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{{about|an enzyme|the non-profit organization|Professional Associations Research Network}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN)''', also known as '''polyadenylate-specific ribonuclease''' or '''deadenylating nuclease (DAN)''', is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PARN'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10640832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buiting K, Korner C, Ulrich B, Wahle E, Horsthemke B | title = The human gene for the poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) maps to 16p13 and has a truncated copy in the [[Prader–Willi syndrome|Prader-Willi]]/[[Angelman syndrome|Angelman]] syndrome region on 15q11→q13 | journal = Cytogenet Cell Genet | volume = 87 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 125–31 |date=May 2000 | pmid = 10640832 | pmc =  | doi =10.1159/000015378 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PARN poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (deadenylation nuclease)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5073| accessdate = }}</ref>
'''Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN)''', also known as '''polyadenylate-specific ribonuclease''' or '''deadenylating nuclease (DAN)''', is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PARN'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10640832">{{cite journal | vauthors = Buiting K, Körner C, Ulrich B, Wahle E, Horsthemke B | title = The human gene for the poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) maps to 16p13 and has a truncated copy in the [[Prader–Willi syndrome|Prader-Willi]]/[[Angelman syndrome|Angelman]] region on 15q11→q13 | journal = Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics | volume = 87 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 125–31 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10640832 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1159/000015378 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PARN poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (deadenylation nuclease)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5073| access-date = }}</ref>


== Function ==
== Function ==


Exonucleolytic degradation of the [[polyadenylation|poly(A)]] tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic [[messenger RNA|mRNAs]].  The amino acid sequence of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease shows homology to the [[RNase D]] family of 3'-[[exonuclease]]s. The protein appears to be localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is not stably associated with polysomes or ribosomal subunits.<ref name="entrez"/>
Exonucleolytic degradation of the [[polyadenylation|poly(A)]] tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic [[messenger RNA|mRNAs]].  The amino acid sequence of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease shows homology to the [[RNase D]] family of 3'-[[exonuclease]]s. The protein appears to be localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is not stably associated with polysomes or ribosomal subunits.<ref name="entrez"/> Hereditary mutations in PARN lead to the bone marrow failure disease Dyskeratosis Congenita which is caused by defective telomerase RNA processing and degradation in patients.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tummala H, Walne A, Collopy L, Cardoso S, de la Fuente J, Lawson S, Powell J, Cooper N, Foster A, Mohammed S, Plagnol V, Vulliamy T, Dokal I | title = Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease deficiency impacts telomere biology and causes dyskeratosis congenita | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 125 | issue = 5 | pages = 2151–60 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25893599 | pmc = 4463202 | doi = 10.1172/JCI78963 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhanraj S, Gunja SM, Deveau AP, Nissbeck M, Boonyawat B, Coombs AJ, Renieri A, Mucciolo M, Marozza A, Buoni S, Turner L, Li H, Jarrar A, Sabanayagam M, Kirby M, Shago M, Pinto D, Berman JN, Scherer SW, Virtanen A, Dror Y | title = Bone marrow failure and developmental delay caused by mutations in poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 52 | issue = 11 | pages = 738–48 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26342108 | doi = 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103292 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stuart BD, Choi J, Zaidi S, Xing C, Holohan B, Chen R, Choi M, Dharwadkar P, Torres F, Girod CE, Weissler J, Fitzgerald J, Kershaw C, Klesney-Tait J, Mageto Y, Shay JW, Ji W, Bilguvar K, Mane S, Lifton RP, Garcia CK | title = Exome sequencing links mutations in PARN and RTEL1 with familial pulmonary fibrosis and telomere shortening | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 512–7 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25848748 | pmc = 4414891 | doi = 10.1038/ng.3278 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shukla S, Schmidt JC, Goldfarb KC, Cech TR, Parker R | title = Inhibition of telomerase RNA decay rescues telomerase deficiency caused by dyskerin or PARN defects | journal = Nature Structural & Molecular Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 286–92 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26950371 | pmc = 4830462 | doi = 10.1038/nsmb.3184 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tseng CK, Wang HF, Burns AM, Schroeder MR, Gaspari M, Baumann P | title = Human Telomerase RNA Processing and Quality Control | journal = Cell Reports | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = 2232–43 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26628367 | doi = 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.075 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nguyen D, Grenier St-Sauveur V, Bergeron D, Dupuis-Sandoval F, Scott MS, Bachand F | title = A Polyadenylation-Dependent 3' End Maturation Pathway Is Required for the Synthesis of the Human Telomerase RNA | journal = Cell Reports | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = 2244–57 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26628368 | doi = 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moon DH, Segal M, Boyraz B, Guinan E, Hofmann I, Cahan P, Tai AK, Agarwal S | title = Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) mediates 3'-end maturation of the telomerase RNA component | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 47 | issue = 12 | pages = 1482–8 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26482878 | pmc = 4791094 | doi = 10.1038/ng.3423 }}</ref>


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|32em}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin|32em}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Körner CG, Wahle E | title = Poly(A) tail shortening by a mammalian poly(A)-specific 3'-exoribonuclease | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 16 | pages = 10448–56 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9099687 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.16.10448 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Körner CG, Wormington M, Muckenthaler M, Schneider S, Dehlin E, Wahle E | title = The deadenylating nuclease (DAN) is involved in poly(A) tail removal during the meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 17 | issue = 18 | pages = 5427–37 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9736620 | pmc = 1170868 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/17.18.5427 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Körner CG, Wahle E |title=Poly(A) tail shortening by a mammalian poly(A)-specific 3'-exoribonuclease |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 16 |pages= 10448–56 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9099687 |doi=10.1074/jbc.272.16.10448 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dehlin E, Wormington M, Körner CG, Wahle E | title = Cap-dependent deadenylation of mRNA | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 1079–86 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10698948 | pmc = 305646 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/19.5.1079 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Körner CG, Wormington M, Muckenthaler M, etal |title=The deadenylating nuclease (DAN) is involved in poly(A) tail removal during the meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes |journal=EMBO J. |volume=17 |issue= 18 |pages= 5427–37 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9736620 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/17.18.5427 | pmc=1170868 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Martinez J, Ren YG, Thuresson AC, Hellman U, Astrom J, Virtanen A | title = A 54-kDa fragment of the Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease is an oligomeric, processive, and cap-interacting Poly(A)-specific 3' exonuclease | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 275 | issue = 31 | pages = 24222–30 | date = August 2000 | pmid = 10801819 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M001705200 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Dehlin E, Wormington M, Körner CG, Wahle E |title=Cap-dependent deadenylation of mRNA |journal=EMBO J. |volume=19 |issue= 5 |pages= 1079–86 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10698948 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/19.5.1079 | pmc=305646 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gao M, Fritz DT, Ford LP, Wilusz J | title = Interaction between a poly(A)-specific ribonuclease and the 5' cap influences mRNA deadenylation rates in vitro | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 479–88 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10882133 | pmc = 2811581 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80442-6 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Martinez J, Ren YG, Thuresson AC, etal |title=A 54-kDa fragment of the Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease is an oligomeric, processive, and cap-interacting Poly(A)-specific 3' exonuclease |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 31 |pages= 24222–30 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10801819 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M001705200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gao M, Wilusz CJ, Peltz SW, Wilusz J | title = A novel mRNA-decapping activity in HeLa cytoplasmic extracts is regulated by AU-rich elements | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 1134–43 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11230136 | pmc = 145468 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/20.5.1134 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Gao M, Fritz DT, Ford LP, Wilusz J |title=Interaction between a Poly(A)-Specific Ribonuclease and the 5′ Cap Influences mRNA Deadenylation Rates In Vitro |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=5 |issue= 3 |pages= 479–88 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10882133 |doi=10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80442-6 | pmc=2811581  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Martînez J, Ren YG, Nilsson P, Ehrenberg M, Virtanen A | title = The mRNA cap structure stimulates rate of poly(A) removal and amplifies processivity of degradation | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 30 | pages = 27923–9 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11359775 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M102270200 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Gao M, Wilusz CJ, Peltz SW, Wilusz J |title=A novel mRNA-decapping activity in HeLa cytoplasmic extracts is regulated by AU-rich elements |journal=EMBO J. |volume=20 |issue= 5 |pages= 1134–43 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11230136 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/20.5.1134 | pmc=145468 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Copeland PR, Wormington M | title = The mechanism and regulation of deadenylation: identification and characterization of Xenopus PARN | journal = RNA | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 875–86 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11424938 | pmc = 1370141 | doi = 10.1017/S1355838201010020 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Martînez J, Ren YG, Nilsson P, etal |title=The mRNA cap structure stimulates rate of poly(A) removal and amplifies processivity of degradation |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 30 |pages= 27923–9 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11359775 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M102270200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen CY, Gherzi R, Ong SE, Chan EL, Raijmakers R, Pruijn GJ, Stoecklin G, Moroni C, Mann M, Karin M | title = AU binding proteins recruit the exosome to degrade ARE-containing mRNAs | journal = Cell | volume = 107 | issue = 4 | pages = 451–64 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11719186 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00578-5 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Copeland PR, Wormington M |title=The mechanism and regulation of deadenylation: identification and characterization of Xenopus PARN |journal=RNA |volume=7 |issue= 6 |pages= 875–86 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11424938 |doi=10.1017/S1355838201010020 | pmc=1370141  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ren YG, Martínez J, Virtanen A | title = Identification of the active site of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease by site-directed mutagenesis and Fe(2+)-mediated cleavage | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 8 | pages = 5982–7 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11742007 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M111515200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Chen CY, Gherzi R, Ong SE, etal |title=AU binding proteins recruit the exosome to degrade ARE-containing mRNAs |journal=Cell |volume=107 |issue= 4 |pages= 451–64 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11719186 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00578-5 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersen JS, Lyon CE, Fox AH, Leung AK, Lam YW, Steen H, Mann M, Lamond AI | title = Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus | journal = Current Biology | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–11 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11790298 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Ren YG, Martínez J, Virtanen A |title=Identification of the active site of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease by site-directed mutagenesis and Fe(2+)-mediated cleavage |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 8 |pages= 5982–7 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11742007 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M111515200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Scherl A, Couté Y, Déon C, Callé A, Kindbeiter K, Sanchez JC, Greco A, Hochstrasser D, Diaz JJ | title = Functional proteomic analysis of human nucleolus | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 4100–9 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12429849 | pmc = 133617 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.E02-05-0271 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Andersen JS, Lyon CE, Fox AH, etal |title=Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=12 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–11 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11790298 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lai WS, Kennington EA, Blackshear PJ | title = Tristetraprolin and its family members can promote the cell-free deadenylation of AU-rich element-containing mRNAs by poly(A) ribonuclease | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 3798–812 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12748283 | pmc = 155217 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.23.11.3798-3812.2003 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Scherl A, Couté Y, Déon C, etal |title=Functional Proteomic Analysis of Human Nucleolus |journal=Mol. Biol. Cell |volume=13 |issue= 11 |pages= 4100–9 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12429849 |doi= 10.1091/mbc.E02-05-0271 | pmc=133617 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lejeune F, Li X, Maquat LE | title = Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in mammalian cells involves decapping, deadenylating, and exonucleolytic activities | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 675–87 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 14527413 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00349-6 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899  | pmc=139241 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gherzi R, Lee KY, Briata P, Wegmüller D, Moroni C, Karin M, Chen CY | title = A KH domain RNA binding protein, KSRP, promotes ARE-directed mRNA turnover by recruiting the degradation machinery | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 571–83 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15175153 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.05.002 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Lai WS, Kennington EA, Blackshear PJ |title=Tristetraprolin and Its Family Members Can Promote the Cell-Free Deadenylation of AU-Rich Element-Containing mRNAs by Poly(A) Ribonuclease |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=23 |issue= 11 |pages= 3798–812 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12748283 |doi=10.1128/MCB.23.11.3798-3812.2003 | pmc=155217  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lehner B, Sanderson CM | title = A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 1315–23 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15231747 | pmc = 442147 | doi = 10.1101/gr.2122004 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Lejeune F, Li X, Maquat LE |title=Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in mammalian cells involves decapping, deadenylating, and exonucleolytic activities |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=12 |issue= 3 |pages= 675–87 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14527413 |doi=10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00349-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ren YG, Kirsebom LA, Virtanen A | title = Coordination of divalent metal ions in the active site of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 47 | pages = 48702–6 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15358788 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M403858200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, etal |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Gherzi R, Lee KY, Briata P, etal |title=A KH domain RNA binding protein, KSRP, promotes ARE-directed mRNA turnover by recruiting the degradation machinery |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=14 |issue= 5 |pages= 571–83 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15175153 |doi= 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.05.002 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Lehner B, Sanderson CM |title=A Protein Interaction Framework for Human mRNA Degradation |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 7 |pages= 1315–23 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15231747 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2122004 | pmc=442147 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Ren YG, Kirsebom LA, Virtanen A |title=Coordination of divalent metal ions in the active site of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=279 |issue= 47 |pages= 48702–6 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15358788 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M403858200 }}
}}
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{{refend}}


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[[Category:EC 3.1.13]]
[[Category:EC 3.1.13]]

Latest revision as of 09:25, 10 January 2019

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SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN), also known as polyadenylate-specific ribonuclease or deadenylating nuclease (DAN), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARN gene.[1][2]

Function

Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs. The amino acid sequence of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease shows homology to the RNase D family of 3'-exonucleases. The protein appears to be localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is not stably associated with polysomes or ribosomal subunits.[2] Hereditary mutations in PARN lead to the bone marrow failure disease Dyskeratosis Congenita which is caused by defective telomerase RNA processing and degradation in patients.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

References

  1. ↑ Buiting K, Körner C, Ulrich B, Wahle E, Horsthemke B (May 2000). "Prader-Willi". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 87 (1–2): 125–31. doi:10.1159/000015378. PMID 10640832.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: PARN poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (deadenylation nuclease)".
  3. ↑ Tummala H, Walne A, Collopy L, Cardoso S, de la Fuente J, Lawson S, Powell J, Cooper N, Foster A, Mohammed S, Plagnol V, Vulliamy T, Dokal I (May 2015). "Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease deficiency impacts telomere biology and causes dyskeratosis congenita". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (5): 2151–60. doi:10.1172/JCI78963. PMC 4463202. PMID 25893599.
  4. ↑ Dhanraj S, Gunja SM, Deveau AP, Nissbeck M, Boonyawat B, Coombs AJ, Renieri A, Mucciolo M, Marozza A, Buoni S, Turner L, Li H, Jarrar A, Sabanayagam M, Kirby M, Shago M, Pinto D, Berman JN, Scherer SW, Virtanen A, Dror Y (November 2015). "Bone marrow failure and developmental delay caused by mutations in poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN)". Journal of Medical Genetics. 52 (11): 738–48. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103292. PMID 26342108.
  5. ↑ Stuart BD, Choi J, Zaidi S, Xing C, Holohan B, Chen R, Choi M, Dharwadkar P, Torres F, Girod CE, Weissler J, Fitzgerald J, Kershaw C, Klesney-Tait J, Mageto Y, Shay JW, Ji W, Bilguvar K, Mane S, Lifton RP, Garcia CK (May 2015). "Exome sequencing links mutations in PARN and RTEL1 with familial pulmonary fibrosis and telomere shortening". Nature Genetics. 47 (5): 512–7. doi:10.1038/ng.3278. PMC 4414891. PMID 25848748.
  6. ↑ Shukla S, Schmidt JC, Goldfarb KC, Cech TR, Parker R (April 2016). "Inhibition of telomerase RNA decay rescues telomerase deficiency caused by dyskerin or PARN defects". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 23 (4): 286–92. doi:10.1038/nsmb.3184. PMC 4830462. PMID 26950371.
  7. ↑ Tseng CK, Wang HF, Burns AM, Schroeder MR, Gaspari M, Baumann P (December 2015). "Human Telomerase RNA Processing and Quality Control". Cell Reports. 13 (10): 2232–43. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.075. PMID 26628367.
  8. ↑ Nguyen D, Grenier St-Sauveur V, Bergeron D, Dupuis-Sandoval F, Scott MS, Bachand F (December 2015). "A Polyadenylation-Dependent 3' End Maturation Pathway Is Required for the Synthesis of the Human Telomerase RNA". Cell Reports. 13 (10): 2244–57. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.003. PMID 26628368.
  9. ↑ Moon DH, Segal M, Boyraz B, Guinan E, Hofmann I, Cahan P, Tai AK, Agarwal S (December 2015). "Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) mediates 3'-end maturation of the telomerase RNA component". Nature Genetics. 47 (12): 1482–8. doi:10.1038/ng.3423. PMC 4791094. PMID 26482878.

Further reading


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