Jaundice: Difference between revisions

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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
*[[1,2-Dibromoethane  ]]
*[[2-acetylamino-fluorene  ]]
*[[2-Nitropropane  ]]
*[[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine  ]]
*[[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene  ]]
*[[5-Fluorocytosine  ]]
*[[8-Hydroxyquinolone  ]]
*[[Aagenaes syndrome ]]
*[[Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]]
*[[Accessory pancreas]]
*[[Acer rubrum]]
*[[Acetaminophen]]
*[[Acetates  ]]
*[[Acetonitrile  ]]
*[[Acetylene Tetrabromide  ]]
*[[Achrestic anemia]]
*[[Acinic cell carcinoma]]
*[[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]]
*[[Acrylonitrile  ]]
*[[Acute Cholecystitis]]
*[[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
*[[Acute hepatitis]]
*[[Acute liver failure]]
*[[Acute meningitis]]
*[[Addison-Gull syndrome]]
*[[Aflatoxin  ]]
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Albitocin]]
*[[Alcoholic Hepatitis]]
*[[Alcoholic liver disease]]
*[[Aldolase A deficiency ]]
*[[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons  ]]
*[[Aliphatic Amines  ]]
*[[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons  ]]
*[[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons  ]]
*[[Allopurinol  ]]
*[[Allyl alcohol  ]]
*[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]]
*[[Alprazolam]]
*[[Alveolar Hydatid Disease .]]
*[[Amanita phalloides]]
*[[Amineptine]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amlodipine]]
*[[Amodiaquine  ]]
*[[Amphotericin  ]]
*[[Anabolic C-17  ]]
*[[Angiosarcoma of the liver  ]]
*[[Aromatic amines  ]]
*[[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons  ]]
*[[Aromatic Hydrocarbons  ]]
*[[Arsenic  ]]
*[[Arsine  ]]
*[[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome  ]]
*[[Ascending cholangitis]]
*[[Aspergillosis]]
*[[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Autoimmune Hepatitis  ]]
*[[Baber's syndrome  ]]
*[[Babesiosis  ]]
*[[Banti's syndrome]]
*[[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]]
*[[Benzene  ]]
*[[Benzyl chloride  ]]
*[[Beryllium  ]]
*[[Bicalutamide]]
*[[Bile duct cancer]]
*[[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form  ]]
*[[Bile plug syndrome  ]]
*[[Biliary atresia]]
*[[Biliary cirrhosis  ]]
*[[Biliary colic]]
*[[Bipyridyl pesticides  ]]
*[[Black nightshade poisoning  ]]
*[[Boron  ]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Breast feeding jaundice]]
*[[Breast milk jaundice  ]]
*[[Bromazepam]]
*[[Brown Recluse spider bite ]]
*[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Butyrophenones]]
*[[Byler Disease  ]]
*[[Cadmium  ]]
*[[Carbarsone  ]]
*[[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides  ]]
*[[Carbon Disulfide  ]]
*[[Carbon Tetrachloride  ]]
*[[Caroli's Disease]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Cefaclor]]
*[[Cephalhematoma]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Chediak-Higashi syndrome  ]]
*[[Chloramphenicol  ]]
*[[Chlorate salts  ]]
*[[Chlordane]]
*[[Chlorinated benzenes  ]]
*[[Chlorinated naphthalene  ]]
*[[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives  ]]
*[[Chloroform]]
*[[Chloromethane  ]]
*[[Chloroprene  ]]
*[[Chlorpropamide]]
*[[Cholangiocarcinoma]]
*[[Cholangitis]]
*[[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation  ]]
*[[Choledochal cysts]]
*[[Choledocholithiasis]]
*[[Cholestasis  ]]
*[[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate  ]]
*[[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]]
*[[Chromium  ]]
*[[Chronic cholecystitis]]
*[[Chronic Hepatitis  ]]
*[[Cimetidine  ]]
*[[Cirrhosis of liver  ]]
*[[Clarithromycin]]
*[[Clavulanic acid]]
*[[Clindamycin]]
*[[Co-amoxiclav]]
*[[Colchicine  ]]
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
*[[Comfrey  ]]
*[[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]]
*[[Congenital TORCH infections]]
*[[Copper  ]]
*[[Cresol  ]]
*[[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]]
*[[Cycasin]]
*[[Cyclochlorotine  ]]
*[[Cyclopropane  ]]
*[[Cycloserine  ]]
*[[Cytarabine  ]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Dantrolene  ]]
*[[Dapsone]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome  ]]
*[[Deracoxib]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Dibromochloropropane  ]]
*[[Diethylene Glycol  ]]
*[[Diflunisal  ]]
*[[Dimethyl sulfate  ]]
*[[Dimethylnitrosamine  ]]
*[[Dinitrobenzene  ]]
*[[Dinitrocresol  ]]
*[[Dinitrophenol  ]]
*[[Dinitrotoluene  ]]
*[[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]]
*[[Disulfiram  ]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Doxepine]]
*[[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]]
*[[Duloxetine]]
*[[Dydrogesterone]]
*[[Eclampsia  ]]
*[[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]]
*[[Erythromycin estolate  ]]
*[[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate  ]]
*[[Esophageal cancer]]
*[[Estrogen and Progestin]]
*[[Ethanolamines  ]]
*[[Ethionamide  ]]
*[[Ethyl Acetate  ]]
*[[Ethyl alcohol  ]]
*[[Ethyl benzene  ]]
*[[Ethyl Ether  ]]
*[[Ethyl Salicylate  ]]
*[[Ethylene chlorohydrin  ]]
*[[Ethylene Dibromide  ]]
*[[Ethylene dichloride  ]]
*[[Ethylene oxide  ]]
*[[Ethylenediamine  ]]
*[[Evans syndrome]]
*[[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis  ]]
*[[Familial progressive intrahepatic cholestasis  ]]
*[[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption  ]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism  ]]
*[[Fascioliasis  ]]
*[[Favism  ]]
*[[Fenoprofen  ]]
*[[Flucloxacillin]]
*[[Framycetin]]
*[[Fructose intolerance]]
*[[Fusidic acid]]
*[[Galactosemia  ]]
*[[Gallbladder cancer]]
*[[Gallstones  ]]
*[[Germander  ]]
*[[Germanium  ]]
*[[Gestational diabetes]]
*[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
*[[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*[[Glutaric aciduria  ]]
*[[Gold  ]]
*[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome  ]]
*[[Graft-versus-host disease  ]]
*[[Griscelli disease  ]]
*[[Griseofulvin  ]]
*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
*[[Hafnium  ]]
*[[Halothane  ]]
*[[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome  ]]
*[[HELLP syndrome  ]]
*[[Hemochromatosis  ]]
*[[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)  ]]
*[[Hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]]
*[[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]]
*[[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]]
*[[Hepadnaviruses  ]]
*[[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis  ]]
*[[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome  ]]
*[[Hepatic trauma]]
*[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]]
*[[Hepatoma  ]]
*[[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma  ]]
*[[Hereditary elliptocytosis  ]]
*[[Hereditary fructose intolerance]]
*[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]
*[[Hereditary xerocytosis]]
*[[Herpes]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]]
*[[Hodgkin's Disease  ]]
*[[Horse nettle ]]
*[[Hycanthone  ]]
*[[Hydrogen bromides  ]]
*[[Hydrogen Cyanide  ]]
*[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
*[[Hypopitutarism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Ibuprofen  ]]
*[[Icterogenin]]
*[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis  ]]
*[[Idoxuridine  ]]
*[[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome  ]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Indomethacin  ]]
*[[Indospicine]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Infective endocarditis  ]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma  ]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]]
*[[Iron  ]]
*[[Islet Cell adenoma]]
*[[Isoniazid  ]]
*[[Isopropyl acetate  ]]
*[[Itraconazole]]
*[[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma  ]]
*[[Kawasaki disease  ]]
*[[Kepone pesticides  ]]
*[[Ketoconazole  ]]
*[[Lábrea fever]]
*[[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis  ]]
*[[Lanthanides  ]]
*[[Lead  ]]
*[[Leiomyosarcoma  ]]
*[[Lissencephalic syndromes]]
*[[Liver cancer  ]]
*[[Loprazolam]]
*[[Lorazepam]]
*[[Lormetazepam]]
*[[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Lymphoma  ]]
*[[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Malaria  ]]
*[[Malignant boutonneuse fever]]
*[[Manganese deficiency]]
*[[Marburg virus]]
*[[Mepacrine  ]]
*[[Mephenytoin  ]]
*[[Mercaptans  ]]
*[[Mercury  ]]
*[[Mesothelioma]]
*[[Methimazole]]
*[[Methoxyflurane  ]]
*[[Methyl acetate  ]]
*[[Methyl Bromide  ]]
*[[Methyl Chloride  ]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methylene chloride  ]]
*[[Methylene Dianiline  ]]
*[[Metolachlor]]
*[[Metronidazole  ]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Mirizzi's syndrome]]
*[[Mirtazapine]]
*[[Molybdenum deficiency]]
*[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
*[[Monomethylhydrazine]]
*[[Mosse syndrome  ]]
*[[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis  ]]
*[[N,N-Dimethylformamide  ]]
*[[Nanukayami  ]]
*[[Naphthalene]]
*[[Naphthol  ]]
*[[Naproxen  ]]
*[[N-butyl acetate  ]]
*[[Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]]
*[[Neonatal hepatitis  ]]
*[[Neonatal physiological jaundice]]
*[[Neonatal sepsis  ]]
*[[Neuroma biliary tract  ]]
*[[Ngaione]]
*[[Nickel  ]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease  ]]
*[[Niobium  ]]
*[[NISCH syndrome  ]]
*[[Nitriles  ]]
*[[Nitrobenzene  ]]
*[[Nitrofurantoin]]
*[[Nitromethane  ]]
*[[Nitroparaffins  ]]
*[[Nitrous Oxide  ]]
*[[N-N-Dimethylacetamide  ]]
*[[N-Nitrosodimethylamine  ]]
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
*[[Novobiocin  ]]
*[[N-propyl acetate  ]]
*[[Obliterative portal venopathy  ]]
*[[Ochratoxin  ]]
*[[Omphalitis]]
*[[Organic acidemia]]
*[[Oxycodone]]
*[[p-aminosalicylic acid  ]]
*[[Pancreatic adenoma]]
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pancreatoblastoma]]
*[[Papaverine]]
*[[Papillary stenosis]]
*[[Para-Dichlorobenzene  ]]
*[[Paroxetine]]
*[[Peliosis hepatis]]
*[[Penicillin  ]]
*[[Pernicious anemia]]
*[[Phenol  ]]
*[[Phenothiazine]]
*[[Phenylbutazone  ]]
*[[Phenytoin  ]]
*[[Phosphine  ]]
*[[Phosphorus]]
*[[Phthalic Anhydride  ]]
*[[Picric Acid  ]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Polybrominated biphenyls  ]]
*[[Polychlorinated biphenyls  ]]
*[[Polygonum multiflorum  ]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Portal hypertension]]
*[[Postoperative Jaundice]]
*[[Premature birth]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Propylene dichloride  ]]
*[[Pseudo-torch syndrome]]
*[[Psoralea Corylifolia  ]]
*[[Pyridine  ]]
*[[Pyrogallol  ]]
*[[Pyrrolidizine]]
*[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]]
*[[Quinolone  ]]
*[[Ragwort]]
*[[Ranitidine  ]]
*[[Relapsing fever]]
*[[Reye's syndrome]]
*[[Reynolds syndrome]]
*[[Rh deficiency syndrome]]
*[[Rh disease]]
*[[Rifampicin]]
*[[Rotor syndrome]]
*[[Rubratoxin  ]]
*[[Safrole]]
*[[Salicylate  ]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]]
*[[Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis]]
*[[Selenium deficiency]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Sibutramine]]
*[[Solanine]]
*[[Solder  ]]
*[[Sotos syndrome]]
*[[Spectinomycin  ]]
*[[Spleen Cancer]]
*[[Sterigmatocystin  ]]
*[[Stibine  ]]
*[[Sulindac  ]]
*[[Sulphonamides]]
*[[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Tamoxifen]]
*[[Tegaserod]]
*[[Telithromycin]]
*[[Tellurium]]
*[[Tetrachloroethane]]
*[[Tetrachloroethylene  ]]
*[[Tetracycline  ]]
*[[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide  ]]
*[[Thalassemia]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thiabendazole  ]]
*[[Thioxanthene]]
*[[Thorium dioxide  ]]
*[[Thorotrast  ]]
*[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Thyroid agenesis]]
*[[Toluene  ]]
*[[Transfusion Reaction]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Trichloroethylene  ]]
*[[Trichomegaly cataract hereditary spherocytosis]]
*[[Trinitrotoluene  ]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tyrosinemia]]
*[[Uranium  ]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[Vicia faba]]
*[[Vidarabine  ]]
*[[Vinyl Chloride  ]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis A]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis B]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis C]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis D]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis E]]
*[[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]]
*[[Vitamin A overdose]]
*[[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin C ]]
*[[Weil's disease]]
*[[White Phosphorus  ]]
*[[Wilson's Disease]]
*[[Wolman disease]]
*[[Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]]
*[[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]]
*[[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]]
*[[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]]
*[[Xylene  ]]
*[[Yellow fever]]
*[[Zellweger syndrome]]
*[[Zieve's syndrome]]
*[[Zoxazolamine  ]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
===Differential Diagnosis<ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:98</ref><ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne.  Differential Diagnosis Pocket.  Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:51-54</ref> ===
===Differential Diagnosis<ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:98</ref><ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne.  Differential Diagnosis Pocket.  Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:51-54</ref> ===
* Abdominal mass
* Abdominal mass

Revision as of 23:54, 15 July 2012

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox

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Overview

Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective: "icteric"), is yellowish discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva (a clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals). Usually the concentration of bilirubin in the blood must exceed 2–3 mg/dL for the coloration to be easily visible. Jaundice comes from the French word jaune, meaning yellow. Jaundice typically appears in a 'top to bottom' progression (starting with the face, progressing toward the feet), and resolves in a 'bottom to top' manner.

Neonatal jaundice

Neonatal jaundice can be physiological or pathological. Neonatal physiological jaundice is usually harmless: this condition is often seen in infants around the second day after birth, lasting until day 8 in normal births, or to around day 14 in premature births. Serum bilirubin normally drops to a low level without any intervention required: the jaundice is presumably a consequence of metabolic and physiological adjustments after birth. In extreme cases, a brain-damaging condition known as kernicterus can occur; there are concerns that this condition has been rising in recent years due to inadequate detection and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for hearing loss.[1]

Jaundiced eye

It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. Alexander Pope, in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, As all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye." [2]

Pathophysiology

  • Bilirubin is the major breakdown product of hemoglobin that is released from dying or damaged erythrocytes
  • The normal bilirubin range is 0.3-1.0 mg/dL
  • Jaundice is visible in conjunctiva, skin and mucosa when the serum bilirubin level rises above 2 mg/dL

Causes

When red blood cells die, the heme in their haemoglobin is converted to bilirubin in the spleen and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The bilirubin is processed by the liver, enters bile and is eventually excreted through feces.

Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. Pre-hepatic or hemolytic causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, hepatic causes where the processing of bilirubin in the liver does not function correctly, and post-hepatic or extrahepatic causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Eclampsia
Chemical / poisoning 1,2-Dibromoethane , 2-acetylamino-fluorene , 2-Nitropropane , 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine , 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene , 8-Hydroxyquinolone , Acer rubrum, Acetates , Acetonitrile , Acetylene Tetrabromide , Acrylonitrile , Aflatoxin , Albitocin, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons , Aliphatic Amines , Aliphatic Hydrocarbons , Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons , Allyl alcohol , Amanita phalloides, Aromatic amines , Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons , Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Arsenic , Arsine , Benzene , Benzyl chloride , Beryllium , Biliary colic, Bipyridyl pesticides , Black nightshade poisoning , Boron , Cadmium , Carbarsone , Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides , Carbon Disulfide , Carbon Tetrachloride , Chloramphenicol , Chlorate salts , Chlordane, Chlorinated benzenes , Chlorinated naphthalene , Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives , Chloroform, Chloromethane , Chloroprene , Chromium , Comfrey , Copper , Cresol , Cycasin, Cyclochlorotine , Dibromochloropropane , Diethylene Glycol , Dimethyl sulfate , Dimethylnitrosamine , Dinitrobenzene , Dinitrocresol , Dinitrophenol , Dinitrotoluene , Ethanolamines , Ethyl Acetate , Ethyl alcohol , Ethyl benzene , Ethyl Ether , Ethyl Salicylate , Ethylene chlorohydrin , Ethylene Dibromide , Ethylene dichloride , Ethylene oxide , Ethylenediamine , Germander , Germanium ,, Gold , Hafnium , Horse nettle , Hydrogen bromides , Hydrogen Cyanide , Icterogenin, Indospicine, Isopropyl acetate , Kepone pesticides , Lanthanides , Lead , Mercaptans , Mercury , Methoxyflurane , Methyl acetate , Methyl Bromide , Methy, Chloride , Methylene chloride , Methylene Dianiline , Metolachlor, Monomethylhydrazine, N,N-Dimethylformamide , Naphthalene, Naphthol , N-butyl acetate , Ngaione, Nickel , Niobium , Nitriles , Nitrobenzene , Nitromethane , Nitroparaffins , N-N-Dimethylacetamide , N-Nitrosodimethylamine , N-propyl acetate , Ochratoxin , Para-Dichlorobenzene , Phosphine , Phosphorus, Phthalic Anhydride , Picric Acid , Polybrominated biphenyls , Polychlorinated biphenyls , Polygonum multiflorum , Propylene dichloride , Psoralea Corylifolia , Pyrogallol , Pyrrolidizine, Ragwort, Rubratoxin , Safrole, Solanine, Solder , Sterigmatocystin , Stibine , Tellurium, Tetrachloroethane, Tetrachloroethylene , Tetramethylthiuram disulfide , Thallium, Thioxanthene, Thorium dioxide , Thorotrast , , Toluene , Trichloroethylene , Trinitrotoluene , Uranium , Vicia faba, Vinyl Chloride , White Phosphorus , Xylene
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order


Differential Diagnosis[3][4]

Diagnosis

History

The caregiver should ask questions regarding

  • Alcohol/hepatotoxic medication use

Various Symptoms

Physical Examination

  • Complete physical exam including evidence of:

Appearance of the Patient Skin

  • Jaundice is visible in conjunctiva, skin and mucosa when the serum bilirubin level rises above 2 mg/dL

Eyes

  • Jaundice is usually best seen in the periphery of the ocular conjunctivae

Abdomen

  • Hepatomegaly may be present

Neurologic

  • A flap may be present

Laboratory Findings

  • Total and unconjugated bilirubin
  • Aspartate aminotransferase
  • Alanine aminotransferase
  • Albumin
  • Alkaline phosphatase
  • HIV serologies
  • Hepatitis serologies
  • Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
  • Antimitochondrial antibodies
  • Haptoglobin
  • Reticulocyte count
  • Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)

'Pre-hepatic' -(or hemolytic) jaundice is caused by anything which causes an increased rate of hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells). In tropical countries, malaria can cause jaundice in this manner. Certain genetic diseases, such assickle cell anemia and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency can lead to increased red cell lysis and therefore hemolytic jaundice. Commonly, diseases of the kidney, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, can also lead to coloration. Defects in bilirubin metabolism also present as jaundice. Jaundice usually comes with high fevers.

The laboratory findings include

  • Urine: no bilirubin present, urobilirubin > 2 units (except in infants where gut flora has not developed).
  • Serum: increased unconjugated bilirubin.


'Hepatic causes' include acute hepatitis, hepatotoxicity and alcoholic liver disease, whereby cell necrosis reduces the liver's ability to metabolise and excrete bilirubin leading to a buildup in the blood. Less common causes include primary biliary cirrhosis,Gilbert's syndrome (a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism which can result in mild jaundice, which is found in about 5% of the population) and metastatic carcinoma. Jaundice seen in the newborn, known as neonatal jaundice, is common, occurring in almost every newborn as hepatic machinery for the conjugation and excretion of bilirubin does not fully mature until approximately two weeks of age..

Laboratory Findings: Urine: bilirubin present, Urobilirubin > 2 units but variable (Except in children)


'Post-hepatic' (or obstructive) jaundice, also called cholestasis, is caused by an interruption to the drainage of bile in the biliary system. The most common causes are gallstones in the common bile duct, and pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas. Also, a group of parasites known as "liver flukes" live in the common bile duct, causing obstructive jaundice. Other causes include strictures of the common bile duct, biliary atresia, ductal carcinoma, pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts. A rare cause of obstructive jaundice is Mirizzi's syndrome.

The presence of pale stools and dark urine suggests an obstructive or post-hepatic cause as normal feces get their color from bile pigments.

Patients also can present with elevated serum cholesterol.

Patients often complain of severe itching or "pruritus".

MRI and CT

  • Abdominal CT scan may be helpful

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

  • Abdominal ultrasound

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)

Treatment

  • Discontinue (and avoid) use of hepatotoxic medications
  • Rehydrate
  • Treat underlying etiologies

Acute Pharmacotherapies

  • Steroids

Surgery and Device Based Therapy

  • Cholecystectomy or ERCP


External links

- Children's Liver Disease Foundation: information on jaundice in infants

See also

External Links

References

  1. [http://aapnews.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/18/5/231 "Increased vigilance needed to prevent kernicterus in newborns --O�Keefe 18 (5): 231 -- AAP News"]. Retrieved 2007-06-27. replacement character in |title= at position 66 (help)
  2. From "The Dictionary of Cliches" by James Rogers (Ballantine Books, New York, 1985).
  3. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:98
  4. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:51-54

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