worker's lung pathways
*Polyesters
*Nylon
*Acrylic


===Genetic Causes===
===Genetic Causes===
*Occupational lung disease may be triggered by a mutation in the following genes:<ref name="pmid18487431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Christiani DC, Mehta AJ, Yu CL |title=Genetic susceptibility to occupational exposures |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=430–6; quiz 436, 397 |year=2008 |pmid=18487431 |pmc=3815576 |doi=10.1136/oem.2007.033977 |url=}}</ref>
*Occupational lung disease may be triggered by a [[mutation]] in the following genes:<ref name="pmid18487431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Christiani DC, Mehta AJ, Yu CL |title=Genetic susceptibility to occupational exposures |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=430–6; quiz 436, 397 |year=2008 |pmid=18487431 |pmc=3815576 |doi=10.1136/oem.2007.033977 |url=}}</ref>
**MUC5B promoter polymorphism
**[[MUC5B]] [[promoter]] polymorphism
***Has been identified as causing progression in interstitial lung fibrosis
***Has been identified as causing progression in interstitial lung fibrosis
**HLA-DPB1*0201 polymorphisms  
**[[HLA-DPB1]]*0201 polymorphisms  
***Associated with chronic berylliosis, whilst HLA-DPB1*0401 gene is protective
***Associated with chronic [[berylliosis]], whilst [[HLA-DPB1]]*0401 gene is protective
***Single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-α, the no.308 guanine to adenine transition, has been associated with beryllium sensitization transition to clinial disease  
***Single nucleotide polymorphism in the [[promoter]] region of [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha|TNF-α]], the no.308 [[guanine]] to [[adenine]] transition, has been associated with [[beryllium]] sensitization transition to clinical disease  
**NAT2 acetylation
**NAT2 [[acetylation]]
***Associated with bladder cancer with exposure to benzine dyes
***Associated with [[bladder cancer]] with exposure to benzine dyes
**HLA class II genes such as HLA-DQB1*0503  
**[[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]] class II genes such as [[HLA-DQB1]]*0503  
***Associated with toluene diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma
***Associated with [[toluene diisocyanate]]-induced [[occupational asthma]]
**Polymorphisms in exons 3 of Tyr113His (C113T) and 4 His139Arg (G139A) of the mEH gene
**Polymorphisms in exons 3 of Tyr113His (C113T) and 4 His139Arg (G139A) of the mEH gene
***Associated with organic dust-induced chronic airways disease where the activity of microsomal epoxide hydrolase slows down
***Associated with organic dust-induced chronic airways disease where the activity of microsomal [[epoxide hydrolase]] slows down


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | '''Chemical sources''':
| bgcolor="Beige" |Orlon, polyesters, nylon, acrylic, [[vinyl chloride]], oxygen, nitrogen oxide, [[sulfur dioxide]], chlorine gas, methyl isocyanate, [[zinc]], [[copper]], [[manganese]], [[cadmium]], [[iron]], [[magnesium]], [[nickel]], [[brass]], [[selenium]], [[tin]], [[antimony]], diphenylmethane diisocyanate, trimellitic anhydride, [[hydrocarbons]], thermosetting resins, [[toluene diisocyanate]], [[oxygen]], [[mercury]], oils, fats and pyrethrum
•Synthetic - fiber lung (Orlon, polyesters, nylon, acrylic)
 
•Bakelite worker's lung pathways
 
•Vinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride powder
 
'''Gases''':
 
•Oxygen
 
•Oxides of nitrogen
 
•Sulfur dioxide
 
•Chlorine gas
 
•Methyl isocyanate
 
'''Fumes''':
 
•Oxides of zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, magnesium, nickel, brass, selenium, tin, and antimony
 
•Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
 
•Trimellitic anhydride toxicity
 
'''Vapors''':
 
•Hydrocarbons
 
•Thermosetting resins (rubber tire workers)
 
•Toluene diisocyanate (TDI - asthmatic reactions prominent)
 
•Oxygen
 
•Mercury
 
'''Aerosols''':
 
•Oils
 
•Fats
 
•Pyrethrum (a natural insecticide)
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | •Farmer's lung (Macropolyspora faeni)
| bgcolor="Beige" | Macropolyspora faeni, thermactinomyces vulgaris, thermactinomyces sacchari, [[aspergillus]], cryptostroma corticale, [[aureobasidium pullulans]], penicillium, [[bacillus subtilis]], [[bacillus cereus]], bird droppings, nepheline, and diatomaceous earth
•Grain handler's lung (Thermactinomyces vulgaris)
 
•Humidifier or air conditioner lung (T. sacchari)
 
• Aspergillus
 
•Cryptostroma corticale
 
•Aureobasidium pullulans
 
•Penicillium species
 
•Bacillus subtilis
•B. cereus
•Bird fancier's disease
 
•Nepheline (hard rock containing mixed silicates)
 
•Diatomaceous earth (Fuller's earth, aluminum silicate with Fe and Mg)


|-
|-
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | Macropolyspora faeni, thermactinomyces vulgaris, thermactinomyces sacchari, [[aspergillus]], cryptostroma corticale, [[aureobasidium pullulans]], penicillium, [[bacillus subtilis]], [[bacillus cereus]], bird droppings, nepheline, and diatomaceous earth
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | •Coal dust ("coal worker's pneumoconiosis")
| bgcolor="Beige" | Coal dust, [[graphite]], [[tin]], [[aluminum]], [[cadmium]], [[tungsten]], [[titanium]], [[cobalt]], [[iron]], [[antimony]], hematite, mixed dusts of silver and iron oxide, copper sulfate neutralized with hydrated lime, cerium, scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum
•Graphite ("carbon pneumoconiosis")
 
•Tin ("stannosis")
 
•Aluminum
 
•Hard metal dusts (cadmium, tungsten, titanium and cobalt)
 
•Iron ("siderosis")
 
•Antimony
 
•Hematite(mixed dusts of iron oxide, silica and silicates; "siderosilicosis")
 
•Mixed dusts of silver and iron oxide ("argyrosiderosis")
 
•CuSO4 neutralized with hydrated lime (Bordeaux mixture; "vineyard sprayer's lung")
 
•Rare earths (cerium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum)
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 284: Line 216:
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===


{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
*Aluminum  
*Acrylic
*Aluminum silicates (sericite, sillimanite, zeolite)
*[[Aluminum]]
*Antimony
*Aluminum silicates
*Asbestos ("asbestosis")
*[[Antimony]]
*Aspergillus
*[[Asbestos]]
*Aureobasidium pullulans
*[[Aspergillus]]
*B. cereus
*[[Aureobasidium pullulans]]
*Bacillus subtilis
*[[Bacillus cereus]]
*Bakelite worker's lung pathways
*[[Bacillus subtilis]]
*Beryllium ("berylliosis")
*[[Beryllium]]
*Bird fancier's disease
*[[Bird droppings]]
*Chlorine gas
*[[Cadmium]]
*Coal dust ("coal worker's pneumoconiosis")
*[[Cerium]]
*[[Chlorine gas]]
*Coal dust
*[[Cobalt]]
*[[Copper]]
*Copper sulfate neutralized with hydrated lime
*Cryptostroma corticale
*Cryptostroma corticale
*CuSO4 neutralized with hydrated lime (Bordeaux mixture; "vineyard sprayer's lung")
*[[Diacetyl]]
*CuSO4 neutralized with hydrated lime (Bordeaux mixture; "vineyard sprayer's lung")
*Diatomaceous earth
*Diatomaceous earth (Fuller's earth, aluminum silicate with Fe and Mg)
*Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
*Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
*Farmer's lung (Macropolyspora faeni)
*[[Fats]]
*Fats
*[[Graphite]]
*Grain handler's lung (Thermactinomyces vulgaris)
*Hematite
*Graphite ("carbon pneumoconiosis")
*[[Hydrocarbon|Hydrocarbons]]
*Hard metal dusts (cadmium, tungsten, titanium and cobalt)
*[[Iron]]
*Hematite(mixed dusts of iron oxide, silica and silicates; "siderosilicosis")
*[[Kaolin]]
*Humidifier or air conditioner lung (T. sacchari)
*[[Lanthanum carbonate|Lanthanum]]
*Hydrocarbons
*Macropolyspora faeni
*Iron ("siderosis")
*[[Magnesium]]
*Kaolin or "china clay" (hydrated aluminum silicate)
*[[Manganese]]
*Mercury
*[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]
*Methyl isocyanate
*[[Methyl isocyanate]]
*Mica (principally K and Mg aluminum silicates)
*[[Micafungin|Mica]]
*Mixed dusts of silver and iron oxide ("argyrosiderosis")
*Nepheline
*Nepheline (hard rock containing mixed silicates)
*[[Nickel]]
*Oils
*[[Nylon]]
*Oxides of nitrogen
*[[Oils]]
*Oxides of zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, magnesium, nickel, brass, selenium, tin, and antimony
*[[Orlon]]
*Oxygen
*[[Oxygen]]
*Penicillium species
*Penicillium
*Popcorn worker's lung (butter flavoring)
*Polyesters
*Portland cement
*Portland cement
*Pyrethrum (a natural insecticide)
*[[Pyrethrum]]
*Rare earths (cerium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum)
*[[Scandium]]
*Silica ("silicosis")
*[[Selenium]]
*Sulfur dioxide
*[[Silicon dioxide|Silica]]
*Synthetic - fiber lung (Orlon, polyesters, nylon, acrylic)
*[[Sulfur dioxide]]
*Talc (hydrated Mg silicates; "talcosis")
*[[Talcosis|Talc]]
*Thermosetting resins (rubber tire workers)
*Thermactinomyces vulgaris
*Tin ("stannosis")
*[[Thermoactinomyces sacchari]]
*Toluene diisocyanate (TDI - asthmatic reactions prominent)
*Thermosetting resins
*Trimellitic anhydride toxicity
*[[Tin]]
*Vinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride powder
*[[Titanium]]
*[[Toluene diisocyanate]]
*Trimellitic anhydride
*[[Tungsten]]
*[[Vinyl chloride]]
*[[Yttrium]]
*[[Zinc]]
}}
}}


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[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Occupational diseases]]
[[Category:Occupational diseases]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Primary Care]]

Latest revision as of 22:11, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Occupational lung disease may be caused by organic dust such as thermophilic and true fungi, and bacteria and animal proteins, or by inorganic dust such as, silicates, carbons and metals, or by agents other than organic or inorganic dusts such as, chemicals, gases, fumes, vapors, and aerosols.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
  • Life-threatening causes of occupational lung disease include chemical gas inhalation such as chlorine or sarin gas.[1][2]

Common Causes

Common causes of occupational lung disease include:[3][4]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of occupational lung disease include:[5][6]

Genetic Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning Orlon, polyesters, nylon, acrylic, vinyl chloride, oxygen, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine gas, methyl isocyanate, zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, magnesium, nickel, brass, selenium, tin, antimony, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, trimellitic anhydride, hydrocarbons, thermosetting resins, toluene diisocyanate, oxygen, mercury, oils, fats and pyrethrum
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Macropolyspora faeni, thermactinomyces vulgaris, thermactinomyces sacchari, aspergillus, cryptostroma corticale, aureobasidium pullulans, penicillium, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, bird droppings, nepheline, and diatomaceous earth
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Macropolyspora faeni, thermactinomyces vulgaris, thermactinomyces sacchari, aspergillus, cryptostroma corticale, aureobasidium pullulans, penicillium, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, bird droppings, nepheline, and diatomaceous earth
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Coal dust, graphite, tin, aluminum, cadmium, tungsten, titanium, cobalt, iron, antimony, hematite, mixed dusts of silver and iron oxide, copper sulfate neutralized with hydrated lime, cerium, scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Goldman RH, Peters JM (1981). "The occupational and environmental health history". JAMA. 246 (24): 2831–6. PMID 7310975.
  2. ↑ Banauch GI, Hall C, Weiden M, Cohen HW, Aldrich TK, Christodoulou V, Arcentales N, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ (2006). "Pulmonary function after exposure to the World Trade Center collapse in the New York City Fire Department". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174 (3): 312–9. doi:10.1164/rccm.200511-1736OC. PMC 2648115. PMID 16645172.
  3. ↑ Banauch GI, Dhala A, Alleyne D, Alva R, Santhyadka G, Krasko A, Weiden M, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ (2005). "Bronchial hyperreactivity and other inhalation lung injuries in rescue/recovery workers after the World Trade Center collapse". Crit. Care Med. 33 (1 Suppl): S102–6. PMID 15640671.
  4. ↑ Prezant DJ, Weiden M, Banauch GI, McGuinness G, Rom WN, Aldrich TK, Kelly KJ (2002). "Cough and bronchial responsiveness in firefighters at the World Trade Center site". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (11): 806–15. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021300. PMID 12226151.
  5. ↑ Tarlo SM, Lemiere C (2014). "Occupational asthma". N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (7): 640–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1301758. PMID 24521110.
  6. ↑ Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, Beach J, Beckett W, Bernstein D, Blanc PD, Brooks SM, Cowl CT, Daroowalla F, Harber P, Lemiere C, Liss GM, Pacheco KA, Redlich CA, Rowe B, Heitzer J (2008). "Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College Of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement". Chest. 134 (3 Suppl): 1S–41S. doi:10.1378/chest.08-0201. PMID 18779187.
  7. ↑ Christiani DC, Mehta AJ, Yu CL (2008). "Genetic susceptibility to occupational exposures". Occup Environ Med. 65 (6): 430–6, quiz 436, 397. doi:10.1136/oem.2007.033977. PMC 3815576. PMID 18487431.
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