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==Borrelia recurrentis==
==Borrelia recurrentis==
*1. '''Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever''' <ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:* Preferred regimen: [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO bid for 5-10 days
:* Alternative regimen: [[Erythromycin]] 500 mg PO qid for 5-10 days
:* Note: If meningitis/encephalitis present, use [[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h for 14 days
*2. '''Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever'''
:* Preferred regimen: [[Tetracycline]] 500 mg PO single dose
:* Alternative regimen: [[Erythromycin]] 500 mg PO single dose


==Borrelia burgdorferi==
==Borrelia burgdorferi==

Revision as of 15:12, 20 July 2015

Mycobacterium terrae

  • 1. In vitro susceptibility
  • All six of the isolates from a single center and 90% or more of an additional 22 isolates of M. terrae complex were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Sulfonamides. Recently, 11 isolates of M. terrae complex were also shown to be susceptible to Linezolid
  • 2. Antimicrobial therapy
  • Based on in vitro susceptibility results

Mycobacterium szulgai

  • 1. in vitro susceptibility
  • M. szulgai is susceptible in vitro to most antituberculous drugs including Quinolones and newer Macrolides
  • 2. Infection
  • 2.1 Pulmonary infection
  • Three- or four-drug regimen based on susceptibility that includes 12 months of negative sputum cultures while on therapy
  • 2.2 Extrapulmonary infection
  • Combination anti-tuberculous medications based on in vitro susceptibilities for 4-6 months

Mycobacterium smegmatis

  • 1. Mild disease
  • 2. Severe disease

Mycobacterium mucogenicum

Mycobacterium malmoense

  • 1. In vitro
  • 2. Pulmonary M. malmoense infection

Mycobacterium immunogenum

  • In vitro

Mycobacterium leprae

  • 1. Multibacillary Leprosy (Skin smear positive)
  • 1.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: Dapsone 100 mg/day PO AND Rifampin 600 mg PO 4 times per week AND Clofazimine 50 mg PO qd for 12-24 months
  • Note: Clofazimine should be supplemented by loading dose 300 mg PO monthly
  • 1.2 Pediatric
  • 1.2.1 <35 kg
  • Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 450 mg PO for 12-24 months
  • 1.2.2 <20 kg
  • Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 300 mg PO for 12-24 months
  • 1.2.3 <12 kg
  • Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 150 mg PO for 12-24 months
  • 2. Paucibacillary Leprosy (Skin Smear negative)
  • Preferred regimen: Rifampin 600 mg PO once a month for 6 months AND Dapsone 100 mg PO qd for 6 months
  • 3. Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL)
  • 3.1 Mild
  • Preferred regimen: Rest affect limb, analgesics, follow-up twice a week, check for iridocyclitis; Chloroquine OR Aspirin may be useful
  • 3.2 Severe (numerous nodules + fever, ulcerating/pustular ENL, visceral involvement, nodules + neuritis, recurrent ENL)
  • Preferred regimen: Prednisolone 30-40 mg/day PO for 1-2 weeks, then taper over 12 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (1): (If unresponsive to corticosteroids or if risk of corticosteroids prevent administration) Start Clofazimine 100 mg PO tid for maximum of 12 weeks, taper the dose to 100 mg PO bid for 12 weeks and then 100 mg qd for 12-24 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (2): (if not contraindicated) Thalidomide 200-400 mg/day PO, reduced to 50-100 mg/day after 1-2 weeks
  • 4. Reversal Reaction
  • Preferred regimen: Prednisolone start with 40 mg/day PO then taper by 10 mg twice a week for 12 weeks

Mycobacterium xenopi

  • 1. The cornerstone of therapy for M. xenopi
  • Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol
  • Note: Therapy should be continued until the patient has maintained negative sputum cultures while on therapy for 12 months
  • 2. Pulmonary disease
  • 3. Extrapulmonary disease
  • Note: Therapy for extrapulmonary disease would include the same agents as for pulmonary disease

Mycobacterium ulcerans

  • 1. Preulcerative lesions
  • Excision and primary closure, Rifampin monotherapy, or heat therapy
  • 2. Established ulcers
  • Most antimycobacterial agents are ineffective for the treatment of the ulcer; Surgical debridement combined with skin grafting is the usual treatment of choice
  • 3. Control complications of the ulcer

Swine influenza

  • 1. Condition1: Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness
  • Preferred regimen: Oseltamivir 150 mg PO bid
  • Note(1): Treatment duration depends on clinical response
  • Note(2): Where the clinical course remains severe or progressive, despite 5 or more days of antiviral treatment, monitoring of virus replication and shedding, and antiviral drug susceptibility testing is desirable
  • Note(3): Antiviral treatment should be maintained without a break until virus infection is resolved or there is satisfactory clinical improvement
  • Note(4): Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness, but who are unable to take oral medication may be treated with Oseltamivir administered by nasogastric or orogastric tube
  • 2. Condition2: In situations where oseltamivir is not available, or not possible to use, patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness
  • Preferred regimen: Zanamivir inhaled
  • Note: Zanamivir IV should be considered where available and is recommended for those with serious or progressive illness. If not available, Peramivir IV may be considered
  • 3. Condition3: Severely immunosuppressed patients

Mycobacterium simiae

Mycobacterium foruitum

  • 1. In vitro isolates
  • 2. Disease
  • 2.1 M. fortuitum lung disease
  • At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for at least 12 months of negative sputum cultures
  • 2.2 Serious skin, bone, and soft tissue M fortuitum disease
  • At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for a minimum of 4 months; For bone infections, 6 months of therapy is recommended

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum

  • Susceptibility data are lacking and standard treatment regimens for M. scrofulaceum are controversial, emphasizing the need to perform susceptibility testing on confirmed disease-producing isolates of M. scrofulaceum

Mycobacterium marinum

  • 1. In vitro M. marinum isolates
  • 2. Infection
  • 2.1 skin and soft tissue infections
  • 2.2 osteomyelitis or deep structure infection

Mycobacterium kansasii

  • 1. pulmonary disease
  • Preferred regimen: Rifampin 10 mg/kg/day (maximum, 600 mg) PO AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/ day PO AND Isoniazid 5 mg/kg/day (maximum 300 mg) PO AND Pyridoxine 50 mg/day PO
  • Note: Treatment duration for M. kansasii lung disease should include 12 months of negative sputum cultures
  • 2. Rifampin-resistant M. kansasii disease
  • 3. Disseminated M. kansasii disease
  • Note: The treatment regimen for disseminated disease should be the same as for pulmonary disease

Mycobacterium gordonae

Mycobacterium genavense

Mycobacterium haemophilum

  • 1. In vitro
  • 2. Infection
  • 2.1 Disseminated disease

Mycobacterium chelonae

  • 2. Disseminated or extensive disease
  • 2.1 monotherapy
  • 2.2 multidrug therapy
  • preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Tobramycin 5 mg/kg IV q24h OR Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h OR Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h/bid for 4-8 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO qd AND Linezolid 600 mg PO bid
  • Note(1): During initial treatment, multidrug therapy may prevent development of acquired resistance
  • Note(2): Total treatment duration is 6 months
  • 3. Keratitis (LASIK-related)

Mycobacterium celatum

Mycobacterium avium complex

  • 1. Treatment of MAC pulmonary disease [22]
  • 1.1 Patients with nodular/bronchiectatic disease
  • Preferreday regimen: Clarithromycin 1,000 mg three times weekly OR Azithromycin 500–600 mg three times weekly AND Ethambutol 25 mg/kg three times weekly AND Rifampin 600 mg three times weekly
  • Note: Patients should be treated until culture negative on therapy for 1 year
  • 1.2 Patients with fibrocavitary or severe nodular/bronchiectatic disease
  • 2. Disseminateday MAC disease

Mycobacterium bovis

  • Note: Is intrinsically resistant to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The treatment of M. bovis is extrapolated from experience with the treatment of PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis
  • 1. Pulmonary and most extrapulmonary disease
  • 2. Meningitis

Mycobacterium abscessus

  • 1.Limited, localized extrapulmonary disease [24]
  • Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid ± Amikacin 10-15 mg/kg/day IV or 25 mg/kg three times weekly for 4 months
  • Alternative regimen (1): Amikacin AND Cefoxitin 12 g/day PO for two weeks
  • Note: until clinical improvement in severe cases
  • Alternative regimen (2): Amikacin AND Imipenem 500 mg IV q6-8h for two weeks
  • Note(1): Until clinical improvement in severe cases
  • Note(2): Osteomyelitis should be treated for as least 6 months; Infected foreign bodies should be removed
  • 2.Pulmonary or serious extrapulmonary disease
  • Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day IV AND Cefoxitin 2g IV q4h OR Imipenem 1g IV q6h for at least 2-4 months
  • Note: If limited by adverse effects, then switch to Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid or 1000 mg XR qd OR Azithromycin 250 mg PO qd
  • Alternative regimen(1): Tigecycline 100 mg IV loading dose, then 50 mg IV q12h
  • Note: could be substituted as one of the injectables
  • Alternative regimen(2): Linezolid 600 mg PO bid or 600 mg PO qd AND Clarithromycin
  • Note: Could replace parental tx if not tolerated or feasible

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • 1. Standard Regimens for new patients [25]
  • 1.1 Adult
  • 1.1.1 Initial phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Pyrazinamide 2 g PO (25 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO (15 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO for 2 weeks (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day), followed by Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
  • Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2g/day PO thrice weekly for 8 week (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
  • 1.1.2 Continuation phase
  • Preferred regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 18 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg PO twice weekly (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly (10 mg/kg/day) for 18 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
  • Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
  • 1.2 Pediatric
  • 1.2.1 Initial phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 600 mg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 2 g/day) AND Ethambutol 20 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 1.6 g/day), each for 8 weeks
  • 1.2.2 Continuation phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 600 mg/day), each drug daily for 18 weeks
  • 2. MDR Tuberculosis [26]
  • 2.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: 4 agents combination
  • 2.2 Pediatric
  • Preferred regimen: 4 agents combination
  • 3. XDR Tuberculosis [27]
  • 3.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: 3 agents combination
  • 3.2 Pediatric
  • Preferred regimen: 3 agents combination

Bacteroides fragilis

  • 1. Monotherapy
  • Preferred regimen (4): Doripenem 0.5-1.0 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (7): Tigecycline 100 mg IV, then 50 mg IV q12h
  • 2. Combination therapy

Acinetobacter baumannii

  • Preferred regimen (1): Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (4): Colistin 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (5): Tigecycline 100 mg IV, then 50 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (6): Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV or 15 mg/kg/day IV
  • Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q8-12h or 750 mg PO bid
  • Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 15-20 mg (TMP)/kg/day IV divided 3 or 4 doses/day or 2 DS PO bid

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

  • 1. Mild to Moderate
  • Treatment is not necessary in most cases of V. parahaemolyticus infection
  • There is no evidence that antibiotic treatment decreases the severity or the length of the illness
  • Patients should drink plenty of liquids to replace fluids lost through diarrhea
  • 2. Severe or prolonged illnesses

Vibrio cholerae

  • Note: Antibiotic treatment for cholera patients with severe dehydration only
  • Adults
  • Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 300 mg po single dose
  • Alternative regimen: Tetracycline 12.5 mg/kg PO qid for 3 days
  • Pediatric
  • Under 12 years old
  • Preferred regimen: Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg PO qid for 3 days
  • Over 12 years old
  • Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 300 mg po single dose
  • Alternative regimen: Tetracycline 12.5 mg/kg PO qid for 3 days
  • 2. Pan American Health Organization [34]
  • Note: Antibiotic treatment for cholera patients with moderate or severe dehydration
  • 2.1 Adult
  • 2.2 Pediatric
  • 2.2.1 Children over 3 year, who can swallow tablets
  • Preferred regimen (1): Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg/ PO qid for 3 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Azithromycin 20 mg/kg PO in a single dose
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin suspension or tablets 20 mg/kg PO single dose
  • Alternative regimen (2): Doxycycline suspension or tablets 2-4 mg/kg PO single dose
  • Note: Although doxycycline has been associated with a low risk of yellowing of the teeth in children, its benefits outweigh its risks
  • 2.2.2 Children under 3 year, or infants who cannot swallow tablets
  • Preferred regimen (1): Erythromycin suspension 12.5 mg/kg/ PO qid for 3 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Azithromycin suspension 20 mg/kg PO single dose
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin suspension 20 mg/kg PO single dose
  • Alternative regimen (2): Doxycycline syrup 2-4 mg/kg PO single dose
  • 2.3 Pregnancy

Treponema pallidum

  • 1. Syphilis Among non-HIV-Infected Persons [35]
  • 1.1 Primary and Secondary Syphilis
  • 1.2 Latent Syphilis
  • 1.2.1 Early Latent Syphilis
  • 1.2.2 Late Latent Syphilis or Latent Syphilis of Unknown Duration
  • Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 7.2 MU total, administered as 3 doses of 2.4 MU IM each at 1 week intervals
  • Pediatric regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM (Maximum, 2.4 MU), administered as 3 doses at 1 week intervals (total 150,000 U/kg up to the adult total dose of 7.2 MU)
  • 1.3 Tertiary Syphilis
  • Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 7.2 MU total, administered as 3 doses of 2.4 MU IM each at 1 week intervals
  • 1.4 Neurosyphilis and ocular syphilis
  • 2. Syphilis Among HIV-Infected Persons
  • 2.1 Primary and Secondary Syphilis Among HIV-Infected Persons
  • 2.2 Latent Syphilis Among HIV-Infected Persons
  • 2.2.1 early latent
  • 2.2.2 late latent
  • 2.3 Neurosyphilis Among HIV-Infected Persons
  • 3. Syphilis During Pregnancy
  • Pregnant women should be treated with the penicillin regimen appropriate for their stage of infection
  • 4. Congenital Syphilis in neonates
  • 4.1 condition1: Infants with proven or highly probable disease and (1) an abnormal physical examination that is consistent with congenital syphilis;（2）a serum quantitative nontreponemal serologic titer that is fourfold higher than the mother's titer; or（3）a positive darkfield test of body fluid(s).
  • Preferred regimen (1): Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 100,000-150,000 U/kg/day, administered as 50,000 U/kg/dose IV q12h during the first 7 days of life and q8h thereafter for a total of 10 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Procaine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg/dose IM q24h for 10 days
  • Note: If more than 1 day of therapy is missed, the entire course should be restarted. Data are insufficient regarding the use of other antimicrobial agents (e.g., ampicillin). When possible, a full 10-day course of penicillin is preferred, even if ampicillin was initially provided for possible sepsis. The use of agents other than penicillin requires close serologic follow-up to assess adequacy of therapy. In all other situations, the maternal history of infection with T. pallidum and treatment for syphilis must be considered when evaluating and treating the infant.
  • 4.2 condition2: Infants who have a normal physical examination and a serum quantitive nontreponemal serologic titer the same or less than fourfold the maternal titer and the (1) mother was not treated, inadequately treated, or has no documentation of having received treatment; (2) mother was treated with erythromycin or another nonpenicillin regimen; or (3) mother received treatment <4 weeks before delivery.
  • Preferred regimen (1): Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 100,000-150,000 U/kg/day, administered as 50,000 U/kg/dose IV q12h during the first 7 days of life and q8h thereafter for a total of 10 days
  • Preferred regimen (3): Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg/dose IM single dose
  • Note: If the mother has untreated early syphilis at delivery, 10 days of parenteral therapy can be considered
  • 4.3 condition3: Infants who have a normal physical examination and a serum quantitative nontreponemal serologic titer the same or less than fourfold the maternal titer and the (1) mother was treated during pregnancy, treatment was appropriate for the stage of infection, and treatment was administered >4 weeks before delivery and (2) mother has no evidence of reinfection or relapse.
  • 4.4 condition4: Infants who have a normal physical examination and a serum quantitative nontreponemal serologic titer the same or less than fourfold the maternal titer and the (1) mother's treatment was adequate before pregnancy; and (2) mother's nontreponemal serologic titer remained low and stable before and during pregnancy and at delivery (VDRL <1:2; RPR <1:4).
  • No treatment is required
  • Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM single dose might be considered, particularly if follow-up is uncertain.
  • 5. Congenital Syphilis in infants and children

Leptospira

Borrelia recurrentis

  • 1. Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever [37]
  • Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 5-10 days
  • Alternative regimen: Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid for 5-10 days
  • Note: If meningitis/encephalitis present, use Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h for 14 days
  • 2. Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever

Borrelia burgdorferi

  • 1. Early Lyme Disease
  • 1.1 Erythema migrans
  • 1.1.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 10-21 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Amoxicillin 500 mg PO tid for 14-21 days
  • Preferred regimen (3): Cefuroxime axetil 500 mg bid for 14-21 days
  • Alternatie regimen (1): Azithromycin 500 mg PO qd for 7–10 days
  • Alternatie regimen (2): Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid for 14–21 days (if the patient is not pregnant)
  • Alternatie regimen (3): Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid for 14–21 days
  • 1.1.2 Pediatric
  • 1.1.2.1 children <8 years of age
  • Preferred regimen (1): Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg PO per day in 3 divided doses (maximum of 500 mg per dose)
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefuroxime axetil 30 mg/kg PO per day in 2 divided doses（maximum, 500 mg per dose)
  • 1.1.2.2 children ≥8 years of age
  • Preferred regimen (1): Doxycycline 4 mg/kg PO per day in 2 divided doses（maximum, 100 mg per dose）
  • Preferred regimen (2): Azithromycin 10 mg/kg PO qd (maximum, 500 mg qd)
  • Preferred regimen (3): Clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg PO bid (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
  • Preferred regimen (4): Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg PO qid (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
  • 1.2 When erythema migrans cannot be reliably distinguished from community-acquired bacterial cellulitis
  • 1.3 Lyme meningitis and other manifestations of early neurologic Lyme disease
  • 1.3.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 10–28 days
  • Alternative regimen (1): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (2): Penicillin G 18–24 MU q4h (for patients with normal renal function)
  • Alternative regimen (3): Doxycycline 200–400 mg PO per day in 2 divided doses for 10–28 days
  • 1.3.2 Pediatric
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 50–75 mg/kg IV single dose (maximum, 2 g)
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 150–200 mg/kg IV per day divided into 3 or 4 doses (maximum, 6 g per day)
  • Alternative regimen (1): Penicillin G 200,000–400,000 units/kg IV qd divided into doses given q4h (for normal renal function) (maximum, 18–24 MU qd)
  • Alternative regimen (2): Doxycycline 4–8 mg/kg PO qd in 2 divided doses (maximum, 100–200 mg per dose) (≥8 years old)
  • 1.4 Lyme carditis
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 10–28 days
  • Note: patients with advanced heart block, a temporary pacemaker may be required; expert consultation with a cardiologist is recommended; Use of the pacemaker may be discontinued when the advanced heart block has resolved; An oral antibiotic treatment regimen should be used for completion of therapy and for outpatients, as is used for patients with erythema migrans without carditis (see above)
  • 1.5 Borrelial lymphocytoma
  • Preferred regimen: The same regimens used to treat patients with erythema migrans (see above)
  • 2. Late Lyme Disease
  • 2.1 Lyme arthritis
  • Preferred regimen (2): Amoxicillin 500 mg PO tid
  • Alternative regimen: Cefuroxime axetil 500 mg PO bid for 28 days
  • Pediatric regimen: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg per day in 3 divided doses (maximum, 500 mg per dose); Cefuroxime axetil 30 mg/kg per day in 2 divided doses (maximum,500 mg per dose); (≥8 years of age) Doxycycline 4 mg/ kg per day in 2 divided doses (maximum, 100 mg per dose)
  • Note: For patients who have persistent or recurrent joint swelling after a recommended course of oral antibiotic therapy, we recommend re-treatment with another 4-week course of oral antibiotics or with a 2–4 weeks course of Ceftriaxone IV
  • 2.2 patients with arthritis and objective evidence of neurologic disease
  • 2.3 Late neurologic Lyme disease
  • 2.4 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
  • 3. Post–Lyme Disease Syndromes
  • Preferred regimen: Further antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease should not be given unless there are objective findings of active disease (including physical findings, abnormalities on cerebrospinal or synovial fluid analysis, or changes on formal neuropsychologic testing)

References

  1. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  2. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  3. ↑ Tortoli, E.; Besozzi, G.; Lacchini, C.; Penati, V.; Simonetti, M. T.; Emler, S. (1998-04). "Pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium szulgai, case report and review of the literature". The European Respiratory Journal. 11 (4): 975–977. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 9623706. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  5. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  6. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  7. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  8. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  9. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  10. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  11. ↑ WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and Other Influenza Viruses. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. PMID 23741777. Retrieved 2015-07-14.
  12. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  13. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  14. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  15. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  16. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  17. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  18. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  19. ↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  20. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  21. ↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  22. ↑ Griffith, Daviday E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richarday J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, anday prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory anday Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. Unknown parameter |pmiday= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ American Thoracic Society. CDC. Infectious Diseases Society of America (2003). "Treatment of tuberculosis". MMWR Recomm Rep. 52 (RR-11): 1–77. PMID 12836625.
  24. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  25. ↑ Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. ISBN 9789241547833.
  26. ↑ "The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" (PDF).
  27. ↑ "WHO".
  28. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  29. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  30. ↑ "Vibrio vulnificus CDC".
  31. ↑ "Vibrio parahaemolyticus CDC".
  32. ↑ "WHO. Cholera Outbreak: Assessing the Outbreak Response and Improving Preparedness" (PDF).
  33. ↑ "Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations".
  34. ↑ [file:///Users/censhanshan/Desktop/cholera_clin_management_ENG_rev_JUN%201.pdf "PAHO. Recommendations for clinical management of cholera"] Check |url= value (help) (PDF).
  35. ↑ Workowski KA, Bolan GA (2015). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815.
  36. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  37. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  38. ↑ Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS, Krause PJ, Bakken JS, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler JS, Nadelman RB (2006). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (9): 1089–134. doi:10.1086/508667. PMID 17029130.
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