Pulmonary edema classification

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farnaz Khalighinejad, MD [2]

Overview

Pulmonary edema can be classified on the basis of etiology into 2 subtypes, including cardiogenic pulmonary edema (left ventricular failure, myocardial infarction, left ventricle hypertrophy cardiomyopathy) and, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (high altitude pulmonary edema, neurogenic pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, re-expansion pulmonary edema)

Classification

Pulmonary edema may be classified according to etiology into 2 groups:

  • Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, which can be secondary to:[1]
  • Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema which can be secondary to:[2]
    • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
    • High altitude pulmonary edema
    • Neurogenic pulmonary edema
    • Reperfusion pulmonary edema
    • Re-expansion pulmonary edema
    • Others(opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, viral infections)
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      Pulmonary edema
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      Cardiogenic
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      Non-cardiogenic
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      LV failure
       
      Dysrhythmia
       
      LV hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy
       
       
       
      Volume overload
       
      Myocardial Infarction
       
      LV outflow obstruction
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      Direct injury to lung
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      Hematogenous injury to lung
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      Lung injury plus elevated hydrostatic pressure
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      Chest trauma,pulmonary contusion
       
      Aspiration
       
      Smoke inhalation
       
       
       
      Pneumonia
       
      Oxygen toxicity
       
      Pulmonary embolism,reperfusion
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      High altitude pulmonary edema
       
      Neurogenic pulmonary edema
       
      Reexpansion pulmonary edema
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
      Sepsis
       
      Pancreatitis
       
      Nonthoracic trauma
       
      Multiple transfusions
       
      Intravenous drug use. e.g. heroin
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       

      References

      1. Attias D, Mansencal N, Auvert B, Vieillard-Baron A, Delos A, Lacombe P, N'Guetta R, Jardin F, Dubourg O (2010). "Prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of patients presenting with cardiogenic unilateral pulmonary edema". Circulation. 122 (11): 1109–15. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.934950. PMID 20805429.
      2. Calenoff L, Kruglik GD, Woodruff A (1978). "Unilateral pulmonary edema". Radiology. 126 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1148/126.1.19. PMID 619405.


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