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{{Drugbox|
{{Drugbox
|IUPAC_name =  
| Verifiedfields = changed
| image=Mianserin.svg
| Watchedfields = changed
| width=120
| verifiedrevid = 420283195
| CAS_number=24219-97-4
| IUPAC_name = (±)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[''c,f'']pyrazino[1,2-''a'']azepine
| ATC_prefix=N06
| image = Mianserin 2D structure.svg
| ATC_suffix=AX03  
| width = 200
| ATC_supplemental=
| image2 = Mianserin3Dan2.gif
| PubChem=4184
| width2 = 200
| DrugBank=
 
| C=18 | H=20 | N=2
<!--Clinical data-->
| pregnancy_AU = B2
| pregnancy_US =
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_UK = POM
| tradename =  Bolvidon (discontinued), Tolvon
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|mianserin}}
 
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability  = 20–30%<ref name = "DD" />
| protein_bound    = 95%<ref name = "DD" />
| metabolism        = [[Hepatic]] (mediated by [[CYP2D6]]; most metabolism occurs via aromatic hydroxylation, N-oxidation and N-demethylation)<ref name = "DD" />
| elimination_half-life = 21–61 hours<ref name = "TOLVON" />
| excretion        = [[Renal]] (4–7%)<br> [[Faeces|Faecal]] (14–28%)<ref name = "DD" />
| routes_of_administration = Oral
 
<!--Identifiers-->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 24219-97-4
| ATC_prefix = N06
| ATC_suffix = AX03
| PubChem = 4184
| IUPHAR_ligand = 135
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|changed|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB06148
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4040
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 250PJI13LM
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D08216
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 51137
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 6437
 
<!--Chemical data-->
| C=18 | H=20 | N=2  
| molecular_weight = 264.365
| molecular_weight = 264.365
| bioavailability=  
| smiles = c42c(N3C(c1ccccc1C2)CN(C)CC3)cccc4
| metabolism =  
| InChI = 1/C18H20N2/c1-19-10-11-20-17-9-5-3-7-15(17)12-14-6-2-4-8-16(14)18(20)13-19/h2-9,18H,10-13H2,1H3
| elimination_half-life=
| InChIKey = UEQUQVLFIPOEMF-UHFFFAOYAO
| excretion =
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| pregnancy_category =  
| StdInChI = 1S/C18H20N2/c1-19-10-11-20-17-9-5-3-7-15(17)12-14-6-2-4-8-16(14)18(20)13-19/h2-9,18H,10-13H2,1H3
| legal_status =  
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| routes_of_administration=  
| StdInChIKey = UEQUQVLFIPOEMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}
}}
'''Mianserin''' is a [[tetracyclic antidepressant]] that has [[antihistaminic]] and hypnosedative, but almost no [[anticholinergic]], effect. Mianserin is a weak inhibitor of [[norepinephrine]] reuptake and strongly stimulates the release of norepinephrine. Interactions with [[serotonin]] receptors in the [[central nervous system]] have also been found. Its effect is usually noticeable after one to three weeks. It was previously available internationally, however in most markets it has been phased out in favor of [[Mirtazapine]].
[[File:Mianserin.JPG|thumb|Mianserin]]


Mianserin blocks inhibitory [[adrenergic receptor|α2-autoreceptors]] on central noradrenergic nerve endings, and so may increase the amount of noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft. It may also cause [[agranulocytosis]] and [[aplastic anaemia]].
'''Mianserin''' (brand names: '''Depnon''' <small>([[India|IN]])</small>, '''Lantanon''' <small>([[South Africa|ZA]])</small>, '''Lerivon''' <small>([[Argentina|AR]], [[Belgium|BE]], [[Czech Republic|CZ]], [[Poland|PL]], [[Russia|RU]], [[Slovakia|SK]])</small>, '''Lumin''' <small>([[Australia|AU]])</small>, '''Norval''' <small>([[United Kingdom|UK]])</small>, '''Tolvon''' <small>([[Australia|AU]], [[Hong Kong|HK]]<sup>†</sup>, [[Ireland|IE]]<sup>†</sup>, [[New Zealand|NZ]], [[Singapore|SG]]<sup>†</sup>)</small>, '''Tolmin''' <small>([[Denmark|DK]])</small>; where † indicates discontinued products) is a [[psychoactive drug]] of the [[tetracyclic antidepressant]] (TeCA) therapeutic family. It is classified as a [[noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant]] (NaSSA) and has [[antidepressant]], [[anxiolytic]] (anti-anxiety), [[hypnotic]] (sedating), [[antiemetic]] (nausea and vomiting-attenuating), [[orexigenic]] (appetite-stimulating), and [[antihistamine]] effects.


Mianserin has been shown to increase the lifespan of the nematode [[Caenorhabditis_elegans|''C. elegans'']] by 30%.<ref>Antidepressant Found To Extend Lifespan In ''C. elegans'' http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071121144946.htm</ref>
It is not approved for use in the [[United States of America|US]], but its analogue, [[mirtazapine]], is. Mianserin was the first antidepressant to reach the UK market that was less dangerous than the [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s in overdose.<ref>{{cite isbn|9780443102851}}</ref>
<ref>An antidepressant that extends lifespan in adult ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7169/abs/nature05991.html</ref>


== Medical uses ==


==References==
When used for the treatment of depression, its efficacy appears comparable to that of [[amitriptyline]], [[citalopram]], [[clomipramine]], [[dothiepin]], [[doxepin]], [[fluoxetine]], [[flupenthixol]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[imipramine]], [[moclobemide]], [[nortriptyline]], [[paroxetine]], and [[trazodone]].<ref name = "DD" /><ref name="pmid6346303">{{cite journal | author = Wakeling A | title = Efficacy and side effects of mianserin, a tetracyclic antidepressant | journal = Postgrad Med J | volume = 59 | issue = 690 | pages = 229–31 |date=April 1983 | pmid = 6346303 | pmc = 2417496 | doi = 10.1136/pgmj.59.690.229}}</ref> Mianserin received [[Therapeutic Goods Administration|TGA]] approval in May 1996.<ref name = LUMIN />
 
Similarly to its analogue, mirtazapine, mianserin has been tried as an augmentation strategy in treatment-resistant depression with some success.<ref name="pmid11202131">{{cite journal | author = Ferreri M, Lavergne F, Berlin I, Payan C, Puech AJ | title = Benefits from mianserin augmentation of fluoxetine in patients with major depression non-responders to fluoxetine alone | journal = Acta Psychiatr Scand | volume = 103 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–72 |date=January 2001 | pmid = 11202131 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2001.00148.x }}</ref> Mianserin has been tried, similarly to mirtazapine, as an adjunct in schizophrenia and has been found to reduce negative and cognitive symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Effect of the 5-HT2 antagonist mianserin on cognitive dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia patients: an add-on, double-blind placebo-controlled study|journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology|date=March 2003|pages=123–128|volume=13|issue=2|doi=10.1016/S0924-977X(02)00155-4|pmid=12650957|author=Poyurovsky, M; Koren, D; Gonopolsky, I; Schneidman, M; Fuchs, C; Weizman, A; Weizman, R}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Mianserin or placebo as adjuncts to typical antipsychotics in resistant schizophrenia|author=Shiloh, R; Zemishlany, Z; Aizenberg, D; Valevski, A; Bodinger, L; Munitz, H; Weizman, A|journal=International Clinical Psychopharmacology|date=March 2002|volume=17|issue=2|pages=59–64|pmid=11890187|doi=10.1097/00004850-200203000-00003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Effects of mianserin on negative symptoms in schizophrenia|journal=International Clinical Psychopharmacology|author=Mizuki, Y; Kajimura, N; Imai, T; Suetsugi, M; Kai, S; Kaneyuki, H; Yamada, M|volume=5|issue=2|pages=83–95|pmid=1696292|date=April 1990|doi=10.1097/00004850-199004000-00002}}</ref>
 
Mianserin has demonstrated efficacy as a monotherapy for the treatment of [[Parkinson's disease]] psychosis in an open-label clinical trial.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mianserin treatment of patients with psychosis induced by antiparkinsonian drugs|journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience|date=1995|volume=244|issue=6|pages=320–324|pmid=7772616|doi=10.1007/BF02190411|author=Ikeguchi, K; Kuroda, A}}</ref>
 
== Adverse effects ==
 
=== Side effects ===
 
Information sources:<ref name = "DD">Truven Health Analytics, Inc. DRUGDEX® System (Internet) [cited 2013 Sep 29]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomsen Healthcare; 2013.</ref><ref name = "TOLVON">{{cite web | title = Tolvon Product Information | url = http://www.medicines.org.au/files/mkptolvo.pdf | author = Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Limited | publisher = GuildLink Pty Ltd }}</ref><ref name = "LUMIN">{{cite web |  title = Lumin Mianserin hydrochloride product information | url = http://www.medicines.org.au/files/afplumin.pdf | author = AlphaPharm | publisher = GuildLink Pty Ltd }}</ref><ref name = "AMH">{{cite web | title = Australian Medicines Handbook | url = http://www.amh.net.au  | year = 2013 | publisher = Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd }}</ref><ref name = "BNF">{{cite book | title = British National Formulary (BNF) | edition = 65th | author = | publisher = Pharmaceutical Press | pages = 1120  | isbn = 978-0857110848 }}</ref>
 
;Very common (incidence>10%) adverse effects include:
* Constipation
* Dry mouth
* Somnolence/drowsiness (transiently at the beginning of therapy)
 
;Common (1%<incidence≤10%) adverse effects include:
* Somnolence/drowsiness (during maintenance therapy, that is, in some patients this side effect persists)
* Tremor
* Headache
* Dizziness
* Vertigo
* Dry mouth
* Weakness
 
;Uncommon (0.1%<incidence≤1%) adverse effects include:
* Weight gain — likely related to its potent antihistamine and [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub>]] receptor-antagonist effects.
 
;Rare (0.01%<incidence≤0.1%) adverse effects include:
* Oedema — the swelling of the body's tissues due to fluid draining into said tissues.
* Arthralgia (joint pain)
* Arthritis
* Rash
* Akathisia — a sense of inner restlessness that is often distressing for patients.
* Orthostatic hypotension — the dropping of blood pressure upon standing up leading to light-headedness, dizziness and even fainting
* Hypomania — an excessively elated/irritable mood that can be dangerous.
* Bradycardia — low heart rate.
* Disturbances of liver function (including jaundice) — the [[Australian Medicines Handbook]] recommends that patients with a history of liver disease undergo regular liver function tests and that treatment is ceased at the first sign of jaundice.
* Exanthema
 
;Very rare (Incidence≤0.01%) adverse effects include:
* Seizures
* Blood dyscrasias (particularly [[neutropaenia]] — a drop in the neutrophils which are part of the body's immune system that is particularly tailored to destroying bacteria — and [[agranulocytosis]] — a potentially life-threatening drop in the white blood cells of the immune system leaving the patient open to potentially fatal infections.) — for this reason in the [[Australian Medicines Handbook]] 2013 and the [[British National Formulary]] 65 it is recommended that the prescribing physician checks the patient's complete blood counts (CBCs) at the initiation of treatment and then every four weeks until 3 months have passed.<ref name = "AMH" /><ref name = "BNF" /> Some cases of mianserin-induced blood dyscrasias have been fatal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mianserin Hydrochloride|date=5 December 2011|accessdate=3 November 2013|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/2527-z.htm|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain}}</ref>
* [[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]] — an often life-threatening drug reaction that is characterised by:
:- Tremor
:- Hyperthermia (high body temperature)
:- Muscle rigidity
:- Autonomic dysregulation (e.g. [[tachycardia]] (high heart rate), [[diaphoresis]] (profuse sweating), urinary and faecal incontinence,  difficulty swallowing, etc.)
:- Mental status change (e.g. delirium, hallucinations, coma, stupor, etc.)
* Restless legs
* Cardiac arrest
* Cardiac failure
 
;Rare/very rare adverse effects include:
* Nasal congestion
* Paraesthesia
* Vision abnormality
* Diplopia — seeing double.
* Gynaecomastia — abnormal breast enlargement in males.
* Impotence
* Myalgia — muscle aches.
* Pruritus — itchiness
* Hypertension
* Tachycardia
* Tinnitus — hearing ringing in the ears in the absence of an actual sound.
* Confusion
* Agitation
 
=== Interactions ===
[[CYP2D6]] inhibitors such as the [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs), [[quinidine]], [[ritonavir]], etc. would likely raise plasma levels of mianserin and hence could lead to mianserin toxicity. Conversely, CYP2D6 inducers would likely lead to reduced mianserin plasma concentrations and hence potentially diminish the therapeutic effects of mianserin.<ref name = "DD" />
 
=== Withdrawal ===
 
Abrupt or rapid [[discontinuation]] of mianserin may provoke a [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal]], the [[adverse effect|effect]]s of which may include [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]], [[panic attack]]s,<ref name="pmid2796025">{{cite journal | author = Kuniyoshi M, Arikawa K, Miura C, Inanaga K | title = Panic anxiety after abrupt discontinuation of mianserin | journal = Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–9 |date=June 1989 | pmid = 2796025 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1989.tb02564.x }}</ref> decreased [[appetite]] or [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], [[insomnia]], [[diarrhea]], [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], and [[flu]]-like symptoms, such as [[allergies]] or [[pruritus]], among others.
 
=== Overdose ===
 
Overdose of mianserin is known to produce the following symptoms:<ref name = "MPG">Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 11th ed. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.</ref>
 
* Sedation
* Coma
* Hypotension
* Hypertension
* Tachycardia
* QT interval prolongation
 
and is relatively safe in overdose similarly to its successor mirtazapine.<ref name = "MPG" />
 
== Pharmacology ==
 
Mianserin is an [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]]/[[inverse agonist]] of the [[histamine H1 receptor|H<sub>1</sub>]], [[5-HT1D|5-HT<sub>1D</sub>]], [[5-HT2A|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]], [[5-HT2B|5-HT<sub>2B</sub>]], [[5-HT2C|5-HT<sub>2C</sub>]], [[5-HT3|5-HT<sub>3</sub>]], [[5-HT6|5-HT<sub>6</sub>]], [[5-HT7|5-HT<sub>7</sub>]], [[alpha-1 adrenergic receptor|α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic]], and [[alpha-2 adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptors]], and also [[reuptake inhibitor|inhibit]]s the [[reuptake]] of [[norepinephrine]].<ref name="bookchizophrenia and Mood Disorders: The New Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice">{{cite book | author = Leonard B, Richelson H | editor = Buckley JL, Waddington PF | title = Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders: The New Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice | year = 2000 | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-7506-4096-1 | chapter = Synaptic Effects of Antidepressants: Relationship to Their Therapeutic and Adverse Effects | pages = 67–84 }}</ref><ref name="KubinyiMüller2006">{{cite book | editor = Kubinyi H, Müller G, Mannhold R, Folkers G | title = Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective | author = Müller G | chapter = Target Family-directed Masterkeys in Chemogenomics | chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=oxvYXJSCImUC&pg=PA25 | accessdate = 13 May 2012 | date = 8 May 2006 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 978-3-527-60402-9 | page = 25}}</ref> As a high [[Affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] H<sub>1</sub> receptor inverse agonist, mianserin has strong [[antihistamine]] [[adverse effect|effect]]s (sedation, weight gain, etc.). Contrarily, it has negligible [[Affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] for the [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor|mACh receptor]]s, and thus lacks [[anticholinergic]] properties. It was recently found to be a weak (K<sub>i</sub> = 1.7 μM, [[EC50|EC<sub>50</sub>]] = 0.53 μM) [[κ-opioid receptor]] [[partial agonist]].<ref name="pmid22708686">{{cite journal | author = Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P | title = The atypical antidepressant mianserin exhibits agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors | journal = Br. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 167 | issue = 6 | pages = 1329–41 |date=November 2012 | pmid = 22708686 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02078.x }}</ref>
 
In addition, mianserin also appears to be a potent antagonist of the neuronal [[octopamine]] receptor.<ref name="pmid2086239">{{cite journal | author = Roeder T | title = High-affinity antagonists of the locust neuronal octopamine receptor | journal = Eur. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 191 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–4 |date=November 1990 | pmid = 2086239 | doi = 10.1016/0014-2999(90)94151-M }}</ref>
What implications this may have on mood are currently unknown, however octopamine has been implicated in the regulation of sleep, appetite and insulin production and therefore may theoretically contribute to the overall side effect profile of mianserin.<ref name="pmid18799671">{{cite journal | author = Crocker A, Sehgal A | title = Octopamine regulates sleep in drosophila through protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 28 | issue = 38 | pages = 9377–85 |date=September 2008 | pmid = 18799671 | pmc = 2742176 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3072-08a.2008 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15000448">{{cite journal | author = Bour S, Visentin V, Prévot D, Carpéné C | title = Moderate weight-lowering effect of octopamine treatment in obese Zucker rats | journal = J. Physiol. Biochem. | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 175–82 |date=September 2003 | pmid = 15000448 | doi = 10.1007/BF03179913 }}</ref>
 
Blockade of the H<sub>1</sub> and α1-adrenergic receptors has [[sedative]] effects,<ref name = "TOLVON"/> and also antagonism of the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> and α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors inhibits activation of [[intracellular]] [[phospholipase C]] (PLC), which seems to be a common target for several different [[chemical classification|class]]es of [[antidepressant]]s.<ref name="pmid12527476">{{cite journal | author = Dwivedi Y, Agrawal AK, Rizavi HS, Pandey GN | title = Antidepressants reduce phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity and the mRNA and protein expression of selective PLC beta 1 isozyme in rat brain | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 43 | issue = 8 | pages = 1269–79 |date=December 2002 | pmid = 12527476 | doi = 10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00253-8 }}</ref> By antagonizing the [[somatodendritic]] and [[presynaptic]] α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptors which function predominantly as [[IPSP|inhibitory]] [[autoreceptor]]s and [[heteroreceptor]]s, mianserin disinhibits the release of [[norepinephrine]], [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and [[acetylcholine]] in various areas of the [[brain]] and [[Human body|body]].
 
=== Enantioselectivity ===


{{reflist|2}}
[[File:Esmianserin.svg|thumb|right|(''S'')-mianserin]]
(''S'')-(+)-Mianserin is approximately 200–300 times more active than its antipode (''R'')-(−)-mianserin.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}


{{Antidepressants}}
=== Binding profile ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Molecular target !! Binding affinity (K<sub>i</sub> [nM])<ref>{{cite web | title = PDSP K<sub>i</sub> Database | work = Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) | author =  Roth, BL; Driscol, J | url = http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php | publisher = University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health | accessdate = 13 October 2013 | date = 12 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Serotonin transporter|SERT]] || 4000
|-
| [[Norepinephrine transporter|NET]] || 71
|-
| [[Dopamine transporter|DAT]] || 9400
|-
| [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub>]] || 1500
|-
| [[5-HT1F receptor|5-HT<sub>1F</sub>]] || 12.6
|-
| [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]] || 3.21
|-
| [[5-HT2B receptor|5-HT<sub>2B</sub>]] || 10.9
|-
| [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub>]] || 2.59
|-
| [[5-HT6 receptor|5-HT<sub>6</sub>]] || 68.1
|-
| [[5-HT7 receptor|5-HT<sub>7</sub>]] || 56
|-
| [[Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor|α<sub>1</sub> adrenoceptor]] || 74 (Cloned rat receptor)
|-
| [[Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2A</sub> adrenoceptor]] || 4.8
|-
| [[Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2B</sub> adrenoceptor]] || 27
|-
| [[Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2C</sub> adrenoceptor]] || 3.8
|-
| [[Dopamine D1 receptor|D<sub>1</sub> receptor]] || 923
|-
| [[Dopamine D2 receptor|D<sub>2</sub> receptor]] || 2052
|-
| [[Dopamine D3 receptor|D<sub>3</sub> receptor]] || 2841
|-
| [[Histamine H1 receptor|H<sub>1</sub> receptor]] || 1.0
|-
| [[Histamine H4 receptor|H<sub>4</sub> receptor]] || 750
|}
==See also==
*[[Aptazapine]]
==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}


<!--Categories-->
==Further reading==
[[Category:Tetracyclic antidepressants]]
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | author = Peet M, Behagel H | title = Mianserin: a decade of scientific development | journal = Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. | volume = 5 Suppl 1 | issue = | pages = 5S–9S | year = 1978 | pmid = 623702 | pmc = 1429213 | doi = | url = }}
{{refend}}


==External links==
* [http://www.nmhct.nhs.uk/pharmacy/depr3.htm Treatments for Depression – Mianserin]


{{pharma-stub}}


<!--Other languages-->
{{Antidepressants}}
{{Histaminergics}}
{{Monoaminergics}}
{{Opioidergics}}
{{Tricyclics}}


[[de:Mianserin]]
[[Category:Alpha-2 blockers]]
[[it:Mianserina]]
[[Category:H1 receptor antagonists]]
[[ja:塩酸ミアンセリン]]
[[Category:Kappa agonists]]
[[pl:Mianseryna]]
[[Category:Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants]]
[[sv:Mianserin]]
[[Category:Piperazines]]
[[zh:米塞林]]
[[Category:Serotonin antagonists]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Tetracyclic antidepressants]]

Revision as of 13:07, 7 April 2015

Mianserin
File:Mianserin 2D structure.svg
Clinical data
Trade namesBolvidon (discontinued), Tolvon
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability20–30%[1]
Protein binding95%[1]
MetabolismHepatic (mediated by CYP2D6; most metabolism occurs via aromatic hydroxylation, N-oxidation and N-demethylation)[1]
Elimination half-life21–61 hours[2]
ExcretionRenal (4–7%)
Faecal (14–28%)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
E number{{#property:P628}}
ECHA InfoCard{{#property:P2566}}Lua error in Module:EditAtWikidata at line 36: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC18H20N2
Molar mass264.365
3D model (JSmol)
 ☒N☑Y (what is this?)  (verify)
File:Mianserin.JPG
Mianserin

Mianserin (brand names: Depnon (IN), Lantanon (ZA), Lerivon (AR, BE, CZ, PL, RU, SK), Lumin (AU), Norval (UK), Tolvon (AU, HK†, IE†, NZ, SG†), Tolmin (DK); where † indicates discontinued products) is a psychoactive drug of the tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) therapeutic family. It is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) and has antidepressant, anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), hypnotic (sedating), antiemetic (nausea and vomiting-attenuating), orexigenic (appetite-stimulating), and antihistamine effects.

It is not approved for use in the US, but its analogue, mirtazapine, is. Mianserin was the first antidepressant to reach the UK market that was less dangerous than the tricyclic antidepressants in overdose.[3]

Medical uses

When used for the treatment of depression, its efficacy appears comparable to that of amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluoxetine, flupenthixol, fluvoxamine, imipramine, moclobemide, nortriptyline, paroxetine, and trazodone.[1][4] Mianserin received TGA approval in May 1996.[5]

Similarly to its analogue, mirtazapine, mianserin has been tried as an augmentation strategy in treatment-resistant depression with some success.[6] Mianserin has been tried, similarly to mirtazapine, as an adjunct in schizophrenia and has been found to reduce negative and cognitive symptoms.[7][8][9]

Mianserin has demonstrated efficacy as a monotherapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis in an open-label clinical trial.[10]

Adverse effects

Side effects

Information sources:[1][2][5][11][12]

Very common (incidence>10%) adverse effects include
  • Constipation
  • Dry mouth
  • Somnolence/drowsiness (transiently at the beginning of therapy)
Common (1%<incidence≤10%) adverse effects include
  • Somnolence/drowsiness (during maintenance therapy, that is, in some patients this side effect persists)
  • Tremor
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Vertigo
  • Dry mouth
  • Weakness
Uncommon (0.1%<incidence≤1%) adverse effects include
  • Weight gain — likely related to its potent antihistamine and 5-HT2C receptor-antagonist effects.
Rare (0.01%<incidence≤0.1%) adverse effects include
  • Oedema — the swelling of the body's tissues due to fluid draining into said tissues.
  • Arthralgia (joint pain)
  • Arthritis
  • Rash
  • Akathisia — a sense of inner restlessness that is often distressing for patients.
  • Orthostatic hypotension — the dropping of blood pressure upon standing up leading to light-headedness, dizziness and even fainting
  • Hypomania — an excessively elated/irritable mood that can be dangerous.
  • Bradycardia — low heart rate.
  • Disturbances of liver function (including jaundice) — the Australian Medicines Handbook recommends that patients with a history of liver disease undergo regular liver function tests and that treatment is ceased at the first sign of jaundice.
  • Exanthema
Very rare (Incidence≤0.01%) adverse effects include
  • Seizures
  • Blood dyscrasias (particularly neutropaenia — a drop in the neutrophils which are part of the body's immune system that is particularly tailored to destroying bacteria — and agranulocytosis — a potentially life-threatening drop in the white blood cells of the immune system leaving the patient open to potentially fatal infections.) — for this reason in the Australian Medicines Handbook 2013 and the British National Formulary 65 it is recommended that the prescribing physician checks the patient's complete blood counts (CBCs) at the initiation of treatment and then every four weeks until 3 months have passed.[11][12] Some cases of mianserin-induced blood dyscrasias have been fatal.[13]
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — an often life-threatening drug reaction that is characterised by:
- Tremor
- Hyperthermia (high body temperature)
- Muscle rigidity
- Autonomic dysregulation (e.g. tachycardia (high heart rate), diaphoresis (profuse sweating), urinary and faecal incontinence, difficulty swallowing, etc.)
- Mental status change (e.g. delirium, hallucinations, coma, stupor, etc.)
  • Restless legs
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Cardiac failure
Rare/very rare adverse effects include
  • Nasal congestion
  • Paraesthesia
  • Vision abnormality
  • Diplopia — seeing double.
  • Gynaecomastia — abnormal breast enlargement in males.
  • Impotence
  • Myalgia — muscle aches.
  • Pruritus — itchiness
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia
  • Tinnitus — hearing ringing in the ears in the absence of an actual sound.
  • Confusion
  • Agitation

Interactions

CYP2D6 inhibitors such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), quinidine, ritonavir, etc. would likely raise plasma levels of mianserin and hence could lead to mianserin toxicity. Conversely, CYP2D6 inducers would likely lead to reduced mianserin plasma concentrations and hence potentially diminish the therapeutic effects of mianserin.[1]

Withdrawal

Abrupt or rapid discontinuation of mianserin may provoke a withdrawal, the effects of which may include depression, anxiety, panic attacks,[14] decreased appetite or anorexia, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and flu-like symptoms, such as allergies or pruritus, among others.

Overdose

Overdose of mianserin is known to produce the following symptoms:[15]

  • Sedation
  • Coma
  • Hypotension
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia
  • QT interval prolongation

and is relatively safe in overdose similarly to its successor mirtazapine.[15]

Pharmacology

Mianserin is an antagonist/inverse agonist of the H1, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, α1-adrenergic, and α2-adrenergic receptors, and also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine.[16][17] As a high affinity H1 receptor inverse agonist, mianserin has strong antihistamine effects (sedation, weight gain, etc.). Contrarily, it has negligible affinity for the mACh receptors, and thus lacks anticholinergic properties. It was recently found to be a weak (Ki = 1.7 μM, EC50 = 0.53 μM) κ-opioid receptor partial agonist.[18]

In addition, mianserin also appears to be a potent antagonist of the neuronal octopamine receptor.[19] What implications this may have on mood are currently unknown, however octopamine has been implicated in the regulation of sleep, appetite and insulin production and therefore may theoretically contribute to the overall side effect profile of mianserin.[20][21]

Blockade of the H1 and α1-adrenergic receptors has sedative effects,[2] and also antagonism of the 5-HT2A and α1-adrenergic receptors inhibits activation of intracellular phospholipase C (PLC), which seems to be a common target for several different classes of antidepressants.[22] By antagonizing the somatodendritic and presynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors which function predominantly as inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, mianserin disinhibits the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine in various areas of the brain and body.

Enantioselectivity

File:Esmianserin.svg
(S)-mianserin

(S)-(+)-Mianserin is approximately 200–300 times more active than its antipode (R)-(−)-mianserin.[citation needed]

Binding profile

Molecular target Binding affinity (Ki [nM])[23]
SERT 4000
NET 71
DAT 9400
5-HT1A 1500
5-HT1F 12.6
5-HT2A 3.21
5-HT2B 10.9
5-HT2C 2.59
5-HT6 68.1
5-HT7 56
α1 adrenoceptor 74 (Cloned rat receptor)
α2A adrenoceptor 4.8
α2B adrenoceptor 27
α2C adrenoceptor 3.8
D1 receptor 923
D2 receptor 2052
D3 receptor 2841
H1 receptor 1.0
H4 receptor 750

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Truven Health Analytics, Inc. DRUGDEX® System (Internet) [cited 2013 Sep 29]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomsen Healthcare; 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Limited. "Tolvon Product Information" (PDF). GuildLink Pty Ltd.
  3. ↑ Template:Cite isbn
  4. ↑ Wakeling A (April 1983). "Efficacy and side effects of mianserin, a tetracyclic antidepressant". Postgrad Med J. 59 (690): 229–31. doi:10.1136/pgmj.59.690.229. PMC 2417496. PMID 6346303.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 AlphaPharm. "Lumin Mianserin hydrochloride product information" (PDF). GuildLink Pty Ltd.
  6. ↑ Ferreri M, Lavergne F, Berlin I, Payan C, Puech AJ (January 2001). "Benefits from mianserin augmentation of fluoxetine in patients with major depression non-responders to fluoxetine alone". Acta Psychiatr Scand. 103 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2001.00148.x. PMID 11202131.
  7. ↑ Poyurovsky, M; Koren, D; Gonopolsky, I; Schneidman, M; Fuchs, C; Weizman, A; Weizman, R (March 2003). "Effect of the 5-HT2 antagonist mianserin on cognitive dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia patients: an add-on, double-blind placebo-controlled study". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 13 (2): 123–128. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(02)00155-4. PMID 12650957.
  8. ↑ Shiloh, R; Zemishlany, Z; Aizenberg, D; Valevski, A; Bodinger, L; Munitz, H; Weizman, A (March 2002). "Mianserin or placebo as adjuncts to typical antipsychotics in resistant schizophrenia". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 17 (2): 59–64. doi:10.1097/00004850-200203000-00003. PMID 11890187.
  9. ↑ Mizuki, Y; Kajimura, N; Imai, T; Suetsugi, M; Kai, S; Kaneyuki, H; Yamada, M (April 1990). "Effects of mianserin on negative symptoms in schizophrenia". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 5 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1097/00004850-199004000-00002. PMID 1696292.
  10. ↑ Ikeguchi, K; Kuroda, A (1995). "Mianserin treatment of patients with psychosis induced by antiparkinsonian drugs". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 244 (6): 320–324. doi:10.1007/BF02190411. PMID 7772616.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Australian Medicines Handbook". Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. 2013.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 British National Formulary (BNF) (65th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 1120. ISBN 978-0857110848.
  13. ↑ Mianserin Hydrochloride. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  14. ↑ Kuniyoshi M, Arikawa K, Miura C, Inanaga K (June 1989). "Panic anxiety after abrupt discontinuation of mianserin". Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 43 (2): 155–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1989.tb02564.x. PMID 2796025.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 11th ed. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
  16. ↑ Leonard B, Richelson H (2000). "Synaptic Effects of Antidepressants: Relationship to Their Therapeutic and Adverse Effects". In Buckley JL, Waddington PF. Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders: The New Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-7506-4096-1.
  17. ↑ Müller G (8 May 2006). "Target Family-directed Masterkeys in Chemogenomics". In Kubinyi H, Müller G, Mannhold R, Folkers G. Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-527-60402-9. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  18. ↑ Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P (November 2012). "The atypical antidepressant mianserin exhibits agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors". Br. J. Pharmacol. 167 (6): 1329–41. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02078.x. PMID 22708686.
  19. ↑ Roeder T (November 1990). "High-affinity antagonists of the locust neuronal octopamine receptor". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191 (2): 221–4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)94151-M. PMID 2086239.
  20. ↑ Crocker A, Sehgal A (September 2008). "Octopamine regulates sleep in drosophila through protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms". J. Neurosci. 28 (38): 9377–85. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3072-08a.2008. PMC 2742176. PMID 18799671.
  21. ↑ Bour S, Visentin V, Prévot D, Carpéné C (September 2003). "Moderate weight-lowering effect of octopamine treatment in obese Zucker rats". J. Physiol. Biochem. 59 (3): 175–82. doi:10.1007/BF03179913. PMID 15000448.
  22. ↑ Dwivedi Y, Agrawal AK, Rizavi HS, Pandey GN (December 2002). "Antidepressants reduce phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity and the mRNA and protein expression of selective PLC beta 1 isozyme in rat brain". Neuropharmacology. 43 (8): 1269–79. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00253-8. PMID 12527476.
  23. ↑ Roth, BL; Driscol, J (12 January 2011). "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

Further reading

External links


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