Meningitis causes

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Meningitis Main Page

Patient Information

Overview

Causes

Classification

Viral Meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis
Fungal Meningitis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, that spread into the blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).[1] Non-infectious causes include cancers, systemic lupus erythematosus and certain drugs. The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but Neisseria meningitidis ("meningococcus") and Streptococcus pneumoniae ("pneumococcus") are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus may complicate neurosurgical operations, and Listeria monocytogenes is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. Haemophilus influenzae (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Bacterial endocarditis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Phenazopyridine, NSAIDs, Ibuprofen, Azathioprine
Ear Nose Throat Sinusitis, Middle ear infection, Cholesteatoma
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Whipple's Disease
Genetic Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Hematologic Meningeal leukemia, Lymphoma
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Yersinia pestis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus , Varicella zoster virus, Typhoid fever , Trypanosomiasis , Trichinosis, Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma gondii, Systemic candidiasis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcal Group B, Staphylococcus aureus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Sporothrix schenckii, Spirillum minor (rat bite fever), Serratia , Secondary syphilis, Schistosomiasis, Salmonella, Rubella, Rotavirus, Rickettsia, Rat-bite fever, Rabies, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Poliovirus, Pasteurella multocida , Parameningeal bacterial infection epidural abscess, subdural abscess, Parainfluenza, Nocardia , Neisseria meningiditis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mumps, Mountain tick fever, Measles, Malaria, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lyme disease , Listeria monocytogenes, Leptospira, Klebsiella, Influenza A and B, HIV, Histoplasma capsulatum, Herpes virus 6, Herpes simplex type I, Herpes simplex type 2, Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease, Haemophilus influenzae, Group B Streptococcal Infections , Group A Streptococcal Infections , Escherichia coli, Epstein Barr virus, Enteroviruses , Encephalomyocarditis virus, Ehrlichia , ECHO viruses, Eastern encephalitis virus, Cytomegalovirus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Coxsackie viruses types A and B, Congenital herpes simplex, Colorado tick fever, Coccidioides immitis, Chlamydia , Chicken pox, Chagas disease, Candida , Campylobacter , California encephalitis virus , Burkholderia pseudomallei, Brucella , Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever), Borrelia burgdorferi, (Lyme disease), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Bartonellosis , Bacteroides, Bacteremia , Aspergillus , Arboviruses, Anthrax , Angiostrongylus cantonensis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - cryptococcal meningitis, Adenovirus, Actinomycosis, Actinomyces , Acanthamoeba, Abscess


Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Metatstatic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas, Meningeal leukemia, Meningeal carcinomatosis, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Disseminated carcinoma, Acute leukaemia


Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sarcoidosis, Kawasaki disease, Complement component deficiency, Behcet's disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Skull fracture, Head injury
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Western equine encephalitis , Western encephalitis virus, Weil's syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Postvaccination, NOMID syndrome, Familial Mediterranean fever


Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 876&ndash, 9. ISBN 0838585299.


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