Sandbox sc

Mycobacterium terrae

Mycobacterium terrae ^[1]

1. In vitro susceptibility

All six of the isolates from a single center and 90% or more of an additional 22 isolates of M. terrae complex were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Sulfonamides. Recently, 11 isolates of M. terrae complex were also shown to be susceptible to Linezolid

2. Antimicrobial therapy

Based on in vitro susceptibility results

Mycobacterium szulgai

Mycobacterium szulgai ^[2]^[3]

1. in vitro susceptibility

M. szulgai is susceptible in vitro to most antituberculous drugs including Quinolones and newer Macrolides

2. Infection

2.1 Pulmonary infection

Three- or four-drug regimen based on susceptibility that includes 12 months of negative sputum cultures while on therapy

2.2 Extrapulmonary infection

Combination anti-tuberculous medications based on in vitro susceptibilities for 4-6 months

Mycobacterium smegmatis

Mycobacterium smegmatis ^[4]

1. Mild disease

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline PO AND Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole PO

2. Severe disease

Preferred regimen: Amikacin IV OR Imipenem IV

Mycobacterium mucogenicum

Mycobacterium mucogenicum ^[5]

In vitro susceptible agents: Aminoglycosides, Cefoxitin, Clarithromycin, Minocycline, Doxycycline, Quinolones, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and Imipenem

Mycobacterium malmoense

Mycobacterium malmoense^[6]

1. In vitro

Susceptible: Ethambutol, Ethionamide, Kanamycin, and Cycloserine
Resistant: INH, Streptomycin, Rifampin, and Capreomycin

2. Pulmonary M. malmoense infection

Preferred regimen: INH AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol ± Quinolones AND Macrolides

Mycobacterium immunogenum

Mycobacterium immunogenum ^[7]

In vitro

Susceptible: Amikacin and Clarithromycin
Resistant: Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Cefoxitin, Tobramycin, and Sulfamethoxazole
Note: The optimal therapy for this organism is unknown; however, successful therapy is likely difficult due to the extensive antibiotic resistance of the organism

Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium leprae ^[8]

1. Multibacillary Leprosy (Skin smear positive)

1.1 Adult

Preferred regimen: Dapsone 100 mg/day PO AND Rifampin 600 mg PO 4 times per week AND Clofazimine 50 mg PO qd for 12-24 months
Note: Clofazimine should be supplemented by loading dose 300 mg PO monthly

1.2 Pediatric

1.2.1 < 35 kg

Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 450 mg PO for 12-24 months

1.2.2 < 20 kg

Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 300 mg PO for 12-24 months

1.2.3 < 12 kg

Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 150 mg PO for 12-24 months

2. Paucibacillary Leprosy (Skin Smear negative)

Preferred regimen: Rifampin 600 mg PO once a month for 6 months AND Dapsone 100 mg PO qd for 6 months

3. Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL)

3.1 Mild

Preferred regimen: Rest affect limb, analgesics, follow-up twice a week, check for iridocyclitis; Chloroquine OR Aspirin may be useful

3.2 Severe (numerous nodules + fever, ulcerating/pustular ENL, visceral involvement, nodules + neuritis, recurrent ENL)

Preferred regimen: Prednisolone 30-40 mg/day PO for 1-2 weeks THEN taper over 12 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): (If unresponsive to corticosteroids or if risk of corticosteroids prevent administration) Start Clofazimine 100 mg PO tid for maximum of 12 weeks THEN 100 mg PO bid for 12 weeks THEN 100 mg qd for 12-24 weeks
Alternative regimen (2): (if not contraindicated) Thalidomide 200-400 mg/day PO, reduced to 50-100 mg/day after 1-2 weeks

4. Reversal Reaction

Preferred regimen: Prednisolone start with 40 mg/day PO THEN taper by 10 mg twice a week for 12 weeks

Mycobacterium xenopi

Mycobacterium xenopi ^[9]

1. The cornerstone of therapy for M. xenopi

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol
Note: Therapy should be continued until the patient has maintained negative sputum cultures while on therapy for 12 months

2. Pulmonary disease

Preferred regimen: INH AND Rifabutin OR Rifampin AND Ethambutol AND Clarithromycin ± Streptomycin
Note: A quinolone, preferably Moxifloxacin, could be substituted for one of the antituberculous drugs

3. Extrapulmonary disease

Note: Therapy for extrapulmonary disease would include the same agents as for pulmonary disease

Mycobacterium ulcerans

Mycobacterium ulcerans ^[10]

1. Preulcerative lesions

Excision and primary closure, Rifampin monotherapy, or heat therapy

2. Established ulcers

Most antimycobacterial agents are ineffective for the treatment of the ulcer; Surgical debridement combined with skin grafting is the usual treatment of choice

3. Control complications of the ulcer

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin

Swine influenza

Swine influenza ^[11]

1. Condition1: Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness

Preferred regimen: Oseltamivir 150 mg PO bid
Note(1): Treatment duration depends on clinical response
Note(2): Where the clinical course remains severe or progressive, despite 5 or more days of antiviral treatment, monitoring of virus replication and shedding, and antiviral drug susceptibility testing is desirable
Note(3): Antiviral treatment should be maintained without a break until virus infection is resolved or there is satisfactory clinical improvement
Note(4): Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness, but who are unable to take oral medication may be treated with Oseltamivir administered by nasogastric or orogastric tube

2. Condition2: In situations where oseltamivir is not available, or not possible to use, patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness

Preferred regimen: Zanamivir inhaled
Note: Zanamivir IV should be considered where available and is recommended for those with serious or progressive illness. If not available, Peramivir IV may be considered

3. Condition3: Severely immunosuppressed patients

Antiviral chemoprophylaxis would be considered by using Oseltamivir OR Zanamivir

Mycobacterium simiae

Mycobacterium simiae ^[12]

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Moxifloxacin AND Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

Mycobacterium foruitum

Mycobacterium foruitum ^[13]

1. In vitro isolates

Susceptible agents: Amikacin (100%), Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin (100%), Sulfonamides (100%), Cefoxitin (50%), Imipenem (100%), Clarithromycin (80%), and Doxycycline (50%)

2. Disease

2.1 M. fortuitum lung disease

At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for at least 12 months of negative sputum cultures

2.2 Serious skin, bone, and soft tissue M fortuitum disease

At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for a minimum of 4 months; For bone infections, 6 months of therapy is recommended

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum ^[14]

Susceptibility data are lacking and standard treatment regimens for M. scrofulaceum are controversial, emphasizing the need to perform susceptibility testing on confirmed disease-producing isolates of M. scrofulaceum

Mycobacterium marinum

Mycobacterium marinum ^[15]

1. In vitro M. marinum isolates

Susceptible: Rifampin, Rifabutin, Ethambutol, Clarithromycin, Sulfonamides, and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
Intermediately susceptible: Streptomycin, Doxycycline, and Minocycline
Resistant: Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide
Note: Two active agents for 1 to 2 months after resolution of symptoms, typically 3 to 4 months in total

2. Infection

2.1 skin and soft tissue infections

Preferred regimen (1): Clarithromycin AND Ethambutol
Preferred regimen (2): Ethambutol AND Rifampin
Note: Azithromycin can replace Clarithromycin

2.2 osteomyelitis or deep structure infection

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Ethambutol AND Rifampin

Mycobacterium kansasii

Mycobacterium kansasii ^[16]

1. pulmonary disease

Preferred regimen: Rifampin 10 mg/kg/day (Maximum, 600 mg) PO AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/ day PO AND Isoniazid 5 mg/kg/day (Maximum 300 mg) PO AND Pyridoxine 50 mg/day PO
Note: Treatment duration for M. kansasii lung disease should include 12 months of negative sputum cultures

2. Rifampin-resistant M. kansasii disease

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin OR Azithromycin OR Moxifloxacin OR Ethambutol OR Sulfamethoxazole OR Streptomycin
Note(1): Use three-drug regimen
Note(2): Patients undergoing therapy for M. kansasii lung disease should have close clinical monitoring with frequent sputum examinations for mycobacterial culture throughout therapy

3. Disseminated M. kansasii disease

Note: The treatment regimen for disseminated disease should be the same as for pulmonary disease

Mycobacterium gordonae

Mycobacterium gordonae ^[17]

Preferred regimen: Ethambutol OR Rifabutin OR Clarithromycin OR Linezolid OR Fluoroquinolones

Mycobacterium genavense

Mycobacterium genavense ^[18]

Susceptibility: Amikacin, Rifamycin, Fluoroquinolones, Streptomycin, and Macrolides
Note(1): Ethambutol has limited activity
Note(2): Optimal therapy is not determined, but multidrug therapies including Clarithromycin appear to be more effective than those without Clarithromycin

Mycobacterium haemophilum

Mycobacterium haemophilum ^[19]

1. In vitro

Susceptible: Amikacin, Clarithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Rifampin, and Rifabutin
Less susceptible: Doxycycline and Sulfonamides

2. Infection

2.1 Disseminated disease

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin AND Rifabutin AND Ciprofloxacin

Mycobacterium chelonae

Mycobacterium chelonae ^[20]
1. Localized infections

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid
Alternative regimen: Azithromycin

2. Disseminated or extensive disease

2.1 monotherapy

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid for 6 months

2.2 multidrug therapy

preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Tobramycin 5 mg/kg IV q24h OR Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h OR Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h/bid for 4-8 weeks
Alternative regimen: Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO qd AND Linezolid 600 mg PO bid
Note(1): During initial treatment, multidrug therapy may prevent development of acquired resistance
Note(2): Total treatment duration is 6 months

3. Keratitis (LASIK-related)

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Tobramycin 0.3% 2 gtts q4h AND Gatifloxacin 0.3% 1 gtt q4h OR Moxifloxacin 0.5% 1 gtt q4h

Mycobacterium celatum

Mycobacterium celatum ^[21]

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Ethambutol AND Ciprofloxacin ± Rifabutin

Mycobacterium avium complex

1. Treatment of MAC pulmonary disease ^[22]

1.1 Patients with nodular/bronchiectatic disease

Preferreday regimen: Clarithromycin 1,000 mg three times weekly OR Azithromycin 500–600 mg three times weekly AND Ethambutol 25 mg/kg three times weekly AND Rifampin 600 mg three times weekly
Note: Patients should be treated until culture negative on therapy for 1 year

1.2 Patients with fibrocavitary or severe nodular/bronchiectatic disease

Preferreday regimen: Clarithromycin 500–1,000 mg/day OR Azithromycin 250–300 mg/day OR Rifampin 600 mg/day OR Rifabutin 150–300 mg/day AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/day
Note(1): Amikacin OR Streptomycin threetimes-weekly can be used early in therapy
Note(2): Patients should be treated until culture negative on therapy for 1 year

2. Disseminateday MAC disease

Preferreday regimen: Clarithromycin 1,000 mg/day OR Azithromycin 250 mg/day AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/day ± Rifabutin 150–350 mg/day

Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium bovis ^[23]

Note: Is intrinsically resistant to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The treatment of M. bovis is extrapolated from experience with the treatment of PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis
1. Pulmonary and most extrapulmonary disease

Preferred regimen: Isoniazid AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol for 2 months, followed by Isoniazid AND Rifampin for 7 months

2. Meningitis

Preferred regimen: Isoniazid AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol for 2 months, followed by Isoniazid AND Rifampin for 10 months

Mycobacterium abscessus

1.Limited, localized extrapulmonary disease ^[24]

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid ± Amikacin 10-15 mg/kg/day IV or 25 mg/kg three times weekly for 4 months

Alternative regimen (1): Amikacin AND Cefoxitin 12 g/day PO for two weeks
Note: until clinical improvement in severe cases

Alternative regimen (2): Amikacin AND Imipenem 500 mg IV q6-8h for two weeks
Note(1): Until clinical improvement in severe cases
Note(2): Osteomyelitis should be treated for as least 6 months; Infected foreign bodies should be removed

2.Pulmonary or serious extrapulmonary disease

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day IV AND Cefoxitin 2g IV q4h OR Imipenem 1g IV q6h for at least 2-4 months
Note: If limited by adverse effects, then switch to Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid or 1000 mg XR qd OR Azithromycin 250 mg PO qd
Alternative regimen(1): Tigecycline 100 mg IV loading dose, then 50 mg IV q12h
Note: could be substituted as one of the injectables
Alternative regimen(2): Linezolid 600 mg PO bid or 600 mg PO qd AND Clarithromycin
Note: Could replace parental tx if not tolerated or feasible

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

1. Standard Regimens for new patients ^[25]

1.1 Adult

1.1.1 Initial phase

Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Pyrazinamide 2 g PO (25 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO (15 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO for 2 weeks (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day), followed by Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2g/day PO thrice weekly for 8 week (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)

1.1.2 Continuation phase

Preferred regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 18 weeks
Preferred regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg PO twice weekly (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly (10 mg/kg/day) for 18 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)

1.2 Pediatric

1.2.1 Initial phase

Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 600 mg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 2 g/day) AND Ethambutol 20 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 1.6 g/day), each for 8 weeks

1.2.2 Continuation phase

Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 600 mg/day), each drug daily for 18 weeks

2. MDR Tuberculosis ^[26]

2.1 Adult

Preferred regimen: 4 agents combination

Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg OR Ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg
Agent 2: Capreomycin 15 mg/kg OR Kanamycin 15 mg/kg OR Amikacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Streptomycin 12–18 mg/kg
Agent 3: Levofloxacin 500-1000 mg OR Moxifloxacin 400 mg OR Ofloxacin 400 mg
Agent 4: Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 8-12 g/day IV q8-12h

2.2 Pediatric

Preferred regimen: 4 agents combination

Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 600 mg) OR Ethambutol 15-20 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg
Agent 2: Capreomycin 15-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Kanamycin 15-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Amikacin 15-22.5 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Streptomycin 12-18 mg/kg AND
Agent 3: Levofloxacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Moxifloxacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Ofloxacin 15-20 mg/kg/day q12h (Maximum: 800 mg)
Agent 4: Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg/day q12h (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg/day q12h (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Cycloserine 10-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h(Maximum: 12,000 mg)

3. XDR Tuberculosis ^[27]

3.1 Adult

Preferred regimen: 3 agents combination

Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg OR Ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg
Agent 2: Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg OR Terizidone 10-20 kg/mg OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 8-12 g/day q8-12h
Agent 3: Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month OR Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg q12h OR Linezolid 300-600 mg OR Imipenem 500mg q6h OR Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h OR Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg OR Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg

3.2 Pediatric

Preferred regimen: 3 agents combination

Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 600 mg) OR Ethambutol 15 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg

Agent 2: Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Cycloserine 10-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h

Agent 3: Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month OR Amoxicillin/clavulanate OR Linezolid 300-600 mg OR Imipenem 500mg q6h OR Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h OR Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg OR Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg

Bacteroides fragilis

Bacteroides fragilis ^[28]

1. Monotherapy

Preferred regimen (1): Imipenem

Preferred regimen (2): Ertapenem

Preferred regimen (3): Meropenem

Preferred regimen (4): Doripenem 0.5-1.0 g IV q6h

Preferred regimen (5): Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h

Preferred regimen (6): Ampicillin-sulbactam 1-2 g IV q6h

Preferred regimen (7): Tigecycline 100 mg IV THEN 50 mg IV q12h

2. Combination therapy

Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 0.75-1.0 g IV q12h AND Cefotaxime 1.5-2 g IV q6h OR Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q8h OR Ceftriaxone 1 g IV q12h

Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii ^[29]

Preferred regimen (1): Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h

Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin/sulbactam 3 g q4h

Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h

Preferred regimen (4): Colistin 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h

Preferred regimen (5): Tigecycline 100 mg IV THEN 50 mg IV q12h

Preferred regimen (6): Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV or 15 mg/kg/day IV

Alternative regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2g IV every day

Alternative regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2-3g IV q6-8h

Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q8-12h or 750 mg PO bid

Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 15-20 mg (TMP)/kg/day IV q6-8h or 2 DS PO bid

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio vulnificus ^[30]

Note: If V. vulnificus is suspected, treatment should be initiated immediately because antibiotics improve survival
Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO/IV bid for 7-14 days AND Ceftazidime 1-2 g IV/IM q8h
Note: A single agent regimen with a fluoroquinolone such as Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin or Gatifloxacin, has been reported to be at least as effective in an animal model as combination drug regimens with Doxycycline and a Cephalosporin
Pediatric regimen: Doxycycline AND Fluoroquinolones; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole AND an Aminoglycoside

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus ^[31]

1. Mild to Moderate

Treatment is not necessary in most cases of V. parahaemolyticus infection
There is no evidence that antibiotic treatment decreases the severity or the length of the illness
Patients should drink plenty of liquids to replace fluids lost through diarrhea

2. Severe or prolonged illnesses

Preferred regimen: Tetracycline OR Ciprofloxacin

Vibrio cholerae

1. WHO ^[32] ^[33]

Note: Antibiotic treatment for cholera patients with severe dehydration only
Adults

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 300 mg po single dose
Alternative regimen: Tetracycline 12.5 mg/kg PO qid for 3 days

Pediatric

Under 12 years old

Preferred regimen: Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg PO qid for 3 days

Over 12 years old

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 300 mg po single dose
Alternative regimen: Tetracycline 12.5 mg/kg PO qid for 3 days

2. Pan American Health Organization ^[34]

Note: Antibiotic treatment for cholera patients with moderate or severe dehydration
2.1 Adult

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 300 mg po single dose
Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 1 g PO single dose
Alternative regimen (2): Azithromycin 1 g PO single dose

2.2 Pediatric

2.2.1 Children over 3 year, who can swallow tablets

Preferred regimen (1): Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg/ PO qid for 3 days
Preferred regimen (2): Azithromycin 20 mg/kg PO in a single dose
Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin suspension or tablets 20 mg/kg PO single dose
Alternative regimen (2): Doxycycline suspension or tablets 2-4 mg/kg PO single dose
Note: Although doxycycline has been associated with a low risk of yellowing of the teeth in children, its benefits outweigh its risks

2.2.2 Children under 3 year, or infants who cannot swallow tablets

Preferred regimen (1): Erythromycin suspension 12.5 mg/kg/ PO qid for 3 days
Preferred regimen (2): Azithromycin suspension 20 mg/kg PO single dose
Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin suspension 20 mg/kg PO single dose
Alternative regimen (2): Doxycycline syrup 2-4 mg/kg PO single dose

2.3 Pregnancy

Preferred regimen (!): Erythromycin 500 mg/ PO qid for 3 days
Preferred regimen (2): Azithromycin 1 g PO single dose

Treponema pallidum

1. Syphilis Among non-HIV-Infected Persons ^[35]

1.1 Primary and Secondary Syphilis

Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 MU IM single dose
Pediatric regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg (Maximum, 2.4 MU) IM single dose

1.2 Latent Syphilis

1.2.1 Early Latent Syphilis

Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 MU IM in a single dose
Pediatric regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg (Maximum, 2.4 MU) IM single dose

1.2.2 Late Latent Syphilis or Latent Syphilis of Unknown Duration

Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 7.2 MU total, administered as 3 doses of 2.4 MU IM each at 1 week intervals
Pediatric regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM (Maximum, 2.4 MU), administered as 3 doses at 1 week intervals (total 150,000 U/kg up to the adult total dose of 7.2 MU)

1.3 Tertiary Syphilis

Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 7.2 MU total, administered as 3 doses of 2.4 MU IM each at 1 week intervals

1.4 Neurosyphilis and ocular syphilis

Preferred regimen: Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 18-24 MU per day, administered as 3-4 MU IV q4h or continuous infusion, for 10-14 days
Alternative regimen: Procaine penicillin 2.4 MU IM q24h AND Probenecid 500 mg PO qid for 10-14 days

2. Syphilis Among HIV-Infected Persons

2.1 Primary and Secondary Syphilis Among HIV-Infected Persons

Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 MU IM single dose

2.2 Latent Syphilis Among HIV-Infected Persons

2.2.1 early latent

Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 MU IM single dose

2.2.2 late latent

Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 MU once a week for 3 weeks

2.3 Neurosyphilis Among HIV-Infected Persons

Preferred regimen: Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 18-24 MU per day, administered as 3-4 MU IV q4h or continuous infusion, for 10-14 days
Alternative regimen: Procaine penicillin 2.4 MU IM q24h AND Probenecid 500 mg PO qid for 10-14 days

3. Syphilis During Pregnancy

Pregnant women should be treated with the penicillin regimen appropriate for their stage of infection

4. Congenital Syphilis in neonates

4.1 condition1: Infants with proven or highly probable disease and (1) an abnormal physical examination that is consistent with congenital syphilis;（2）a serum quantitative nontreponemal serologic titer that is fourfold higher than the mother's titer; or（3）a positive darkfield test of body fluid(s).

Preferred regimen (1): Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 100,000-150,000 U/kg/day, administered as 50,000 U/kg/dose IV q12h during the first 7 days of life and q8h thereafter for a total of 10 days

Preferred regimen (2): Procaine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg/dose IM q24h for 10 days
Note: If more than 1 day of therapy is missed, the entire course should be restarted. Data are insufficient regarding the use of other antimicrobial agents (e.g., ampicillin). When possible, a full 10-day course of penicillin is preferred, even if ampicillin was initially provided for possible sepsis. The use of agents other than penicillin requires close serologic follow-up to assess adequacy of therapy. In all other situations, the maternal history of infection with T. pallidum and treatment for syphilis must be considered when evaluating and treating the infant.

4.2 condition2: Infants who have a normal physical examination and a serum quantitive nontreponemal serologic titer the same or less than fourfold the maternal titer and the (1) mother was not treated, inadequately treated, or has no documentation of having received treatment; (2) mother was treated with erythromycin or another nonpenicillin regimen; or (3) mother received treatment <4 weeks before delivery.

Preferred regimen (1): Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 100,000-150,000 U/kg/day, administered as 50,000 U/kg/dose IV q12h during the first 7 days of life and q8h thereafter for a total of 10 days

Preferred regimen (2): Procaine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg/dose IM q24h for 10 days

Preferred regimen (3): Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg/dose IM single dose
Note: If the mother has untreated early syphilis at delivery, 10 days of parenteral therapy can be considered

4.3 condition3: Infants who have a normal physical examination and a serum quantitative nontreponemal serologic titer the same or less than fourfold the maternal titer and the (1) mother was treated during pregnancy, treatment was appropriate for the stage of infection, and treatment was administered >4 weeks before delivery and (2) mother has no evidence of reinfection or relapse.

Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg/dose IM single dose

4.4 condition4: Infants who have a normal physical examination and a serum quantitative nontreponemal serologic titer the same or less than fourfold the maternal titer and the (1) mother's treatment was adequate before pregnancy; and (2) mother's nontreponemal serologic titer remained low and stable before and during pregnancy and at delivery (VDRL <1:2; RPR <1:4).

No treatment is required
Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM single dose might be considered, particularly if follow-up is uncertain.

5. Congenital Syphilis in infants and children

Preferred regimen: Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 50,000 U/kg q4–6h for 10 days

Leptospira

Leptospira ^[36]

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 200 mg PO once a week

Borrelia recurrentis

1. Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever ^[37]

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 5-10 days
Alternative regimen: Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid for 5-10 days
Note: If meningitis/encephalitis present, use Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h for 14 days

2. Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever

Preferred regimen: Tetracycline 500 mg PO single dose
Alternative regimen: Erythromycin 500 mg PO single dose

Borrelia burgdorferi

Lyme disease ^[38]

1. Early Lyme Disease

1.1 Erythema migrans

1.1.1 Adult

Preferred regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 10-21 days
Preferred regimen (2): Amoxicillin 500 mg PO tid for 14-21 days
Preferred regimen (3): Cefuroxime axetil 500 mg bid for 14-21 days
Alternatie regimen (1): Azithromycin 500 mg PO qd for 7–10 days
Alternatie regimen (2): Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid for 14–21 days (if the patient is not pregnant)

Alternatie regimen (3): Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid for 14–21 days

1.1.2 Pediatric

1.1.2.1 children <8 years of age

Preferred regimen (1): Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h (Maximum of 500 mg per dose)

Preferred regimen (2): Cefuroxime axetil 30 mg/kg/day PO q12h（Maximum, 500 mg per dose)

1.1.2.2 children ≥8 years of age

Preferred regimen (1): Doxycycline 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h（Maximum, 100 mg per dose）
Preferred regimen (2): Azithromycin 10 mg/kg PO qd (Maximum, 500 mg qd)

Preferred regimen (3): Clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg PO bid (Maximum, 500 mg per dose)

Preferred regimen (4): Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg PO qid (Maximum, 500 mg per dose)

1.2 When erythema migrans cannot be reliably distinguished from community-acquired bacterial cellulitis

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin-Clavulanate 500 mg PO tid
Pediatric regimen: Amoxicillin-Clavulanate 50 mg/kg/day q8h (Maximum, 500 mg per dose)

1.3 Lyme meningitis and other manifestations of early neurologic Lyme disease

1.3.1 Adult

Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 10–28 days
Alternative regimen (1): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h
Alternative regimen (2): Penicillin G 18–24 MU q4h (for patients with normal renal function)
Alternative regimen (3): Doxycycline 200–400 mg/day PO bid for 10–28 days

1.3.2 Pediatric

Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 50–75 mg/kg IV single dose (Maximum, 2 g)
Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6-8h (Maximum, 6 g per day)
Alternative regimen (1): Penicillin G 200,000–400,000 units/kg/day IV q4h (for normal renal function) (maximum, 18–24 MU per day)
Alternative regimen (2): Doxycycline 4–8 mg/kg/day PO bid (maximum, 100–200 mg per dose) (≥8 years old)

1.4 Lyme carditis

Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 10–28 days
Note: patients with advanced heart block, a temporary pacemaker may be required; expert consultation with a cardiologist is recommended; Use of the pacemaker may be discontinued when the advanced heart block has resolved; An oral antibiotic treatment regimen should be used for completion of therapy and for outpatients, as is used for patients with erythema migrans without carditis (see above)

1.5 Borrelial lymphocytoma

Preferred regimen: The same regimens used to treat patients with erythema migrans (see above)

2. Late Lyme Disease

2.1 Lyme arthritis

Preferred regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid

Preferred regimen (2): Amoxicillin 500 mg PO tid
Alternative regimen: Cefuroxime axetil 500 mg PO bid for 28 days
Pediatric regimen: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/day tid (Maximum, 500 mg per dose); Cefuroxime axetil 30 mg/kg/day bid (Maximum,500 mg per dose); (≥8 years of age) Doxycycline 4 mg/kg/day bid (Maximum, 100 mg per dose)
Note: For patients who have persistent or recurrent joint swelling after a recommended course of oral antibiotic therapy, we recommend re-treatment with another 4-week course of oral antibiotics or with a 2–4 weeks course of Ceftriaxone IV

2.2 patients with arthritis and objective evidence of neurologic disease

Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone IV for 2–4 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Cefotaxime IV

Alternative regimen (1): Penicillin G IV
Pediatric regime: Ceftriaxone; Cefotaxime; Penicillin G IV

2.3 Late neurologic Lyme disease

Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone IV for 2 to 4 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Cefotaxime IV

Alternative regimen (2): Penicillin G IV
Pediatric regimen: Ceftriaxone; Cefotaxime; Penicillin G

2.4 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans

Preferred regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 21 days
Preferred regimen (2): Amoxicillin 500 mg PO tid for 21 days
Preferred regimen (3): Cefuroxime axetil 500 mg PO bid for 21 days

3. Post–Lyme Disease Syndromes

Preferred regimen: Further antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease should not be given unless there are objective findings of active disease (including physical findings, abnormalities on cerebrospinal or synovial fluid analysis, or changes on formal neuropsychologic testing)

Pasteurella multocida

Pasteurella multocida ^[39]

Preferred regimen (1): Amoxicillin clavulanate 500 mg PO tid or 875 mg PO bid with food
Note: Its also a preferred empirical coverage of animal bite wounds
Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin sulbactam 3 g IV q6h
Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid or 400 mg IV q12h
Preferred regimen (4): Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd or IV q24h
Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid
Alternative regimen (2): TMP-SMX DS PO bid (for beta-lactam allergic patients )
Alternative regimen (3): Penicillin 500 mg PO qid or 4 MU IV q4h (use only if isolate known to be susceptible)

Moraxella catarrhalis

Moraxella catarrhalis ^[40]

Preferred regimen(1): TMP-SMX 1DS PO bid
Preferred regimen(2): Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid
Preferred regimen(3): Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid or XL 1 g PO qd
Preferred regimen(4): Azithromycin 500 mg PO single dose THEN 250 mg PO qd
Preferred regimen(5): Doxycycline 100 mg PO/IV bid/q12h
Preferred regimen(6): Cefprozil 200-500 mg PO bid

Preferred regimen(7): Cefpodoxime 200-400 mg PO bid

Preferred regimen(8): Cefuroxime 250-500 mg PO bid

Preferred regimen(9): Cefdinir 300 mg PO bid
Preferred regimen(10): Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV/PO qd

Preferred regimen(11): Levofloxacin 500 mg IV/PO qd
Preferred regimen(12): Amoxicillin clavulanate 875/125 mg PO bid or XL 2000/125 PO bid

Eikenella corrodens

1. Human bite/soft tissue infections ^[41]

1.1 Severe

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin sulbactam 1.5-3 g IV q6h
Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg IV bid

Alternative regimen (2): Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV q24h

Alternative regimen (3): Levofloxacin 500 mg IV q24h

1.2 Mild

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin clavulanate 250-500 mg tid or 875/125 mg PO bid
Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid

Alternative regimen (2): Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO qd

Alternative regimen (3): Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd

2. Head and neck infections

2.1 Severe

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin sulbactam 1.5-3 g IV q6h
Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg IV bid

Alternative regimen (2): Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV q24h

Alternative regimen (3): Levofloxacin 500 mg IV q24h

2.2 Mild

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin clavulanate 250-500 mg tid or 875/125 mg PO bid
Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid

Alternative regimen (2): Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO qd

Alternative regimen (3): Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd

3. Endocarditis

Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1 g IV q12h

Preferred regimen (1): Cefotaxime 1-2 g IV q8h

Preferred regimen (1): Cefepime 1-2g IV q8h

Rickettsia rickettsii

1. Adult ^[42] ^[43]

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg q12h
Note: Patients should be treated for at least 3 days after the fever subsides and until there is evidence of clinical improvement. Standard duration of treatment is 7-14 days
Alternative regimen: Chloramphenicol 500 mg PO qid for 7 days or stop 3 days after defervescence

2. Pediatric (under 45 kg (100 lbs))

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg bid
Note: The recommended dose and duration of medication needed to treat RMSF has not been shown to cause staining of permanent teeth, even when five courses are given before the age of eight. Healthcare providers should use doxycycline as the first-line treatment for suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever in patients of all ages

Rhodococcus equi

Rhodococcus equi ^[44]

First line:

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h (15 mg/kg q12 for >70 kg) OR Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd OR Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO bid OR Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid for at least 4 weeks or until infiltrate disappears
Note: Should be administrated at least 8 weeks in immunocompromised patients

Oral/maintenance therapy (after infiltrate clears):

Preferred regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO bid

Preferred regimen (2): Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid

Alternative regimen: Azithromycin OR TMP-SMX OR Chloramphenicol OR Clindamycin
Note: Avoid Penicillins/Cephalosporins due to development of resistance; Linezolid effective in vitro, but no clinical reports of use

Propionibacterium acnes

Propiobacterium acnes ^[45]

1. Systemic infection

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 2 MU IV q4h for 2-4 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Clindamycin 600 mg IV q8h for 2-4 weeks

Alternative regimen (2): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 2-4 weeks

2. Shoulder prosthesis infection

Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin AND Rifampin for 3-6 months

3. Acne vulgaris

Topical antibiotics: Erythromycin OR Clindamycin
Systemic antibiotics: Minocycline OR Doxycycline OR Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Nocardia

1. Sulfonamide-based therapies ^[46]

1.1 Pulmonary

Preferred regimen: TMP-SMX 10 mg/kg/day (TMP) IV q6-12h for 3-6 weeks, then 2 DS PO bid for at least 5 months

1.2 Pulmonary alternatives

Preferred regimen: Sulfisoxazole OR Sulfadiazine OR Trisulfapyrimidine 3-6 g/day PO bid-qid OR TMP-SMX 2 DS bid up to 2 DS tid

1.3 CNS (AIDS, severe or disseminated disease)

Preferred regimen: TMP-SMX 15 mg/kg/day (TMP) IV for 3-6 weeks, then PO (3 DS bid) for 6-12 months

1.4 CNS alternatives

Preferred regimen: Imipenem 1000 mg IV q8h OR Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h OR Cefotaxime 2-3 g IV q6h AND Amikacin

1.5 Severe disease, compromised host, multiple sites

Preferred regimen: TMP-SMX 15 mg/kg/day (TMP) IV AND Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg q12h OR Sulfonamide 6-12 mg/day PO

1.6 Sporotrichoid (cutaneous)

Preferred regimen: TMP-SMX 1 DS bid for 4-6 months

Note (1): Immunocompetent medicine use for 6 months; Immunosuppressed medicine for 12 months
Note (2): Treat based on host, site of disease and in vitro activity; Sulfonamide usually preferred, must treat for 6-12 months; Preferred drugs for resistant strains are Amikacin and/or Imipenem
Note (3): Seriously ill usually treated with IV Imipenem or Sulfonamide or Cefotaxime all potentially combined with Amikacin; less seriously ill treated with oral agents— especially TMP-SMX or Minocycline

2. Sulfonamide alternatives

2.1 Severe

Preferred regimen (1): (For AIDS) (Imipenem 1000 mg IV q8h OR Meropenem 2 g q8h AND Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV
Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2-3 g q6-8h OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/day IV ± Amikacin

2.2 Mild

Preferred regimen: Minocycline 100 mg bid for at least 6 months (initial treatment of local disease or maintenance)
Alternative regimen: Amoxicillin clavulanate 875/125 mg bid OR Doxycycline OR Erythromycin OR Clarithromycin OR Linezolid OR Fluoroquinolone OR combinations for at least 6 months

Leuconostoc

Leuconostoc ^[47]

Preferred regimen (1): Penicillin G

Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin

Alternative regimen (1): Clindamycin

Alternative regimen (2): Erythromycin

Alternative regimen (3): Minocycline

Lactobacillus

1. Endovascular Infection ^[48]

Preferred regiemn (1): Penicillin G 20 MU/day for 6 weeks
Preferred regiemn (2): Gentamicin 1.3 mg/kg IV q8h (trough <1.5 mg/L) AND Polychlorinated naphthalene

2. Odontogenic Infection

Preferred regiemn: Clindamycin 450 mg PO qid

3. Intrabdominal Abscess

Preferred regiemn: Clindamycin 450 mg PO qid

Listeria monocytogenes

1. Meningitis ^[49]

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin 2g IV q4-6h ± Gentamicin 1.7 mg/kg IV q8h for more than 3 weeks

Alternative regimen: TMP-SMX 3-5 mg/kg (trimethoprim) IV q6h for more than 3 weeks

2. Bacteremia

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin 2g IV q4-6h ± Gentamicin 1.7 mg/kg IV q8h for 2 weeks
Alternative regimen: TMP-SMX 3-5 mg/kg (trimethoprim) q6h IV for 2 weeks

3. Brain abscess or rhomboencephalitis

Preferred regimen: Ampicillin 2g IV q4-6h ± Gentamicin 1.7 mg/kg IV q8h for 4-6 weeks
Alternative regimen: TMP-SMX 3-5 mg/kg (trimethoprim) q6h IV for 4-6 weeks

4. Gastroenteritis

Preferred regimen (1): Amoxicillin 2g IV q4-6h
Preferred regimen (2): TMP-SMX 3-5 mg/kg (trimethoprim) q6h IV for 7 days

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ^[50]

1. Erysipeloid of Rosenbach (localized cutaneous infection)

Preferred regimen (1): Penicillin G benzathine 1.2 MU IV single dose
Preferred regimen (2): Penicillin VK 250 mg PO qid for 5-7 days
Preferred regimen (3): Procaine penicillin 0.6-1.2 MU IM qd for 5-7 days
Alternative regimen (1): Erythromycin 250 mg PO qid for 5-7 days
Alternative regimen (2): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 5-7 days

2. Diffuse cutaneous infection

Preferred regimen: See localized infection

3. Bacteremia or endocarditis

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G benzathine 2-4 MU IV q4h for 4-6 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 4-6 weeks
Alternative regimen (2): Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h for 4-6 weeks
Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 4-6 weeks
Alternative regimen (4): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h for 4-6 weeks
Note: Recommended duration of therapy for endocarditis is 4 to 6 weeks, although shorter courses consisting of 2 weeks of intravenous therapy followed by 2 to 4 weeks of oral therapy have been successful

Ehrlichia

1. Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis or Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (adult) ^[51]

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO/IV q12h for 7-14 days
Note: Patients should be treated for at least 3 days after the fever subsides and until there is evidence of clinical improvement
Alternative regimen (1): Chloramphenicol 500mg PO qid

Alternative regimen (2): Rifampin 600 mg PO/IV qd for 7-10 days

2. Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis or Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (pediatric)

2.1 ≥ 8 years old

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 2 mg/kg IV/PO q12h (Maximum, 200 mg/day) for 10 days

2.2 < 8 years old without Lyme disease

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 2 mg/kg IV/PO q12h (Maximum, 200 mg/day) for 4-5 days (or 3 days after resolution of fever)

2.3 co-infected with Lyme disease

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline (see above) THEN Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/day tid (Maximum, 500 mg/dose) OR Cefuroxime 30 mg/kg/day bid (Maximum, 500 mg/dose) for 14 days

Coxiella burnetii

1. Acute Q fever ^[52]

1.1 Adults

Preferred Regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 14 days

1.2 Pediatric

1.2.1 ≥ 8 years old

Preferred regimen:Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg PO bid for 14 days (Maximum, 100 mg per dose)

1.2.2 < 8 years old with high risk criteria

Preferred regimen:Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg PO bid for 14 days (Maximum, 100 mg per dose)

1.2.3 < 8 years old with mild or uncomplicated illness

Preferred regimen:Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg PO bid for 5 days (Maximum, 100 mg per dose)
Alternative regimen: (If patient remains febrile past 5 days of treatment) Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 4-20 mg/kg PO bid for 14 days (Maximum, 800 mg per dose)

1.3 Pregnant women

Preferred regimen: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 160 mg/800 mg PO bid
Note: Should be given throughout pregnancy

2. Chronic Q fever

2.1 Endocarditis or vascular infection

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid AND hydroxychloroquine 200 mg PO tid for ≥18 months
Note: Childern and pregnant women consultation recommended

2.2 Non-cardiac organ disease

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid AND hydroxychloroquine 200 mg PO tid
Note: childern and pregnant women consultation recommended

2.3 Postpartumwith serologic profile for chronic Q fever

Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid AND hydroxychloroquine 200 mg PO tid for 12 months
Note (1): Women should only be treated postpartum if serologic titers remain elevated >12 months after delivery (immunoglobulin G phase I titer ≥1:1024); Women treated during pregnancy for acute Q fever should be monitored similarly to other patients who are at high risk for progression to chronic disease (e.g., serologic monitoring at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after delivery)
Note (2): Post-Q fever fatigue syndrome- no current recommendation

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Diphtheria treatment ^[53] ^[54]

1. Antitoxin

1.1 Pharyngeal disease <48 hrs

Preferred regimen: 20,000-40,000 U IV/IM

1.2 Nasopharyngeal

Preferred regimen: 40-60,000 U IV/IM

1.3 Extensive disease, or >72 hrs

Preferred regimen: 80-120,000 U IV/IM

Note: IV administration for severe disease

2. Antibiotics

Preferred regimen: Erythromycin 40 mg/kg/day (Maximum, 2 gm/day) PO/IV for 14 days
Alternative regimen: Procaine penicillin G 600,000 U/day IM qd for 14 days
Note: Procaine penicillin G 300,000 U/day for those weighing 10 kg or less

3. Preventive antibiotic use

Note: For close contacts, especially household contacts, a diphtheria booster, appropriate for age, should be given
Preferred regimen: Benzathine penicillin G

younger than 6 years old: 600,000 U IM
6 years old and older: 1,200,000 U IM

Alternative regimen: Erythromycin

Adult: 1 g/day PO 7-10 days

Pediatric: 40 mg/kg/day PO 7-10 days

Note (1): If surveillance of contacts cannot be maintained, they should receive benzathine penicillin G
Note (2): Maintain close surveillance and begin antitoxin at the first signs of illness

Swine influenza

Swine influenza ^[55]

1. Condition1: Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness

Preferred regimen: Oseltamivir 150 mg PO bid
Note (1): Treatment duration depends on clinical response
Note (2): Where the clinical course remains severe or progressive, despite 5 or more days of antiviral treatment, monitoring of virus replication and shedding, and antiviral drug susceptibility testing is desirable
Note (3): Antiviral treatment should be maintained without a break until virus infection is resolved or there is satisfactory clinical improvement
Note (4): Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness, but who are unable to take oral medication may be treated with oseltamivir administered by nasogastric or orogastric tube

2. Condition2: In situations where oseltamivir is not available, or not possible to use, patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness

Preferred regimen: Zanamivir inhaled
Note: Zanamivir IV should be considered where available and is recommended for those with serious or progressive illness. If not available, Peramivir IV may be considered

3. Condition3: Severely immunosuppressed patients

Preferred regimen: Antiviral chemoprophylaxis by using Oseltamivir OR Zanamivir

Trichinella spiralis

Trichinella spiralis^[56]

Preferred regimen (1): Albendazole 400 mg PO bid for 8-14 days
Preferred regimen (2): Mebendazole 200-400 mg PO tid for 3 days THEN 400-500 mg PO tid for 10 days
Note (1): Both treatment schemes are suitable for adult and pediatric dosages
Note (1): Albendazole and Mebendazole are contraindicated during pregnancy and not recommended in children aged 2 years.
Alternative regimen (1): (severe symptoms) Prednisone 30 mg/day-60 mg/day for 10-15 days
Alternative regimen (2): Pyrantel 10-20 mg/kg single dose for 2-3 days

References

↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Tortoli, E.; Besozzi, G.; Lacchini, C.; Penati, V.; Simonetti, M. T.; Emler, S. (1998-04). "Pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium szulgai, case report and review of the literature". The European Respiratory Journal. 11 (4): 975–977. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 9623706. Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and Other Influenza Viruses. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. PMID 23741777. Retrieved 2015-07-14.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
↑ Griffith, Daviday E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richarday J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, anday prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory anday Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. Unknown parameter |pmiday= ignored (help)
↑ American Thoracic Society. CDC. Infectious Diseases Society of America (2003). "Treatment of tuberculosis". MMWR Recomm Rep. 52 (RR-11): 1–77. PMID 12836625.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. ISBN 9789241547833.
↑ "The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" (PDF).
↑ "WHO".
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ "Vibrio vulnificus CDC".
↑ "Vibrio parahaemolyticus CDC".
↑ "WHO. Cholera Outbreak: Assessing the Outbreak Response and Improving Preparedness" (PDF).
↑ "Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations".
↑ "PAHO. Recommendations for clinical management of cholera".
↑ Workowski KA, Bolan GA (2015). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS, Krause PJ, Bakken JS, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler JS, Nadelman RB (2006). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (9): 1089–134. doi:10.1086/508667. PMID 17029130.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) CDC".
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ "q fever".
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ "Diphtheria CDC".
↑ WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and Other Influenza Viruses. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. PMID 23741777. Retrieved 2015-07-14.
↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.

[1] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[2] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[3] Tortoli, E.; Besozzi, G.; Lacchini, C.; Penati, V.; Simonetti, M. T.; Emler, S. (1998-04). "Pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium szulgai, case report and review of the literature". The European Respiratory Journal. 11 (4): 975–977. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 9623706. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[4] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[5] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[6] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[7] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[8] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[9] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[10] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[11] WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and Other Influenza Viruses. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. PMID 23741777. Retrieved 2015-07-14.

[12] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[13] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[14] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[15] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[16] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[17] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[18] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[19] Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.

[20] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[21] Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.

[22] Griffith, Daviday E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richarday J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, anday prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory anday Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. Unknown parameter |pmiday= ignored (help)

[pmid12836625-23] American Thoracic Society. CDC. Infectious Diseases Society of America (2003). "Treatment of tuberculosis". MMWR Recomm Rep. 52 (RR-11): 1–77. PMID 12836625.

[24] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[25] Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. ISBN 9789241547833.

[WHO-26] "The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" (PDF).

[27] "WHO".

[28] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[29] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[30] "Vibrio vulnificus CDC".

[31] "Vibrio parahaemolyticus CDC".

[32] "WHO. Cholera Outbreak: Assessing the Outbreak Response and Improving Preparedness" (PDF).

[33] "Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations".

[34] "PAHO. Recommendations for clinical management of cholera".

[pmid26042815-35] Workowski KA, Bolan GA (2015). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815.

[36] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[37] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[38] Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS, Krause PJ, Bakken JS, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler JS, Nadelman RB (2006). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (9): 1089–134. doi:10.1086/508667. PMID 17029130.

[39] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[40] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[41] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[42] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[43] "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) CDC".

[44] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[45] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[46] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[47] Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.

[48] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[49] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[50] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[51] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[52] "q fever".

[53] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[54] "Diphtheria CDC".

[55] WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and Other Influenza Viruses. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. PMID 23741777. Retrieved 2015-07-14.

[pmid19136437-56] Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

Sandbox sc

Mycobacterium terrae

Mycobacterium szulgai

Mycobacterium smegmatis

Mycobacterium mucogenicum

Mycobacterium malmoense

Mycobacterium immunogenum

Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium xenopi

Mycobacterium ulcerans

Swine influenza

Mycobacterium simiae

Mycobacterium foruitum

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum

Mycobacterium marinum

Mycobacterium kansasii

Mycobacterium gordonae

Mycobacterium genavense

Mycobacterium haemophilum

Mycobacterium chelonae

Mycobacterium celatum

Mycobacterium avium complex

Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium abscessus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacteroides fragilis

Acinetobacter baumannii

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio cholerae

Treponema pallidum

Leptospira

Borrelia recurrentis

Borrelia burgdorferi

Pasteurella multocida

Moraxella catarrhalis

Eikenella corrodens

Rickettsia rickettsii

Rhodococcus equi

Propionibacterium acnes

Nocardia

Leuconostoc

Lactobacillus

Listeria monocytogenes

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Ehrlichia

Coxiella burnetii

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Swine influenza

Trichinella spiralis

References

Navigation menu