Ileus resident survival guide

Ileus Resident Survival Guide Microchapters
Overview
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Do's
Don'ts

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords:Approach to functional ileus, Approach to mechanical obstruction, Ileus workup, Ileus diagnostic approach

Overview

Ileus is defined as reduction in intestinal motility, which is either due to an obstruction (mechanical ileus) or due to intestinal paralysis (functional ileus). Reduction or cessation of intestinal peristalsis prevent effective transmission of intestinal content leading to constipation and abdominal distension. Nevertheless, onset and severity of symptoms depend on extent and location of obstruction in mechanical ileus. Although proximal obstructions are presented acutely with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and obstipation, distal involvements usually take longer to become symptomatic. It is critical to differentiate two types of ileus and determining the etiology when encountering a suspected patient, since different approaches are available for each. Surgical intervention is usually recommended for treatment of mechanical obstructions, specifically complete obstructions, whereas conservative management which has been effective in management of functional ileus and some of partial mechanical obstruction cases.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Untreated ileus can lead to intestinal tissue ischemia, which elevates the risk of perforation and subsequently life threatening peritonitis.

Common Causes of Functional Ileus

• Reflectory ileus due to abdominal, pelvic or retroperitoneal surgeries
• Medications such as narcotics, anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers and antipsychotics
• General anaesthesia
• Electrolyte disturbance, such as hypokalemia, hyponatremia and hypocalcemia
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Intestinal hypoperfusion
• Pancreatitis
• Ogilvie syndrome
• Guillain-Barré syndrome

Common Causes of Mechanical Ileus

• Tumors
• Hernia
• Infections or inflammations that affect the bowel wall such as diverticulitis.
• Fecal impaction
• Intussusception
• Adhesion (eg, due to a previous surgery)
• Volvulus (eg, sigmoid volvulus)
• Gallstone ileus

Diagnosis

• Shown below is a table summarizing the clinical presentations of both small bowel obstruction and ileus types of ileus.

Signs and Symptoms

Suggest Mechanical Ileus	Suggest Functional Ileus
Obstination (patient cannot pass stool or gas)¶	Patient cannot pass gas and minimal or absent stool passage
Nausea and vomiting (especially billious vomiting)	Nausea and vomiting†
Abdominal distension	Minimal to moderate abdominal distension
Increased bowel sounds‡	Decreased or absent bowel sounds
Severe abdominal tenderness and guarding

_{¶Not if a partial mechanical obstruction.}

_{†Although vomiting could be absent in functional ileus.}

_{‡ Nevertheless chronic obstruction leads to intestinal hypoactivity and low bowel sounds.}

• Shown below is an algorithm summarizing diagnosis of ileus.

Abbreviations: CBC: complete blood count; WBC: white blood cell; CRP: C reactive protein; BUN: blood urea nitrogen, ABG: arterial blood gas; IV: intravenous

Suspected Ileus

1) History taking: History of previous surgery (development of symptoms weeks/years later is more common with mechanical ileus, whereas development of symptoms hours/days later which is more common with functional ileus) History of constipation Medication history 2) Physical examination 3) Laboratory investigations: CBC with differential WBC count/CRP (to rule out any systemic infection) Electrolytes Serum BUN and creatinine (to rule out renal failure due to fluid shift) Liver function tests, lipase (to rule out pancreatitis and hepatic failure) Lactate/ABG (to evaluate intestinal hypoperfusion and ischemia)

Supine and erect plain abdominal x-ray

Distended large bowel (especially cecum)

Distended small bowel loops

Subdiaphragmatic air

Inconclusive findings

Ogilvie syndrome

Perforation

Abdominal CT scan with oral or IV water soluble contrast (If mechanical obstruction: CT scan is able to detect the exact level and identify possible complications, such as perforation, necrosis and strangulation

Findings favor mechanical ileus

Findings favor functional ileus

•Air-fluid level •Transition point (dilated proximal bowel and collapsed distal bowel •No or minimal air in colon/rectum •Evidences of fecal impaction

•No transition point •Presence of air in colon/rectum •Dilated loops of both small and large intestine

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of ileus.

Abbreviations: WBC: White blood cell; CRP: C reactive protein; IV: Intravenous; NGT: Nasogastric tube

Presence of these findings

Surgical intervention, such as exploratory laparotomy

•Severe abdominal pain and vomiting •Physical findings of peritonitis, such as guarding •Severely disturbed laboratory results (WBC>10.500 or CRP>75 •Radiologic findings of perforation, such as free intraperitoneal or subdiaphragmatic air •Radiologic findings of strangulation, such as increased bowel wall density, localized mesenteric fluid accumulation (specifically>500ml) and mesenteric congestion •Evidences of complete obstruction

•No resolution after 72 hours of conservative management •Development of peritonitis, strangulation or worsening of patient's clinical or laboratory conditions within 72 hours of conservative management

Absence of these findings

Non operative managements

•Fluid resuscitation (IV) •Bowel rest •In the presence of vomiting, Consider decompression with NGT •Correct any electrolyte disturbances •Antibiotic therapy if there is any clinical or laboratory finding of infection •Consider neostigmine if Ogilvie syndrome •Consider barium enema and/or digital fecal disimpaction if fecal impaction

Do's

• Administration of water soluble contrast for CT scan is preferred. Moreover, in conservative management administration of 100 mg of water-soluble, iodinated contrast medium per nasogastric tube is recommended for better evaluation. This could be helpful, specially when considering the conservative management. If contrast medium is seen in colon after 24 hours, conservative management should be continued.

Don'ts

• Don't use CT scan with barium contrast due to it's irritative nature, specifically in presence of perforation.
• Don't use vagolytic agents such as butylscopolamine for pain control, due to their antiperistaltic effect.
• Avoid routine nasal tube insertion in all patients suspected to ileus, since this intervention may only longer the ileus duration.

References

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