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===Protein===
===Protein===
CYP17A1 is a 57.4 [[kDa]] protein that belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P05093|title=CYP17A1 - Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase - Homo sapiens (Human) - CYP17A1 gene & protein|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Estrada DF, Laurence JS, Scott EE | title = Cytochrome P450 17A1 Interactions with the FMN Domain of Its Reductase as Characterized by NMR | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 291 | issue = 8 | pages = 3990–4003 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26719338 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M115.677294 }}</ref> The protein encoded by its cDNA is composed of 508 [[amino acid residues]]. As an enzyme, CYP17A1 possesses an [[active site]] that associates with a [[heme]] prosthetic group to catalyze biosynthetic reactions.<ref name=":1" /> Based on its known structures while bound to two steroidal inhibitors, abiraterone and [[galeterone]], CYP17A1 possesses the canonical cytochrome P450 fold present in other complex P450 enzymes that participate in [[steroidogenesis]] or [[cholesterol]] metabolism, though it orients the steroid ligands toward the F and G helices, perpendicular to the heme group, rather than the β1 sheet.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeVore NM, Scott EE | title = Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001 | journal = Nature | volume = 482 | issue = 7383 | pages = 116–9 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22266943 | doi = 10.1038/nature10743 | pmc=3271139}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petrunak EM, DeVore NM, Porubsky PR, Scott EE | title = Structures of human steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1 with substrates | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 289 | issue = 47 | pages = 32952–64 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25301938 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M114.610998 | pmc=4239641}}</ref>
CYP17A1 is a 57.4 [[kDa]] protein that belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P05093|title=CYP17A1 - Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase - Homo sapiens (Human) - CYP17A1 gene & protein|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Estrada DF, Laurence JS, Scott EE | title = Cytochrome P450 17A1 Interactions with the FMN Domain of Its Reductase as Characterized by NMR | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 291 | issue = 8 | pages = 3990–4003 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26719338 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M115.677294 | pmc = 4759177 }}</ref> The protein encoded by its cDNA is composed of 508 [[amino acid residues]]. As an enzyme, CYP17A1 possesses an [[active site]] that associates with a [[heme]] prosthetic group to catalyze biosynthetic reactions.<ref name=":1" /> Based on its known structures while bound to two steroidal inhibitors, abiraterone and [[galeterone]], CYP17A1 possesses the canonical cytochrome P450 fold present in other complex P450 enzymes that participate in [[steroidogenesis]] or [[cholesterol]] metabolism, though it orients the steroid ligands toward the F and G helices, perpendicular to the heme group, rather than the β1 sheet.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeVore NM, Scott EE | title = Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001 | journal = Nature | volume = 482 | issue = 7383 | pages = 116–9 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22266943 | doi = 10.1038/nature10743 | pmc=3271139}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petrunak EM, DeVore NM, Porubsky PR, Scott EE | title = Structures of human steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1 with substrates | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 289 | issue = 47 | pages = 32952–64 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25301938 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M114.610998 | pmc=4239641}}</ref>


==Expression==
==Expression==
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===CYP17A1 inhibitors===
===CYP17A1 inhibitors===
{{Main|CYP17A1 inhibitor}}
{{Main|CYP17A1 inhibitor}}
The drug [[abiraterone acetate]], which is used to treat [[castration-resistant prostate cancer]], blocks the biosynthesis of androgens by inhibiting the CYP17A1 enzyme. Abiraterone acetate binds in the active site of the enzyme and coordinates the [[heme]] iron through its pyridine nitrogen, mimicking the subtrate.<ref name="pmid22266943">{{PDB|3ruk}}; {{cite journal | vauthors = DeVore NM, Scott EE | title = Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001 | journal = Nature | volume = 482 | issue = 7383 | pages = 116–9 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22266943 | pmc = 3271139 | doi = 10.1038/nature10743 }}</ref>
The drug [[abiraterone acetate]], which is used to treat [[castration-resistant prostate cancer]], blocks the biosynthesis of androgens by inhibiting the CYP17A1 enzyme. Abiraterone acetate binds in the active site of the enzyme <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernández-Cancio|first=Mónica|last2=Camats|first2=Núria|last3=Flück|first3=Christa E.|last4=Zalewski|first4=Adam|last5=Dick|first5=Bernhard|last6=Frey|first6=Brigitte M.|last7=Monné|first7=Raquel|last8=Torán|first8=Núria|last9=Audí|first9=Laura|date=2018-04-29|title=Mechanism of the Dual Activities of Human CYP17A1 and Binding to Anti-Prostate Cancer Drug Abiraterone Revealed by a Novel V366M Mutation Causing 17,20 Lyase Deficiency|url=http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/11/2/37|journal=Pharmaceuticals|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=37|doi=10.3390/ph11020037}}</ref> and coordinates the [[heme]] iron through its pyridine nitrogen, mimicking the subtrate.<ref name="pmid22266943">{{PDB|3ruk}}; {{cite journal | vauthors = DeVore NM, Scott EE | title = Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001 | journal = Nature | volume = 482 | issue = 7383 | pages = 116–9 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22266943 | pmc = 3271139 | doi = 10.1038/nature10743 }}</ref>


Since 2014, [[galeterone]] has been in [[phase III]] [[clinical trial]]s for [[castration-resistant prostate cancer]].<ref name="Tokai2014">{{cite press release |title = Tokai Pharmaceuticals' Reformulated Galeterone Demonstrates Robust PSA Reductions in Advanced Prostate Cancer Patients | url = http://investors.tokaipharma.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=252857&p=irol-newsArticle_pf&ID=1953287 | publisher = Tokai Pharmaceuticals | date = January 29, 2014 }}</ref>
Since 2014, [[galeterone]] has been in [[phase III]] [[clinical trial]]s for [[castration-resistant prostate cancer]].<ref name="Tokai2014">{{cite press release |title = Tokai Pharmaceuticals' Reformulated Galeterone Demonstrates Robust PSA Reductions in Advanced Prostate Cancer Patients | url = http://investors.tokaipharma.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=252857&p=irol-newsArticle_pf&ID=1953287 | publisher = Tokai Pharmaceuticals | date = January 29, 2014 }}</ref>


[[Ketoconazole]] is an older CYP17A1 inhibitor that is now little used.
[[Ketoconazole]] is an older CYP17A1 inhibitor that is now little used. However Ketoconazole competitively inhibits CYP17A1, therefore its effectiveness will depend on the concentration of Ketoconazole. The drug abiraterone acetate, permanently disables CYP17A1, once it binds to it.


Innocrine Pharmaceutical has a selective CYP17A inhibitor called Seviteronel (VT-464) which does not require co-administration of glucocortoid therapy.  It is in clinical trials for resistant prostate cancer and breast cancer.  Innocrine's website suggests non-cancer use for VT-464 for other androgen dependent conditions such as CAH, PCOS, precocious puberty, etc.  Breast cancer trial should report out end of December 2017.
Innocrine Pharmaceutical has a selective CYP17A inhibitor called Seviteronel (VT-464) which does not require co-administration of glucocortoid therapy.  It is in clinical trials for resistant prostate cancer and breast cancer.  Innocrine's website suggests non-cancer use for VT-464 for other androgen dependent conditions such as CAH, PCOS, precocious puberty, etc.  Breast cancer trial should report out end of December 2017.
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{{Portal|Molecular and Cellular Biology}}
{{Portal|Molecular and Cellular Biology}}
* [[Steroidogenic enzyme]]
* [[Steroidogenic enzyme]]
* [[Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 00:15, 18 September 2018

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Cytochrome P450 17A1, also called steroid 17α-monooxygenase, 17α-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, or 17,20-desmolase, is an enzyme of the hydroxylase type that in humans is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene on chromosome 10.[1] It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types, including the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and zona fasciculata as well as gonadal tissues.[2][3] This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are generally regarded as monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids, including the remarkable carbon-carbon bond scission catalyzed by this enzyme. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. It has both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and is a key enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway that produces progestins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. More specifically, CYP17A1 acts upon pregnenolone and progesterone to add a hydroxyl (-OH) group at carbon 17 of the steroid D ring (the hydroxylase activity), or acts upon 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to split the side-chain off the steroid nucleus (the lyase activity).[3] The CYP17A1 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.[4]

Structure

Gene

The CYP17A1 gene resides on chromosome 10 at the band 10q24.3 and contains 8 exons.[1] The cDNA of this gene spans a length of 1527 bp.[5]

Protein

CYP17A1 is a 57.4 kDa protein that belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.[6][7] The protein encoded by its cDNA is composed of 508 amino acid residues. As an enzyme, CYP17A1 possesses an active site that associates with a heme prosthetic group to catalyze biosynthetic reactions.[5] Based on its known structures while bound to two steroidal inhibitors, abiraterone and galeterone, CYP17A1 possesses the canonical cytochrome P450 fold present in other complex P450 enzymes that participate in steroidogenesis or cholesterol metabolism, though it orients the steroid ligands toward the F and G helices, perpendicular to the heme group, rather than the β1 sheet.[8][9]

Expression

Expression of CYP17A1 has been found in all of the traditional steroidogenic tissues except the placenta, including the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, the Leydig cells of the testes, the thecal cells of the ovaries, and, more recently, in luteinized granulosa cells in ovarian follicles.[10] In addition to classical steroidogenic tissue, CYP17A1 has also been detected in the heart, kidney, and adipose tissue.[10] In the fetus, CYP17A1 has been reported in the kidney, thymus, and spleen.[10]

Function

CYP17A1 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins in this family are monooxygenases that catalyze synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids and are involved in drug metabolism.[1] CYP17A1 has both 17α-hydroxylase activity and 17,20-lyase activity. The 17α-hydroxylase activity of CYP17A1 is required for the generation of glucocorticoids such as cortisol, but both the hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities of CYP17A1 are required for the production of androgenic and oestrogenic sex steroids by converting 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).[11] Mutations in this gene are associated with isolated steroid-17α-hydroxylase deficiency, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, pseudohermaphroditism, and adrenal hyperplasia.[1]

Furthermore, the 17,20-lyase activity is dependent on cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) cytochrome b5 (CYB5) and phosphorylation.[12][13][14] Cytochrome b5 acts as a facilitator for 17,20 lyase activity of CYP17A1 and can donate a second electron to some P450s. In humans the production of testosterone via pregnenolone to17-OHPreg and DHEA by the CYP17A1 requires POR.[15] Human P450c17 is phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of P450c17 increases 17,20-lyase activity, while dephosphorylation virtually eliminates this activity.[14]

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene are associated with rare forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, specifically 17α-hydroxylase deficiency/17,20-lyase deficiency and isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency.[16]

In humans, the CYP17A1 gene is largely associated with endocrine effects and steroid hormone metabolism.[17][18][19] Furthermore, mutations in the CYP17A1 gene are associated with rare forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in particular 17α-hydroxylase deficiency/17,20-lyase deficiency and isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency. Overall, CYP17A1 is an important target for inhibition in the treatment of prostate cancer because it produces androgen that is required for tumor cell growth. [20] [21] Currently, the FDA has approved only one CYP17A1 inhibitor, abiraterone, which contains a steroidal scaffold that is similar to the endogenous CYP17A1 substrates. Abiraterone is structurally similar to the substrates of other cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, and interference can pose a liability in terms of side effects. Using nonsteroidal scaffolds is expected to enable the design of compounds that interact more selectively with CYP17A1.[21] Potent inhibitors of the CYP17A1 enzyme provide a last line defense against ectopic androgenesis in advanced prostate cancer.[22]

Clinical marker

A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the CYP17A1 gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).[4]

As a drug target

CYP17A1 inhibitors

Main article: CYP17A1 inhibitor

The drug abiraterone acetate, which is used to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer, blocks the biosynthesis of androgens by inhibiting the CYP17A1 enzyme. Abiraterone acetate binds in the active site of the enzyme [23] and coordinates the heme iron through its pyridine nitrogen, mimicking the subtrate.[24]

Since 2014, galeterone has been in phase III clinical trials for castration-resistant prostate cancer.[25]

Ketoconazole is an older CYP17A1 inhibitor that is now little used. However Ketoconazole competitively inhibits CYP17A1, therefore its effectiveness will depend on the concentration of Ketoconazole. The drug abiraterone acetate, permanently disables CYP17A1, once it binds to it.

Innocrine Pharmaceutical has a selective CYP17A inhibitor called Seviteronel (VT-464) which does not require co-administration of glucocortoid therapy. It is in clinical trials for resistant prostate cancer and breast cancer. Innocrine's website suggests non-cancer use for VT-464 for other androgen dependent conditions such as CAH, PCOS, precocious puberty, etc. Breast cancer trial should report out end of December 2017.

Steroidogenesis

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Steroidogenesis, showing, at left side, both reactions of 17α-hydroxylase, and both actions of 17, 20 lyase.

Additional images

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "CYP17A1 cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  2. ↑ "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". biogps.org. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Boulpaep EL; Boron, WF (2005). Medical physiology: a cellular and molecular approach. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1180. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mega JL, Stitziel NO, Smith JG, Chasman DI, Caulfield MJ, Devlin JJ, Nordio F, Hyde CL, Cannon CP, Sacks FM, Poulter NR, Sever PS, Ridker PM, Braunwald E, Melander O, Kathiresan S, Sabatine MS (June 2015). "Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials". Lancet. 385 (9984): 2264–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X. PMC 4608367. PMID 25748612.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Vasaitis TS, Bruno RD, Njar VC (May 2011). "CYP17 inhibitors for prostate cancer therapy". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 125 (1–2): 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.11.005. PMC 3047603. PMID 21092758.
  6. ↑ "CYP17A1 - Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase - Homo sapiens (Human) - CYP17A1 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  7. ↑ Estrada DF, Laurence JS, Scott EE (February 2016). "Cytochrome P450 17A1 Interactions with the FMN Domain of Its Reductase as Characterized by NMR". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (8): 3990–4003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.677294. PMC 4759177. PMID 26719338.
  8. ↑ DeVore NM, Scott EE (February 2012). "Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001". Nature. 482 (7383): 116–9. doi:10.1038/nature10743. PMC 3271139. PMID 22266943.
  9. ↑ Petrunak EM, DeVore NM, Porubsky PR, Scott EE (November 2014). "Structures of human steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1 with substrates". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (47): 32952–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.610998. PMC 4239641. PMID 25301938.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Storbeck KH, Swart P, Africander D, Conradie R, Louw R, Swart AC (2011). "16α-hydroxyprogesterone: origin, biosynthesis and receptor interaction". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 336 (1–2): 92–101. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.016. PMID 21095220.
  11. ↑ DeVore NM, Scott EE (February 2012). "Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001". Nature. 482 (7383): 116–9. doi:10.1038/nature10743. PMC 3271139. PMID 22266943.
  12. ↑ Udhane SS, Dick B, Hu Q, Hartmann RW, Pandey AV (September 2016). "Specificity of anti-prostate cancer CYP17A1 inhibitors on androgen biosynthesis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 477 (4): 1005–10. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.019. PMID 27395338.
  13. ↑ Pandey AV, Miller WL (April 2005). "Regulation of 17,20 lyase activity by cytochrome b5 and by serine phosphorylation of P450c17". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (14): 13265–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M414673200. PMID 15687493.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Zhang LH, Rodriguez H, Ohno S, Miller WL (November 1995). "Serine phosphorylation of human P450c17 increases 17,20-lyase activity: implications for adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (23): 10619–23. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.23.10619. PMC 40663. PMID 7479852.
  15. ↑ Fukami M, Homma K, Hasegawa T, Ogata T (April 2013). "Backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis: implications for normal and abnormal human sex development". Developmental Dynamics. 242 (4): 320–9. doi:10.1002/dvdy.23892. PMID 23073980.
  16. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CYP17A1 cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily A, polypeptide 1".
  17. ↑ Ma YN, Cao CY, Wang QW, Gui WJ, Zhu GN (October 2016). "Effects of azocyclotin on gene transcription and steroid metabolome of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, and their consequences on reproduction in zebrafish (Danio rerio)". Aquatic Toxicology. 179: 55–64. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.006. PMID 27571716.
  18. ↑ Legendre A, Elie C, Ramambason C, Manens L, Souidi M, Froment P, Tack K (August 2016). "Endocrine effects of lifelong exposure to low-dose depleted uranium on testicular functions in adult rat". Toxicology. 368-369: 58–68. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.08.014. PMID 27544493.
  19. ↑ Yadav R, Petrunak EM, Estrada DF, Scott EE (August 2016). "Structural insights into the function of steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.035. PMID 27566228.
  20. ↑ Kostin VA, Zolottsev VA, Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Shumyantseva VV, Veselovsky AV, Stulov SV, Novikov RA, Timofeev VP, Misharin AY (November 2016). "Oxazolinyl derivatives of [17(20)E]-21-norpregnene differing in the structure of A and B rings. Facile synthesis and inhibition of CYP17A1 catalytic activity". Steroids. 115: 114–122. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2016.06.002. PMID 27505042.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Bonomo S, Hansen CH, Petrunak EM, Scott EE, Styrishave B, Jørgensen FS, Olsen L (2016-01-01). "Promising Tools in Prostate Cancer Research: Selective Non-Steroidal Cytochrome P450 17A1 Inhibitors". Scientific Reports. 6: 29468. doi:10.1038/srep29468. PMC 4942611. PMID 27406023.
  22. ↑ Bordeau BM, Ciulla DA, Callahan BP (September 2016). "Hedgehog Proteins Consume Steroidal CYP17A1 Antagonists: Potential Therapeutic Significance in Advanced Prostate Cancer". ChemMedChem. 11 (18): 1983–6. doi:10.1002/cmdc.201600238. PMID 27435344.
  23. ↑ Fernández-Cancio, Mónica; Camats, Núria; Flück, Christa E.; Zalewski, Adam; Dick, Bernhard; Frey, Brigitte M.; Monné, Raquel; Torán, Núria; Audí, Laura (2018-04-29). "Mechanism of the Dual Activities of Human CYP17A1 and Binding to Anti-Prostate Cancer Drug Abiraterone Revealed by a Novel V366M Mutation Causing 17,20 Lyase Deficiency". Pharmaceuticals. 11 (2): 37. doi:10.3390/ph11020037.
  24. ↑ PDB: 3ruk​; DeVore NM, Scott EE (February 2012). "Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001". Nature. 482 (7383): 116–9. doi:10.1038/nature10743. PMC 3271139. PMID 22266943.
  25. ↑ "Tokai Pharmaceuticals' Reformulated Galeterone Demonstrates Robust PSA Reductions in Advanced Prostate Cancer Patients" (Press release). Tokai Pharmaceuticals. January 29, 2014.

Further reading

  • Miura K, Yasuda K, Yanase T, Yamakita N, Sasano H, Nawata H, Inoue M, Fukaya T, Shizuta Y (October 1996). "Mutation of cytochrome P-45017 alpha gene (CYP17) in a Japanese patient previously reported as having glucocorticoid-responsive hyperaldosteronism: with a review of Japanese patients with mutations of CYP17". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 81 (10): 3797–801. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.10.8855840. PMID 8855840.
  • Miller WL, Geller DH, Auchus RJ (1999). "The molecular basis of isolated 17,20 lyase deficiency". Endocrine Research. 24 (3–4): 817–25. doi:10.3109/07435809809032692. PMID 9888582.
  • Strauss JF (November 2003). "Some new thoughts on the pathophysiology and genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 997: 42–8. doi:10.1196/annals.1290.005. PMID 14644808.
  • Haider SM, Patel JS, Poojari CS, Neidle S (July 2010). "Molecular modeling on inhibitor complexes and active-site dynamics of cytochrome P450 C17, a target for prostate cancer therapy". Journal of Molecular Biology. 400 (5): 1078–98. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.05.069. PMID 20595043.

External links


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