Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 also known as TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF12gene.[1][2][3]
TWEAK was discovered in 1997.[1] The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for the FN14/TWEAKR receptor. This cytokine has overlapping signaling functions with TNF, but displays a much wider tissue distribution. Leukocytes are the main source of TWEAK including human resting and activated monocytes, dendritic cells and natural killer cells.[4] TWEAK can induce apoptosis via multiple pathways of cell death in a cell type-specific manner. This cytokine is also found to promote proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, and thus acts as a regulator of angiogenesis.[3]
Clinical significance
Excessive activation of the TWEAK pathway in chronic injury has been described to promote pathological tissue changes including chronic inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis.[5] In chronic liver disease for example TWEAK expression is enhanced and causes hepatic stellate cells, which are key regulators of liver fibrosis, to proliferate.[6] A disease-driving role of the TWEAK pathway has been described in several other diseases as well. For example, NFAT1 regulates the expression of TWEAKR and its ligand TWEAK (this protein) with lipocalin 2 to increase breast cancer cell invasion.[7]
References
↑ 1.01.1Chicheportiche Y, Bourdon PR, Xu H, Hsu YM, Scott H, Hession C, Garcia I, Browning JL (December 1997). "TWEAK, a new secreted ligand in the tumor necrosis factor family that weakly induces apoptosis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (51): 32401–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.51.32401. PMID9405449.
↑Marsters SA, Sheridan JP, Pitti RM, Brush J, Goddard A, Ashkenazi A (April 1998). "Identification of a ligand for the death-domain-containing receptor Apo3". Current Biology. 8 (9): 525–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70204-0. PMID9560343.
↑Maecker H, Varfolomeev E, Kischkel F, Lawrence D, LeBlanc H, Lee W, Hurst S, Danilenko D, Li J, Filvaroff E, Yang B, Daniel D, Ashkenazi A (December 2005). "TWEAK attenuates the transition from innate to adaptive immunity". Cell. 123 (5): 931–44. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.022. PMID16325585.
↑Burkly LC (June 2014). "TWEAK/Fn14 axis: the current paradigm of tissue injury-inducible function in the midst of complexities". Seminars in Immunology. The TNF family - challenges ahead. 26 (3): 229–36. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.006. PMID24636536.
Wiley SR, Winkles JA (2004). "TWEAK, a member of the TNF superfamily, is a multifunctional cytokine that binds the TweakR/Fn14 receptor". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 14 (3–4): 241–9. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(03)00019-4. PMID12787562.
Campbell S, Michaelson J, Burkly L, Putterman C (September 2004). "The role of TWEAK/Fn14 in the pathogenesis of inflammation and systemic autoimmunity". Frontiers in Bioscience. 9: 2273–84. doi:10.2741/1395. PMID15353286.
Lynch CN, Wang YC, Lund JK, Chen YW, Leal JA, Wiley SR (March 1999). "TWEAK induces angiogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (13): 8455–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.8455. PMID10085077.
Kaplan MJ, Ray D, Mo RR, Yung RL, Richardson BC (March 2000). "TRAIL (Apo2 ligand) and TWEAK (Apo3 ligand) mediate CD4+ T cell killing of antigen-presenting macrophages". Journal of Immunology. 164 (6): 2897–904. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.6.2897. PMID10706675.
Kaptein A, Jansen M, Dilaver G, Kitson J, Dash L, Wang E, Owen MJ, Bodmer JL, Tschopp J, Farrow SN (November 2000). "Studies on the interaction between TWEAK and the death receptor WSL-1/TRAMP (DR3)". FEBS Letters. 485 (2–3): 135–41. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02219-5. PMID11094155.
Wiley SR, Cassiano L, Lofton T, Davis-Smith T, Winkles JA, Lindner V, Liu H, Daniel TO, Smith CA, Fanslow WC (November 2001). "A novel TNF receptor family member binds TWEAK and is implicated in angiogenesis". Immunity. 15 (5): 837–46. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00232-1. PMID11728344.
Nakayama M, Ishidoh K, Kayagaki N, Kojima Y, Yamaguchi N, Nakano H, Kominami E, Okumura K, Yagita H (January 2002). "Multiple pathways of TWEAK-induced cell death". Journal of Immunology. 168 (2): 734–43. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.734. PMID11777967.
Jakubowski A, Browning B, Lukashev M, Sizing I, Thompson JS, Benjamin CD, Hsu YM, Ambrose C, Zheng TS, Burkly LC (January 2002). "Dual role for TWEAK in angiogenic regulation". Journal of Cell Science. 115 (Pt 2): 267–74. PMID11839778.
Kaplan MJ, Lewis EE, Shelden EA, Somers E, Pavlic R, McCune WJ, Richardson BC (November 2002). "The apoptotic ligands TRAIL, TWEAK, and Fas ligand mediate monocyte death induced by autologous lupus T cells". Journal of Immunology. 169 (10): 6020–9. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.6020. PMID12421989.
Harada N, Nakayama M, Nakano H, Fukuchi Y, Yagita H, Okumura K (December 2002). "Pro-inflammatory effect of TWEAK/Fn14 interaction on human umbilical vein endothelial cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 299 (3): 488–93. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02670-0. PMID12445828.
Nakayama M, Ishidoh K, Kojima Y, Harada N, Kominami E, Okumura K, Yagita H (January 2003). "Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 mediates multiple pathways of TWEAK-induced cell death". Journal of Immunology. 170 (1): 341–8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.341. PMID12496418.
Kim SH, Kang YJ, Kim WJ, Woo DK, Lee Y, Kim DI, Park YB, Kwon BS, Park JE, Lee WH (April 2004). "TWEAK can induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in macrophages". Circulation Journal. 68 (4): 396–9. doi:10.1253/circj.68.396. PMID15056843.
Jin L, Nakao A, Nakayama M, Yamaguchi N, Kojima Y, Nakano N, Tsuboi R, Okumura K, Yagita H, Ogawa H (May 2004). "Induction of RANTES by TWEAK/Fn14 interaction in human keratinocytes". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 122 (5): 1175–9. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22419.x. PMID15140220.