Dyspnea: Difference between revisions

	Dyspnea Microchapters
Patient Information
Overview
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Dyspnea from other Diseases

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 21:31, 29 July 2020

For patient information, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

Dyspnea is defined as "uncomfortable sensation of breathing". Dyspnea involves multiple qualitatively precise sensations, which derived from various pathophysiologic processes. Shortness of breath is consisted of eight different sensations, include rapid breathing, incomplete exhalation, shallow breathing, increased work or effort, feeling of suffocation, air hunger, chest tightness, and heavy breathing. Common pathophysiology of shortness of breath is a combination of sense of respiratory effort, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and afferent mismatch. Common Causes of dyspnea include anemia, foreign body aspiration, heart failure, pneumonia, pregnancy, and pulmonary edema.

Pathophysiology

Shortness of breath is consisted of eight different sensations:
- Rapid breathing
- Incomplete exhalation
- Shallow breathing
- Increased work or effort
- Feeling of suffocation
- Air hunger
- Chest tightness
- Heavy breathing

The common pathophysiology of shortness of breath (dyspnea)^[1]

Dyspnea pathophysiology

Sense of respiratory effort

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Afferent mismatch

Hypercapnia

Hypoxia

Upper airway receptors

Lung receptors

Chest wall receptors

• Simultaneous activation of the sensory cortex
• Sense of effort is the predominant factor contributing to breathlessness when the respiratory-muscles are fatigued, weakened, or increasingly loaded

• Hypercapnia causes dyspnea independent of any reflex increase in respiratory-muscle activity
• There are many clinical settings, such as asthma in which dyspnea develops under eucapnic or hypocapnic

• Hypoxia appears to have a direct effect on shortness of breath, independent of any change in ventilation conditions
• Hypoxia plays a limited role in the dyspnea in patients with cardiopulmonary disease

• Upper airway and facial receptors modify the sensation of dyspnea
• Receptors in the trigeminal nerve distribution influence the intensity of dyspnea

• Pulmonary stretch receptors (respond to lung inflation)
• Irritant receptors in the epithelium (respond to a mechanical and chemical stimuli)
• C fibers, unmyelinated nerve endings, located in the alveolar wall and blood vessels (respond to interstitial congestion)

• Receptors in the joints, tendons, and muscles of the chest wall (might influence the sensation of dyspnea)
• Application of a physiotherapeutic vibration over the parasternal intercostal muscles reduced dyspnea

• Dyspnea arises from irrelevance between the force or tension generated by the respiratory muscles and the resulting change in muscle length and lung volume

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes Based on Pathophysiology

Obstructive Lung Diseases

Diseases of Lung Parenchyma and Pleura

Obstruction of the Airway

Immobilization of the Diaphragm

Restriction of the Chest Volume

For the complete list of causes for shortness of breath or dyspnea click here

Differentiating Shortness of Breath or Dyspnea from other Diseases

The underlying causes of dyspnea are classified as acute causes and chronic causes based on the disease course. Different causes of dyspnea include pulmonary (upper and lower airway), cardiovascular, central nervous system, toxic and metabolic, and systemic diseases.

Diseases that cause shortness of breath have to be differentiated upon the following table^[2]

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and chest pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and cough, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and jugular vein distention, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and cyanosis or clubbing, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and loss of consciousness or agitation, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with normal auscultation, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with stridor, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with wheezing, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with crackle, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with rhonchi, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, fever, and cough, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, fever, and chest pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, cough, and cyanosis or clubbing click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, fever, chest pain, cough, and cyanosis or clubbing click here.

Abbreviations: ABG (arterial blood gas); ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme); BMI (body mass index); CBC (complete blood count); CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); CXR (chest X-ray); DOE (dyspnea on exercise); ECG (electrocardiogram); FEF (forced expiratory flow rate); FEV1 (forced expiratory volume); FVC (forced vital capacity); JVD (jugular vein distention); MCV (mean corpuscular volume); Plt (platelet); RV (residual volume); SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone); TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone); Vt (tidal volume); WBC (white blood cell);

Organ system			Diseases	Clinical manifestations													Diagnosis					Other features
				Symptoms								Physical exam					Diagnosis
				Loss of consciousness	Agitation	Weight loss	Fever	Chest pain	Cough	Orthopnea	DOE	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	CBC	ABG	Imaging	Spirometry	Gold standard
Acute Dyspnea	Respiratory system	Head and Neck, Upper airway	Angioedema^[3]	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	+/-	-	+	Normal	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	N/A	Physical exam	Generalized edema
			Anaphylaxis^[4]	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	Scattered wheezing	Normal	Normal	Normal	N/A	Vital sign	Type 1 hypersensitivity
			Aspiration^[5]	-	+	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	Diminished breath sounds	Normal	Normal	Atelectasis	↓Vt, ↑RV	Bronchoscopy	Choking
			Croup^[6]	-	+	-	+/-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	Stridor	↑WBC	Normal	Steeple sign	Normal	Physical exam	Barking cough
			Epiglottitis^[7]	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Stridor	↑WBC	Normal	Thumb sign	Normal	Laryngoscopy	Drooling
			Rhinosinusitis^[8]	-	-	-	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↑WBC	Normal	Air fluid level	Normal	Physical exam	Headache
			Vocal cord dysfunction^[9]	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Normal	Normal	Normal	↓ FVC	Laryngoscopy	Choking sensation
		Chest and Pleura, Lower airway	Asthma attack^[10]	-	+	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	↑ Eosinophil	Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	↓ FEV1, PEF	Physical exam and Spirometry	Chest pain
			Atelectasis	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	Diminished breath sounds, Wheeze	Normal	↓O2, Normal/↓CO2	Collapsed lung lobe, fissuresdisplacement	↓ FVC	Chest CT scan	Surgical procedure, Aspiration, Mechanical ventilation
			Bronchitis^[11]	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Rhonchi	↑WBC	Normal	Normal	Normal	Physical exam	Rhonchi relieved by cough
			Bronchospasm^[12]	+/-	+	-	-	+	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Physical exam	Allergic reaction
			Bronchiolitis^[13]	-	-	-	+	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze and Crackles	↑WBC	Normal	Bronchovascular markings	↓Vt	Clinical assessment	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
			COPD exacerbation^[14]	-	+	-	+	+	+	+	-	+	+/-	+/-	+/-	Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles	↑WBC, ↑RBC	Respiratory alkalosis	Hyperexpansion	↓ FEV1/FVC	Clinical assessment	Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB)
			Lung carcinoma^[15]	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	Wheeze and Crackles	Normal	Normal	Mass lesion, hilar lymphadenopathy	↓Vt, ↑RV	Bronchoscopy	Paraneoplastic syndromes, such as SIADH and lambert-Eaton
			Pneumonia^[16]	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles	↑WBC, neutrophilia	Normal	Lobar consolidation	Normal	Chest X-ray and CT Scan	productive cough
			Pneumothorax^[17]	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Diminished breath sounds	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Radiolucency without lung marking	↓Vt	CXR and Chest CT scan	Tracheal deviation
			Pulmonary embolism^[18]	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	Normal	Pulmonary CT angiography	Pleuritic chest pain
			Rib fractures (flail chest)^[19]	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Respiratory acidosis	Fracture marks	Normal	Chest X-ray	Pneumothorax
	Cardiovascular system		Acute myocardial ischemia^[20]	+/-	+	-	+/-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Cardiac troponin I	Nausea and vomiting, Positive pertinent risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking
			Acute heart failure^[21]	+/-	+	-	-	+/-	+	+/-	+	+	-	+	+	S3	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis	↑ Cardiothoracic ratio	↓Vt	B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)	Excessive sweating, high blood pressure
			Pericardial tamponade^[22]	+/-	-	-	-	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+	-	Muffled heart sounds	Normal	Normal	Water bottle appearance enlarged heart	Normal	Echocardiography	Fluid accumulation in pericardium
			Tachyarrhythmia^[20]	+/-	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	High pulse rate	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	ECG	Palpitation
			Pulmonary edema^[23]	+/-	+	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	Basal crackle	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis	Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms	↓Vt, ↑RV	Cardiac Catheterization	Tachypnea
	Central nervous system		Stroke	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Intracranial infarct or hemorrhage	Normal	Brain MRI	Paralysis or paresthesia
			Encephalitis^[24]	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↑WBC, neutrophilia	Normal	Normal	Normal	CSF PCR	Confusion
			Traumatic brain injury^[25]	+	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Respiratory acidosis	Intracerebral hemorrhage	Normal	Brain CT scan	Lucid interval
	Toxic/Metabolic		Organophosphate poisoning^[26]	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	Normal	Blood test	Salivation, Lacrimation, Emesis, Miosis
			Salicylate poisoning^[27]	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	Normal	Blood test	Vomiting, Tinnitus, Confusion, Hyperthermia
			Carbon monoxide poisoning^[28]	+	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	Wheeze	Carboxyhemoglobin	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	N/A	Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level	Headache, Dizziness, Weakness, Vomiting, Confusion
			Diabetic ketoacidosis^[29]	+	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Scattered wheeze, Kussmaul's respiration	↑WBC	Metabolic acidosis	Normal	Normal	Blood test (acidosis, hyperglycemia, ketonemia)	Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Weakness, Confusion
	Systemic		Panic attack^[30]	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Clinical assessment	Severe anxiety
			Pregnancy^[31]	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Normal	↑WBC, RBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	βhCG	Missed period, Hyperemesis
			Sepsis^[32]	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↑WBC, neutrophilia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	Normal	SIRS criteria	Chills, Confusion
Organ system			Diseases	Clinical manifestations													Diagnosis					Other features
				Symptoms								Physical exam					Diagnosis
				Loss of consciousness	Agitation	Weight loss	Fever	Chest pain	Cough	Orthopnea	DOE	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	CBC	ABG	Imaging	Spirometry	Gold standard
Chronic Dyspnea	Respiratory system	Head and Neck, Upper airway	Goiter^[33]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Blood test (TSH, T4)	Weight gain
			Laryngeal adenocarcinoma^[34]	-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Retropharyngeal tissue thickness	Normal	Laryngoscopy	Choking sensation
			Vocal cord paralysis^[9]	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Normal	Normal	Pharyngeal constrictor muscles thinning, uvular deviation	Normal	Laryngoscopy	Choking sensation
			Tracheal stenosis^[35]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Stridor, Stertorous	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Soft tissue thickening internal to normal-appearing tracheal cartilage	Normal	Bronchoscopy	Respiratory distress
		Chest and Pleura, Lower airway	Bronchial asthma^[10]	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	Wheeze	↑ Eosinophil	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	Pulmonary hyperinflation, Bronchial wall thickening	↓ FEV1/FVC	Spirometry before and after bronchodilator	Paroxysmal respiratory distress
			Bronchiectasis^[11]	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	↑WBC, neutrophilia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Tram-track opacities	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Chronic productive cough
			COPD^[14]	-	-	+/-	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	+/-	Expiratory wheeze	↑ RBC	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	↑ Bronchovascular markings, Cardiomegaly	↓ FEV1/FVC	Physical exam and Spirometry	Heavy smoking history
			Emphysema^[36]	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Expiratory wheeze, Hyperinflation	Normal	Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis	Flattening of diaphragm, vertical heart	↓ FEV1/FVC	Physical exam and Spirometry	Barrel chest
			Pulmonary hypertension^[37]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	+/-	+	+	Accentuated S2	Normal	Hypoxia and acidosis	Enlarged pulmonary arteries	↑Physiologic RV	Cardiac catheterization	Syncope, Ascites, Pleural effusion
			Interstitial lung disease^[38]	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Peripheral pulmonary infiltrative opacification	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Pneumoconiosis
			Sarcoidosis^[39]	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	Crackles	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	Hilar adenopathy	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Hypercalcemia, high ACE
			Alveolitis^[40]	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Basal crackle	↑WBC, neutrophilia	Normal	Basal reticulonodular opacification	↑ FEV1/FVC	High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)	Dry cough
			Bronchiolitis obliterans^[13]	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	Expiratory wheeze	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Hyperinflation, Reticulonodular opacities	↓ FEV1/FVC	Lung biopsy	Complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
			Cystic fibrosis^[41]	-	-	+	+	-	+/-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	Normal	Metabolic alkalosis	Thick-walled bronchiectasis	↓ FEF_75%/FVC	Sweat test	Absent vas deferens
			Pleural effusion^[42]	-	+/-	+	-	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Egophony ("E-to-A" change)	Normal	Normal	Blunting of the costophrenic and cardiophrenic angle	↓Vt, ↑RV	Light's criteria	↓Tactile fremitus, Asymmetrical chest expansion
			Pulmonary right-to-left shunt^[43]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	Diminished breath sounds	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV (physiological)	Pulmonary CT angiography	Chronic hypoxemia
			Diaphragmatic paralysis^[44]	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Unilateral or bilateral diaphragmatic flattening	↓Vt, ↑RV (anatomical)	CXR confirmed by fluoroscopic sniff test	Respiratory insufficiency
			Tuberculosis^[45]	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Patchy consolidation or poorly defined linear and nodular opacities	Restrictive, obstructive, or mixed	IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) Acid-fast staining	Night sweat
	Cardiovascular system		Constrictive pericarditis^[22]	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	Muffled heart sounds	Normal	Normal	Calcifications	Normal	Chest CT scan	Syncope
			Restrictive cardiomyopathy^[46]	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	+/-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Dilatation of the inferior vena cava and right atrium	Normal	Right ventricular biopsy	Weight gain, Nausea
			Valvular heart disease^[20]	-	-	-	-	+	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	Cardiac murmur	Normal	Normal	Dilatation of heart chambers	Normal	Echocardiography	Syncope, Palpitation
			Bradyarrhythmia^[47]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	ECG	Syncope, Palpitation
			Pericardial effusion^[48]	-	-	-	+/-	+	+	+/-	+/-	-	-	+	-	Muffled heart sounds	Normal	Normal	Fluid density around the heart	Normal	M-mode and 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography	Hoarseness, Palpitation
			Coronary heart disease^[20]	-	+/-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	↓O2	Normal	Normal	Cardiac troponin I	Nausea, Lightheadedness, Sweating
			Intracardiac shunt^[49]	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+	+	-	-	Cardiac continuous murmur	Normal	↓O2	Dilatation of heart chambers	Normal	Echocardiography	Syncope, Palpitation
	Neuromuscular disease		Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis^[50]	+/-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↑WBC	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Revised El Escorial criteria (clinical)	Muscle weakness, Dysphagia
			Polymyositis/dermatomyositis^[51]	-	-	+/-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	Normal	↑WBC	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Muscle biopsy	Muscle weakness, Heliotrope
			Mitochondrial diseases^[52]	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	↓WBC, Plt	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Muscle biopsy	Muscle pain
			Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)^[53]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Muscle biopsy (ragged red fibers)	Myoglobinuria, Muscle weakness
	Toxic/Metabolic		Metabolic acidosis^[54]	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis	Normal	Normal	ABG	Confusion, Vomiting
	Toxic/Metabolic		Renal failure^[55]	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	Normal	↓ RBC	Metabolic acidosis	Normal	Normal	Cr	Nausea, Vomiting, Oliguria
	Systemic		Anemia^[56]	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normal	↓ RBC	↓O2	Normal	Normal	HGB, MCV	Weakness, Fatigue
			Anxiety^[57]	+	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Psychological interview	Sweating, Palpitation
			Ascites^[58]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Peritoneal fluid accumulation	↓Vt, ↑RV	Abdominal ultrasound	Abdominal distention
			Depression^[59]	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Psychological interview	Depressed mood, Fatigue
			Kyphoscoliosis^[60]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheeze	Normal	Normal	Deviated vertebral column	↓Vt, ↑RV (anatomical)	Standing lateral spine radiograph	Low back pain
			Obesity^[61]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	↓O2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV (anatomical)	BMI	Low stamina, Sweating
	Autoimmune		Churg-Strauss syndrome^[62]	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Scattered wheezing	Normal	Normal	Areas of parenchymal opacification	↓Vt, ↑RV	Biopsy	Fatigue,Numbness
			Microscopic polyangiitis^[63]	-	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	Scattered wheezing	↑WBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Normal	↓Vt, ↑RV	Histological confirmation	Skin lesions, Nerve damage
			Wegener's granulomatosis^[64]	-	-	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Wheezing, Crackles	↓ RBC	↓O2, ↑CO2	Cavitate nodules, ground-glass opacity	↓ FEV1/FVC	Biopsy demonstrating a granulomatous vasculitis	Chronic rhinosinusitis
			Goodpasture's disease^[65]	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Bilateral coarse crepitations	↓ RBC, HGB, HCT	Normal	Like pulmonary edema	Normal	Kidney biopsy	Hematuria, Hemoptysis

Related Chapters

Air hunger - The sensation of an urgent need to breathe, sensation that you cannot take in a full breath
Tachypnea - Breathing rapidly
Bradypnea - Breathing slowly
Eupnea - Normal unlabored breathing
Orthopnea - Dyspnea that occurs with lying flat
Trepopnea - An abnormal awareness of one's own breathing that is seen in one lateral position but not in the other
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - Sudden, severe shortness of breath at night that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing.

References

↑ Manning HL, Schwartzstein RM (December 1995). "Pathophysiology of dyspnea". N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (23): 1547–53. doi:10.1056/NEJM199512073332307. PMID 7477171.
↑ Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J (2016). "The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 113 (49): 834–845. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834. PMC 5247680. PMID 28098068.
↑ Bernstein JA, Cremonesi P, Hoffmann TK, Hollingsworth J (2017). "Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management". Int J Emerg Med. 10 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z. PMC 5389952. PMID 28405953.
↑ Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS (2010). "Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting". West J Emerg Med. 11 (5): 456–61. PMC 3027438. PMID 21293765.
↑ O'Horo JC, Rogus-Pulia N, Garcia-Arguello L, Robbins J, Safdar N (2015). "Bedside diagnosis of dysphagia: a systematic review". J Hosp Med. 10 (4): 256–65. doi:10.1002/jhm.2313. PMC 4607509. PMID 25581840.
↑ Bjornson CL, Johnson DW (2013). "Croup in children". CMAJ. 185 (15): 1317–23. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121645. PMC 3796596. PMID 23939212.
↑ Negus VE (1927). "The Function of the Epiglottis". J Anat. 62 (Pt 1): 1–8. PMC 1250045. PMID 17104162.
↑ Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL (2011). "Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines". Mayo Clin Proc. 86 (5): 427–43. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0392. PMC 3084646. PMID 21490181.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Wood RP, Milgrom H (September 1996). "Vocal cord dysfunction". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 98 (3): 481–5. PMID 8828523.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA (2010). "Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management". CMAJ. 182 (2): E55–67. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080072. PMC 2817338. PMID 19858243.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Cantin, Luce; Bankier, Alexander A.; Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2009). "Bronchiectasis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (3): W158–W171. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3053. ISSN 0361-803X.
↑ Molis MA, Molis WE (2010). "Exercise-induced bronchospasm". Sports Health. 2 (4): 311–7. doi:10.1177/1941738110373735. PMC 3445098. PMID 23015953.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M (2013). "Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 19 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017. PMID 23562737.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA (2014). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications". Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 5 (5): 212–27. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862. PMC 4131503. PMID 25177479.
↑ Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA (2011). "Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention". Clin Chest Med. 32 (4): 605–44. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001. PMC 3864624. PMID 22054876.
↑ Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J (2014). "Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/2049936113518041. PMC 4072047. PMID 25165554.
↑ Currie GP, Alluri R, Christie GL, Legge JS (2007). "Pneumothorax: an update". Postgrad Med J. 83 (981): 461–5. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.056978. PMC 2600088. PMID 17621614.
↑ Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A (2013). "Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism". Exp Clin Cardiol. 18 (2): 129–38. PMC 3718593. PMID 23940438.
↑ Swart E, Laratta J, Slobogean G, Mehta S (February 2017). "Operative Treatment of Rib Fractures in Flail Chest Injuries: A Meta-analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis". J Orthop Trauma. 31 (2): 64–70. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000750. PMID 27984449.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ^20.3 Bruyninckx R, Aertgeerts B, Bruyninckx P, Buntinx F (2008). "Signs and symptoms in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: a diagnostic meta-analysis". Br J Gen Pract. 58 (547): 105–11. doi:10.3399/bjgp08X277014. PMC 2233977. PMID 18307844.
↑ Gaggin, Hanna K.; Januzzi, James L. (2013). "Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1832 (12): 2442–2450. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014. ISSN 0925-4439.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P (2002). "How to diagnose cardiac tamponade". Neth J Med. 60 (8): 334–8. PMID 12481882.
↑ Martindale, Jennifer L.; Noble, Vicki E.; Liteplo, Andrew (2013). "Diagnosing pulmonary edema". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 356–360. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88. ISSN 0969-9546.
↑ Debiasi RL, Tyler KL (2004). "Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (4): 903–25, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004. PMC 523566. PMID 15489354.
↑ McAllister TW (2011). "Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 13 (3): 287–300. PMC 3182015. PMID 22033563.
↑ Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL (2014). "Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches". Indian J Crit Care Med. 18 (11): 735–45. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.144017. PMC 4238091. PMID 25425841.
↑ Chin RL, Olson KR, Dempsey D (2007). "Salicylate toxicity from ingestion and continued dermal absorption". Cal J Emerg Med. 8 (1): 23–5. PMC 2859737. PMID 20440389.
↑ Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge". Cases J. 1 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-102. PMC 2533003. PMID 18710551.
↑ Westerberg DP (March 2013). "Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 87 (5): 337–46. PMID 23547550.
↑ Taylor CB (2006). "Panic disorder". BMJ. 332 (7547): 951–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951. PMC 1444835. PMID 16627512.
↑ Lee SY, Chien DK, Huang CH, Shih SC, Lee WC, Chang WH (August 2017). "Dyspnea in pregnancy". Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 56 (4): 432–436. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2017.04.035. PMID 28805596.
↑ Askim Å, Mehl A, Paulsen J, DeWan AT, Vestrheim DF, Åsvold BO; et al. (2016). "Epidemiology and outcome of sepsis in adult patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in a Norwegian county 1993-2011: an observational study". BMC Infect Dis. 16: 223. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1553-8. PMC 4877975. PMID 27216810.
↑ Stang MT, Armstrong MJ, Ogilvie JB, Yip L, McCoy KL, Faber CN, Carty SE (July 2012). "Positional dyspnea and tracheal compression as indications for goiter resection". Arch Surg. 147 (7): 621–6. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2012.96. PMID 22430090.
↑ Schwenk NR, Schapira RM, Byrd JC (November 1994). "Laryngeal carcinoma presenting as platypnea". Chest. 106 (5): 1609–11. PMID 7956433.
↑ Conti V, Calia N, Pasquini C, Zardi S, Finetti C, Stomeo F, Ravenna F (April 2013). "[Chronic cough and worsening dyspnea: a case of idiopathic tracheal stenosis]". Recenti Prog Med (in Italian). 104 (4): 156–8. doi:10.1701/1271.14026. PMID 23748638.
↑ Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V (2008). "Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (4): 475–7. doi:10.1513/pats.200708-126ET. PMC 2645322. PMID 18453358.
↑ Sajkov D, Petrovsky N, Palange P (June 2010). "Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 4 (2): 76–84. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0. PMID 20407377.
↑ Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE (1991). "Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis". Chest. 100 (1): 96–101. PMID 2060395.
↑ Moher D, Cole CW, Hill GB (November 1992). "Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the effect of differing definitions". Eur J Vasc Surg. 6 (6): 647–50. PMID 1451823.
↑ Khanna D, Clements PJ, Furst DE, Chon Y, Elashoff R, Roth MD, Sterz MG, Chung J, FitzGerald JD, Seibold JR, Varga J, Theodore A, Wigley FM, Silver RM, Steen VD, Mayes MD, Connolly MK, Fessler BJ, Rothfield NF, Mubarak K, Molitor J, Tashkin DP (February 2005). "Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: results from the Scleroderma Lung Study". Arthritis Rheum. 52 (2): 592–600. doi:10.1002/art.20787. PMID 15692967.
↑ Ziegler, Bruna; Rovedder, Paula Maria Eidt; Dalcin, Paulo de Tarso Roth; Menna-Barreto, Sérgio Saldanha (2009). "Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 35 (9): 854–859. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006. ISSN 1806-3713.
↑ Thomas R, Jenkins S, Eastwood PR, Lee YC, Singh B (July 2015). "Physiology of breathlessness associated with pleural effusions". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 21 (4): 338–45. doi:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000174. PMC 5633324. PMID 25978627.
↑ Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS; et al. (2009). "Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 9: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-9-15. PMC 2671488. PMID 19335916.
↑ Dubé BP, Dres M (2016). "Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies". J Clin Med. 5 (12). doi:10.3390/jcm5120113. PMC 5184786. PMID 27929389.
↑ Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O (2006). "Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment". BMJ. 332 (7551): 1194–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194. PMC 1463969. PMID 16709993.
↑ Nakamura M, Satoh M, Kowada S, Satoh H, Tashiro A, Sato F, Masuda T, Hiramori K (February 2002). "Reversible restrictive cardiomyopathy due to light-chain deposition disease". Mayo Clin. Proc. 77 (2): 193–6. doi:10.4065/77.2.193. PMID 11838655.
↑ Barstow C, McDivitt JD (March 2017). "Cardiovascular Disease Update: Bradyarrhythmias". FP Essent. 454: 18–23. PMID 28266824.
↑ Jung HO (2012). "Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography". Korean Circ J. 42 (11): 725–34. doi:10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725. PMC 3518705. PMID 23236323.
↑ Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS; et al. (2009). "Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 9: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-9-15. PMC 2671488. PMID 19335916.
↑ Lechtzin N, Lange DJ, Davey C, Becker B, Mitsumoto H (January 2007). "Measures of dyspnea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Muscle Nerve. 35 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1002/mus.20669. PMID 17029274.
↑ Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, Sahn SA, Stanford RE, Marmorstein BL, Scheinhorn DJ (January 1976). "Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: analysis of six cases and review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (1): 89–104. PMID 1246203.
↑ Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG (2011). "Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 301 (4): R873–84. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011. PMC 3197343. PMID 21813873.
↑ Tarui S (1995). "Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine". Muscle Nerve Suppl. 3: S2–9. PMID 7603522.
↑ Lane R, Adams L (1993). "Metabolic acidosis and breathlessness during exercise and hypercapnia in man". J Physiol. 461: 47–61. PMC 1175244. PMID 8350272.
↑ DePalo LR (May 2002). "Fatal dyspnea in a patient with renal failure". Mt. Sinai J. Med. 69 (3): 113–20. PMID 12035070.
↑ Sengupta A, Saha K, Jash D, Banerjee SN (2013). "Dyspnea with anemia turned out to be a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia". Asian J Transfus Sci. 7 (1): 75–8. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.106745. PMC 3613670. PMID 23559772.
↑ Bailey PH (July 2004). "The dyspnea-anxiety-dyspnea cycle--COPD patients' stories of breathlessness: "It's scary /when you can't breathe"". Qual Health Res. 14 (6): 760–78. doi:10.1177/1049732304265973. PMID 15200799.
↑ Perri GA (2013). "Ascites in patients with cirrhosis". Can Fam Physician. 59 (12): 1297–9, e538–40. PMC 3860926. PMID 24336542.
↑ Neuman A, Gunnbjörnsdottir M, Tunsäter A, Nyström L, Franklin KA, Norrman E, Janson C (October 2006). "Dyspnea in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression: A prospective population study". Respir Med. 100 (10): 1843–9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.016. PMID 16516455.
↑ Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G (2015). "Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction". Can Respir J. 22 (4): 206–8. PMC 4530852. PMID 26083538.
↑ Sin DD, Jones RL, Man SF (July 2002). "Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction". Arch. Intern. Med. 162 (13): 1477–81. PMID 12090884.
↑ Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö (2012). "Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast". Tuberk Toraks. 60 (1): 56–8. PMID 22554368.
↑ Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM (2015). "Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy". Case Rep Nephrol. 2015: 378170. doi:10.1155/2015/378170. PMC 4525752. PMID 26266064.
↑ Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P (2012). "Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 6: 335. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-6-335. PMC 3492078. PMID 23034218.
↑ Bal, Amanjit; Das, Ashim; Gupta, Dheeraj; Garg, Mandeep (2014). "Goodpasture's Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association". Case Reports in Pulmonology. 2014: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2014/398238. ISSN 2090-6846.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid7477171-1] Manning HL, Schwartzstein RM (December 1995). "Pathophysiology of dyspnea". N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (23): 1547–53. doi:10.1056/NEJM199512073332307. PMID 7477171.

[pmid28098068-2] Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J (2016). "The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 113 (49): 834–845. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834. PMC 5247680. PMID 28098068.

[pmid28405953-3] Bernstein JA, Cremonesi P, Hoffmann TK, Hollingsworth J (2017). "Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management". Int J Emerg Med. 10 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z. PMC 5389952. PMID 28405953.

[pmid21293765-4] Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS (2010). "Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting". West J Emerg Med. 11 (5): 456–61. PMC 3027438. PMID 21293765.

[pmid25581840-5] O'Horo JC, Rogus-Pulia N, Garcia-Arguello L, Robbins J, Safdar N (2015). "Bedside diagnosis of dysphagia: a systematic review". J Hosp Med. 10 (4): 256–65. doi:10.1002/jhm.2313. PMC 4607509. PMID 25581840.

[pmid23939212-6] Bjornson CL, Johnson DW (2013). "Croup in children". CMAJ. 185 (15): 1317–23. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121645. PMC 3796596. PMID 23939212.

[pmid17104162-7] Negus VE (1927). "The Function of the Epiglottis". J Anat. 62 (Pt 1): 1–8. PMC 1250045. PMID 17104162.

[pmid214901812-8] Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL (2011). "Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines". Mayo Clin Proc. 86 (5): 427–43. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0392. PMC 3084646. PMID 21490181.

[pmid8828523-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Wood RP, Milgrom H (September 1996). "Vocal cord dysfunction". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 98 (3): 481–5. PMID 8828523.

[pmid19858243-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA (2010). "Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management". CMAJ. 182 (2): E55–67. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080072. PMC 2817338. PMID 19858243.

[CantinBankier2009-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Cantin, Luce; Bankier, Alexander A.; Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2009). "Bronchiectasis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (3): W158–W171. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3053. ISSN 0361-803X.

[pmid23015953-12] Molis MA, Molis WE (2010). "Exercise-induced bronchospasm". Sports Health. 2 (4): 311–7. doi:10.1177/1941738110373735. PMC 3445098. PMID 23015953.

[pmid23562737-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M (2013). "Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 19 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017. PMID 23562737.

[pmid25177479-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA (2014). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications". Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 5 (5): 212–27. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862. PMC 4131503. PMID 25177479.

[pmid22054876-15] Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA (2011). "Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention". Clin Chest Med. 32 (4): 605–44. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001. PMC 3864624. PMID 22054876.

[pmid25165554-16] Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J (2014). "Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/2049936113518041. PMC 4072047. PMID 25165554.

[pmid17621614-17] Currie GP, Alluri R, Christie GL, Legge JS (2007). "Pneumothorax: an update". Postgrad Med J. 83 (981): 461–5. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.056978. PMC 2600088. PMID 17621614.

[pmid23940438-18] Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A (2013). "Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism". Exp Clin Cardiol. 18 (2): 129–38. PMC 3718593. PMID 23940438.

[pmid27984449-19] Swart E, Laratta J, Slobogean G, Mehta S (February 2017). "Operative Treatment of Rib Fractures in Flail Chest Injuries: A Meta-analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis". J Orthop Trauma. 31 (2): 64–70. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000750. PMID 27984449.

[pmid18307844-20] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ^20.3 Bruyninckx R, Aertgeerts B, Bruyninckx P, Buntinx F (2008). "Signs and symptoms in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: a diagnostic meta-analysis". Br J Gen Pract. 58 (547): 105–11. doi:10.3399/bjgp08X277014. PMC 2233977. PMID 18307844.

[GagginJanuzzi20132-21] Gaggin, Hanna K.; Januzzi, James L. (2013). "Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1832 (12): 2442–2450. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014. ISSN 0925-4439.

[pmid12481882-22] 22.0 ^22.1 van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P (2002). "How to diagnose cardiac tamponade". Neth J Med. 60 (8): 334–8. PMID 12481882.

[MartindaleNoble2013-23] Martindale, Jennifer L.; Noble, Vicki E.; Liteplo, Andrew (2013). "Diagnosing pulmonary edema". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 356–360. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88. ISSN 0969-9546.

[pmid15489354-24] Debiasi RL, Tyler KL (2004). "Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (4): 903–25, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004. PMC 523566. PMID 15489354.

[pmid22033563-25] McAllister TW (2011). "Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 13 (3): 287–300. PMC 3182015. PMID 22033563.

[pmid25425841-26] Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL (2014). "Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches". Indian J Crit Care Med. 18 (11): 735–45. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.144017. PMC 4238091. PMID 25425841.

[pmid20440389-27] Chin RL, Olson KR, Dempsey D (2007). "Salicylate toxicity from ingestion and continued dermal absorption". Cal J Emerg Med. 8 (1): 23–5. PMC 2859737. PMID 20440389.

[pmid18710551-28] Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge". Cases J. 1 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-102. PMC 2533003. PMID 18710551.

[pmid23547550-29] Westerberg DP (March 2013). "Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 87 (5): 337–46. PMID 23547550.

[pmid16627512-30] Taylor CB (2006). "Panic disorder". BMJ. 332 (7547): 951–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951. PMC 1444835. PMID 16627512.

[pmid28805596-31] Lee SY, Chien DK, Huang CH, Shih SC, Lee WC, Chang WH (August 2017). "Dyspnea in pregnancy". Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 56 (4): 432–436. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2017.04.035. PMID 28805596.

[pmid27216810-32] Askim Å, Mehl A, Paulsen J, DeWan AT, Vestrheim DF, Åsvold BO; et al. (2016). "Epidemiology and outcome of sepsis in adult patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in a Norwegian county 1993-2011: an observational study". BMC Infect Dis. 16: 223. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1553-8. PMC 4877975. PMID 27216810.

[pmid22430090-33] Stang MT, Armstrong MJ, Ogilvie JB, Yip L, McCoy KL, Faber CN, Carty SE (July 2012). "Positional dyspnea and tracheal compression as indications for goiter resection". Arch Surg. 147 (7): 621–6. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2012.96. PMID 22430090.

[pmid7956433-34] Schwenk NR, Schapira RM, Byrd JC (November 1994). "Laryngeal carcinoma presenting as platypnea". Chest. 106 (5): 1609–11. PMID 7956433.

[pmid23748638-35] Conti V, Calia N, Pasquini C, Zardi S, Finetti C, Stomeo F, Ravenna F (April 2013). "[Chronic cough and worsening dyspnea: a case of idiopathic tracheal stenosis]". Recenti Prog Med (in Italian). 104 (4): 156–8. doi:10.1701/1271.14026. PMID 23748638.

[pmid18453358-36] Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V (2008). "Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (4): 475–7. doi:10.1513/pats.200708-126ET. PMC 2645322. PMID 18453358.

[pmid20407377-37] Sajkov D, Petrovsky N, Palange P (June 2010). "Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 4 (2): 76–84. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0. PMID 20407377.

[pmid2060395-38] Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE (1991). "Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis". Chest. 100 (1): 96–101. PMID 2060395.

[pmid14518232-39] Moher D, Cole CW, Hill GB (November 1992). "Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the effect of differing definitions". Eur J Vasc Surg. 6 (6): 647–50. PMID 1451823.

[pmid15692967-40] Khanna D, Clements PJ, Furst DE, Chon Y, Elashoff R, Roth MD, Sterz MG, Chung J, FitzGerald JD, Seibold JR, Varga J, Theodore A, Wigley FM, Silver RM, Steen VD, Mayes MD, Connolly MK, Fessler BJ, Rothfield NF, Mubarak K, Molitor J, Tashkin DP (February 2005). "Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: results from the Scleroderma Lung Study". Arthritis Rheum. 52 (2): 592–600. doi:10.1002/art.20787. PMID 15692967.

[ZieglerRovedder2009-41] Ziegler, Bruna; Rovedder, Paula Maria Eidt; Dalcin, Paulo de Tarso Roth; Menna-Barreto, Sérgio Saldanha (2009). "Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 35 (9): 854–859. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006. ISSN 1806-3713.

[pmid25978627-42] Thomas R, Jenkins S, Eastwood PR, Lee YC, Singh B (July 2015). "Physiology of breathlessness associated with pleural effusions". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 21 (4): 338–45. doi:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000174. PMC 5633324. PMID 25978627.

[pmid19335916-43] Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS; et al. (2009). "Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 9: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-9-15. PMC 2671488. PMID 19335916.

[pmid27929389-44] Dubé BP, Dres M (2016). "Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies". J Clin Med. 5 (12). doi:10.3390/jcm5120113. PMC 5184786. PMID 27929389.

[pmid16709993-45] Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O (2006). "Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment". BMJ. 332 (7551): 1194–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194. PMC 1463969. PMID 16709993.

[pmid118386552-46] Nakamura M, Satoh M, Kowada S, Satoh H, Tashiro A, Sato F, Masuda T, Hiramori K (February 2002). "Reversible restrictive cardiomyopathy due to light-chain deposition disease". Mayo Clin. Proc. 77 (2): 193–6. doi:10.4065/77.2.193. PMID 11838655.

[pmid28266824-47] Barstow C, McDivitt JD (March 2017). "Cardiovascular Disease Update: Bradyarrhythmias". FP Essent. 454: 18–23. PMID 28266824.

[pmid23236323-48] Jung HO (2012). "Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography". Korean Circ J. 42 (11): 725–34. doi:10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725. PMC 3518705. PMID 23236323.

[pmid193359162-49] Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS; et al. (2009). "Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 9: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-9-15. PMC 2671488. PMID 19335916.

[pmid17029274-50] Lechtzin N, Lange DJ, Davey C, Becker B, Mitsumoto H (January 2007). "Measures of dyspnea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Muscle Nerve. 35 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1002/mus.20669. PMID 17029274.

[pmid1246203-51] Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, Sahn SA, Stanford RE, Marmorstein BL, Scheinhorn DJ (January 1976). "Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: analysis of six cases and review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (1): 89–104. PMID 1246203.

[pmid21813873-52] Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG (2011). "Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 301 (4): R873–84. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011. PMC 3197343. PMID 21813873.

[pmid7603522-53] Tarui S (1995). "Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine". Muscle Nerve Suppl. 3: S2–9. PMID 7603522.

[pmid8350272-54] Lane R, Adams L (1993). "Metabolic acidosis and breathlessness during exercise and hypercapnia in man". J Physiol. 461: 47–61. PMC 1175244. PMID 8350272.

[pmid12035070-55] DePalo LR (May 2002). "Fatal dyspnea in a patient with renal failure". Mt. Sinai J. Med. 69 (3): 113–20. PMID 12035070.

[pmid23559772-56] Sengupta A, Saha K, Jash D, Banerjee SN (2013). "Dyspnea with anemia turned out to be a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia". Asian J Transfus Sci. 7 (1): 75–8. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.106745. PMC 3613670. PMID 23559772.

[pmid15200799-57] Bailey PH (July 2004). "The dyspnea-anxiety-dyspnea cycle--COPD patients' stories of breathlessness: "It's scary /when you can't breathe"". Qual Health Res. 14 (6): 760–78. doi:10.1177/1049732304265973. PMID 15200799.

[pmid24336542-58] Perri GA (2013). "Ascites in patients with cirrhosis". Can Fam Physician. 59 (12): 1297–9, e538–40. PMC 3860926. PMID 24336542.

[pmid16516455-59] Neuman A, Gunnbjörnsdottir M, Tunsäter A, Nyström L, Franklin KA, Norrman E, Janson C (October 2006). "Dyspnea in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression: A prospective population study". Respir Med. 100 (10): 1843–9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.016. PMID 16516455.

[pmid26083538-60] Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G (2015). "Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction". Can Respir J. 22 (4): 206–8. PMC 4530852. PMID 26083538.

[pmid12090884-61] Sin DD, Jones RL, Man SF (July 2002). "Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction". Arch. Intern. Med. 162 (13): 1477–81. PMID 12090884.

[pmid22554368-62] Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö (2012). "Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast". Tuberk Toraks. 60 (1): 56–8. PMID 22554368.

[pmid26266064-63] Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM (2015). "Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy". Case Rep Nephrol. 2015: 378170. doi:10.1155/2015/378170. PMC 4525752. PMID 26266064.

[pmid23034218-64] Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P (2012). "Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 6: 335. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-6-335. PMC 3492078. PMID 23034218.

[BalDas2014-65] Bal, Amanjit; Das, Ashim; Gupta, Dheeraj; Garg, Mandeep (2014). "Goodpasture's Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association". Case Reports in Pulmonology. 2014: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2014/398238. ISSN 2090-6846.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ==Overview==
+Dyspnea is defined as "uncomfortable [[sensation]] of [[breathing]]". Dyspnea involves multiple qualitatively precise [[sensations]], which derived from various pathophysiologic processes. Shortness of breath is consisted of eight different [[sensations]], include rapid [[breathing]], incomplete [[exhalation]], shallow [[breathing]], increased work or effort, feeling of [[suffocation]], [[air hunger]], [[chest tightness]], and heavy [[breathing]]. Common [[pathophysiology]] of shortness of breath is a combination of sense of [[respiratory]] effort, [[chemoreceptors]], [[mechanoreceptors]], and [[afferent]] mismatch. Common Causes of dyspnea include [[anemia]], [[foreign body aspiration]], [[heart failure]], [[pneumonia]], [[pregnancy]], and [[pulmonary edema]].
 ==Pathophysiology==
-*
+* Shortness of breath is consisted of eight different [[sensations]]:
+** Rapid [[breathing]]
+** Incomplete [[exhalation]]
+** Shallow [[breathing]]
+** Increased work or effort
+** Feeling of [[suffocation]]
+** [[Air hunger]]
+** [[Chest tightness]]
+** Heavy [[breathing]]
-== Differentiating Shortness of Breath or Dyspnea from other Diseases==
+=== The common pathophysiology of shortness of breath (dyspnea)<ref name="pmid7477171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manning HL, Schwartzstein RM |title=Pathophysiology of dyspnea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=333 |issue=23 |pages=1547–53 |date=December 1995 |pmid=7477171 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199512073332307 |url= |author=}}</ref> ===
+<br>
+<br>
+<small>
+<small>
+{{family tree/start}}
+{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01='''Dyspnea pathophysiology'''}}
+{{family tree| | |,|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
+{{family tree| | B01 | | | | B02 | | | | | | | | B03 | | | | | | B04 | | |B01='''''Sense of [[respiratory]] effort'''''|B02='''''[[Chemoreceptors]]'''''|B03='''''[[Mechanoreceptors]]'''''|B04='''''[[Afferent]] mismatch'''''}}
+{{family tree| | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}
+{{family tree| | |!| | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | |!| | | |C01=[[Hypercapnia]]|C02=[[Hypoxia]]|C03=[[Upper airway]] receptors|C04=[[Lung]] receptors|C05= [[Chest wall]] receptors}}
+{{family tree| | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |}}
+{{family tree| boxstyle=width: 200px; text-align: left; | | D01 | | D02 | | D03 | | D04 | | D05 | | D06 | | D07 | | |D01=• Simultaneous activation of the [[sensory cortex]]<br>• Sense of effort is the predominant factor contributing to [[breathlessness]] when the [[respiratory]]-[[muscles]] are fatigued, weakened, or increasingly loaded|D02=• [[Hypercapnia]] causes dyspnea independent of any reflex increase in [[respiratory]]-[[muscle]] activity<br>• There are many clinical settings, such as [[asthma]] in which dyspnea develops under eucapnic or hypocapnic|D03=• [[Hypoxia]] appears to have a direct effect on shortness of breath, independent of any change in [[ventilation]] conditions<br>• [[Hypoxia]] plays a limited role in the dyspnea in patients with [[cardiopulmonary]] disease|D04=• [[Upper airway]] and [[facial]] receptors modify the sensation of dyspnea<br>• [[Receptors]] in the [[trigeminal nerve]] distribution influence the intensity of dyspnea|D05=• [[Pulmonary]] stretch [[receptors]] (respond to [[lung]] inflation)<br>• Irritant [[receptors]] in the [[epithelium]] (respond to a mechanical and [[chemical]] stimuli)<br>• [[C fibers]], unmyelinated [[nerve]] endings, located in the [[alveolar]] wall and [[blood vessels]] (respond to [[interstitial]] [[congestion]])|D06=• [[Receptors]] in the [[joints]], [[tendons]], and [[muscles]] of the [[chest wall]] (might influence the [[sensation]] of dyspnea)<br>• Application of a physiotherapeutic vibration over the parasternal [[intercostal muscles]] reduced dyspnea|D07=• Dyspnea arises from irrelevance between the [[force]] or [[tension]] generated by the [[respiratory]] [[muscles]] and the resulting change in [[muscle]] length and [[lung]] volume}}
+{{family tree/end}}
+</small>
+</small>
+==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+*[[Acute coronary syndromes]]
+*[[Anaphylaxis]]
+*[[Asthma]]
+*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
+*[[COPD|COPD exacerbation]]
+*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
+*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Spontaneous pneumothorax]]
+===Common Causes===
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
+*[[Heart failure]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
+*[[Pulmonary edema]]
+===Causes Based on Pathophysiology===
+====Obstructive Lung Diseases====
+*[[Asthma]]
+*[[Bronchitis]]
+*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
+*[[Emphysema]]
+*[[Hookworm disease]]
+*[[Larynx|Laryngeal]] [[edema]] due to [[allergies]]
+*[[Tuberculosis]]
+====Diseases of Lung Parenchyma and Pleura====
+=====Contagious=====
+*[[Anthrax]] through inhalation of ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+=====Non-Contagious=====
+*[[Fibrosing alveolitis]]
+*[[Atelectasis]]
+*[[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis]]
+*[[Interstitial lung disease]]
+*[[Lung cancer]]
+*[[Pleural effusion]]
+*[[Pneumoconiosis]]
+*[[Pneumothorax]]
+*Non-cardiogenic [[pulmonary edema]] or [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]]
+*[[Sarcoidosis]]
+====Pulmonary Vascular Diseases====
+*Acute or recurrent [[Pulmonary embolism|pulmonary emboli]]
+*[[Pulmonary hypertension]], primary or secondary
+*Pulmonary [[veno-occlusive disease]]
+*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
+====Obstruction of the Airway====
+*[[Cancer]] of the [[larynx]] or [[pharynx]]
+*[[Empty nose syndrome]]
+*[[Pulmonary aspiration]]
+*[[Epiglottitis]]
+====Immobilization of the Diaphragm====
+*Lesion of the [[phrenic nerve]]
+*[[Polycystic liver disease]]
+*[[Tumor]] in the [[diaphragm]]
+====Restriction of the Chest Volume====
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
+*[[Bone fracture|Broken ribs]]
+*[[Kyphosis]]
+*[[Obesity]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
+*[[Pectus excavatum]]
+*[[Scoliosis]]
+'''For the complete list of causes for shortness of breath or dyspnea [[Dyspnea causes|click here]]'''
+==Differentiating Shortness of Breath or Dyspnea from other Diseases==
 * The underlying causes of dyspnea are classified as [[acute]] causes and [[chronic]] causes based on the disease course. Different causes of dyspnea include [[pulmonary]] ([[Upper airway|upper]] and [[Lower respiratory|lower airway]]), [[cardiovascular]], [[central nervous system]], [[toxic]] and [[metabolic]], and [[systemic]] diseases.
-'''Diseases that cause shortness of breath have to be differentiated upon the following table'''<ref name="GagginJanuzzi20132">{{cite journal|last1=Gaggin|first1=Hanna K.|last2=Januzzi|first2=James L.|title=Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease|volume=1832|issue=12|year=2013|pages=2442–2450|issn=09254439|doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481882">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P |title=How to diagnose cardiac tamponade |journal=Neth J Med |volume=60 |issue=8 |pages=334–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12481882 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="MartindaleNoble2013">{{cite journal|last1=Martindale|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Noble|first2=Vicki E.|last3=Liteplo|first3=Andrew|title=Diagnosing pulmonary edema|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=20|issue=5|year=2013|pages=356–360|issn=0969-9546|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88}}</ref><ref name="pmid15489354">{{cite journal| author=Debiasi RL, Tyler KL| title=Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2004 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 903-25, table of contents | pmid=15489354 | doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004 | pmc=523566 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15489354  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18710551">{{cite journal| author=Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM| title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge. | journal=Cases J | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 102 | pmid=18710551 | doi=10.1186/1757-1626-1-102 | pmc=2533003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18710551  }}</ref><ref name="CantinBankier2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cantin|first1=Luce|last2=Bankier|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Ronald L.|title=Bronchiectasis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=193|issue=3|year=2009|pages=W158–W171|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3053}}</ref><ref name="pmid2060395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE |title=Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis |journal=Chest |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |year=1991 |pmid=2060395 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23562737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M |title=Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |journal=Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=973–80 |year=2013 |pmid=23562737 |doi=10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ZieglerRovedder2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Bruna|last2=Rovedder|first2=Paula Maria Eidt|last3=Dalcin|first3=Paulo de Tarso Roth|last4=Menna-Barreto|first4=Sérgio Saldanha|title=Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia|volume=35|issue=9|year=2009|pages=854–859|issn=1806-3713|doi=10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006}}</ref><ref name="BalDas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bal|first1=Amanjit|last2=Das|first2=Ashim|last3=Gupta|first3=Dheeraj|last4=Garg|first4=Mandeep|title=Goodpasture’s Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association|journal=Case Reports in Pulmonology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–7|issn=2090-6846|doi=10.1155/2014/398238}}</ref><ref name="pmid23236323">{{cite journal| author=Jung HO| title=Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography. | journal=Korean Circ J | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 725-34 | pmid=23236323 | doi=10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725 | pmc=3518705 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23236323  }}</ref><ref name="pmid28098068">{{cite journal| author=Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J| title=The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2016 | volume= 113 | issue= 49 | pages= 834-845 | pmid=28098068 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834 | pmc=5247680 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28098068  }} </ref>
+'''Diseases that cause shortness of breath have to be differentiated upon the following table'''<ref name="pmid28098068">{{cite journal| author=Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J| title=The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2016 | volume= 113 | issue= 49 | pages= 834-845 | pmid=28098068 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834 | pmc=5247680 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28098068  }} </ref>
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and fever, [[Dyspnea and Fever|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and chest pain, [[Dyspnea and Chest pain|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and cough, [[Dyspnea and Cough|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and jugular vein distention, [[Dyspnea and Jugular vein distention|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and cyanosis or clubbing, [[Dyspnea and Cyanosis or Clubbing|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and loss of consciousness or agitation, [[Dyspnea and Loss of consciousness or Agitation|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with normal auscultation, [[Dyspnea with Normal auscultation|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with stridor, [[Dyspnea with Stridor|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with wheezing, [[Dyspnea with Wheezing|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with crackle, [[Dyspnea with Crackle|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea with rhonchi, [[Dyspnea with Rhonchi|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, fever,''''' '''''and cough, [[Dyspnea, Fever, and Cough|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, fever,''''' '''''and chest pain, [[Dyspnea, Fever, and Chest pain|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, cough, and cyanosis or clubbing [[Dyspnea, Cough, and Cyanosis or Clubbing|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, fever,''''' '''''chest pain,''''' '''''cough,''''' '''''and cyanosis or clubbing''''' '''''[[Dyspnea, Fever, Chest pain, Cough, and Cyanosis or Clubbing|click here]]'''.''
+<small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); DOE ('''dyspnea on [[exercise]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>
+<small><small>
-<small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>
-<small><small><small>
 {|
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
 ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
 ! rowspan="3" |Diseases
-! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="13" |Clinical manifestations
 ! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
 ! rowspan="3" |Other features
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
-! colspan="6" |Symptoms
+! colspan="8" |Symptoms
 ! colspan="5" |Physical exam
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
@@ Line 37: / Line 162: @@
 !Chest pain
 !Cough
+!Orthopnea
+!DOE
 !Cyanosis
 !Clubbing
@@ Line 48: / Line 175: @@
 !Gold standard
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! rowspan="32" |Acute Dyspnea
+! rowspan="33" |Acute Dyspnea
-! rowspan="17" |[[Respiratory system]]
+! rowspan="18" |[[Respiratory system]]
 ! rowspan="7" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
 Upper [[airway]]
-![[Angioedema]]
+![[Angioedema]]<ref name="pmid28405953">{{cite journal| author=Bernstein JA, Cremonesi P, Hoffmann TK, Hollingsworth J| title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. | journal=Int J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 15 | pmid=28405953 | doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z | pmc=5389952 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28405953  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 59: / Line 186: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |++
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Generalized edema]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Anaphylaxis]]
+![[Anaphylaxis]]<ref name="pmid21293765">{{cite journal| author=Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS| title=Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting. | journal=West J Emerg Med | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-61 | pmid=21293765 | doi= | pmc=3027438 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21293765  }}</ref>
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 86: / Line 217: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vital sign]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Type 1 hypersensitivity]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Aspiration]]
+![[Aspiration]]<ref name="pmid25581840">{{cite journal| author=O'Horo JC, Rogus-Pulia N, Garcia-Arguello L, Robbins J, Safdar N| title=Bedside diagnosis of dysphagia: a systematic review. | journal=J Hosp Med | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=25581840 | doi=10.1002/jhm.2313 | pmc=4607509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25581840  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 97: / Line 228: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 109: / Line 242: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Croup]]
+![[Croup]]<ref name="pmid23939212">{{cite journal| author=Bjornson CL, Johnson DW| title=Croup in children. | journal=CMAJ | year= 2013 | volume= 185 | issue= 15 | pages= 1317-23 | pmid=23939212 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.121645 | pmc=3796596 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23939212  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 116: / Line 249: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 128: / Line 263: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barking cough]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Epiglottitis]]
+![[Epiglottitis]]<ref name="pmid17104162">{{cite journal| author=Negus VE| title=The Function of the Epiglottis. | journal=J Anat | year= 1927 | volume= 62 | issue= Pt 1 | pages= 1-8 | pmid=17104162 | doi= | pmc=1250045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17104162  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 135: / Line 270: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 147: / Line 284: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Drooling]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Rhinosinusitis]]
+![[Rhinosinusitis]]<ref name="pmid214901812">{{cite journal| author=Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL| title=Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 427-43 | pmid=21490181 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0392 | pmc=3084646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21490181  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 154: / Line 291: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 161: / Line 300: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sinus]] [[inflammation]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Air fluid level
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Vocal cord paralysis|Vocal cord dysfunction]]
+![[Vocal cord paralysis|Vocal cord dysfunction]]<ref name="pmid8828523">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wood RP, Milgrom H |title=Vocal cord dysfunction |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=481–5 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8828523 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 173: / Line 312: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 185: / Line 326: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-! rowspan="10" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
+! rowspan="11" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
 Lower [[airway]]
-![[Asthma attack]]
+![[Asthma attack]]<ref name="pmid19858243">{{cite journal| author=Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA| title=Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management. | journal=CMAJ | year= 2010 | volume= 182 | issue= 2 | pages= E55-67 | pmid=19858243 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.080072 | pmc=2817338 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19858243  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 194: / Line 335: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 202: / Line 345: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]], [[Peak expiratory flow|PEF]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
 [[Spirometry]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest pain]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchitis]]
+!'''[[Atelectasis]]'''
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]], [[Wheeze]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], Normal/↓[[CO2]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Collapsed lung lobe, [[Fissure|fissures]]<nowiki/>displacement
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FVC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CT scan|Chest CT scan]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Surgical procedure]], [[Aspiration]],
+[[Mechanical ventilation]]
+|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
+![[Bronchitis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cantin|first1=Luce|last2=Bankier|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Ronald L.|title=Bronchiectasis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=193|issue=3|year=2009|pages=W158–W171|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3053}}</ref>
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
@@ Line 226: / Line 393: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]] relieved by [[Dextromethorphan|cough]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchospasm]]
+![[Bronchospasm]]<ref name="pmid23015953">{{cite journal| author=Molis MA, Molis WE| title=Exercise-induced bronchospasm. | journal=Sports Health | year= 2010 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 311-7 | pmid=23015953 | doi=10.1177/1941738110373735 | pmc=3445098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23015953  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 233: / Line 400: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 245: / Line 414: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Allergic reaction]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchiolitis]]
+![[Bronchiolitis]]<ref name="pmid23562737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M |title=Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |journal=Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=973–80 |year=2013 |pmid=23562737 |doi=10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017 |url=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 252: / Line 421: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 264: / Line 435: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory syncytial virus|Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide|COPD exacerbation]]
+![[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide|COPD exacerbation]]<ref name="pmid25177479">{{cite journal| author=Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA| title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications. | journal=Ther Adv Chronic Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue= 5 | pages= 212-27 | pmid=25177479 | doi=10.1177/2040622314532862 | pmc=4131503 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25177479  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 273: / Line 444: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], ↑[[RBC]]
@@ Line 283: / Line 456: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chronic bronchitis|Acute '''exacerbations''' of chronic bronchitis (AECB)]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Lung carcinoma]]
+![[Lung carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid22054876">{{cite journal| author=Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA| title=Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. | journal=Clin Chest Med | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 605-44 | pmid=22054876 | doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001 | pmc=3864624 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22054876  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 290: / Line 463: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 300: / Line 475: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paraneoplastic syndromes, such as [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]] and [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome|lambert-Eaton]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pneumonia]]
+![[Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid25165554">{{cite journal| author=Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J| title=Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. | journal=Ther Adv Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-16 | pmid=25165554 | doi=10.1177/2049936113518041 | pmc=4072047 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25165554  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 309: / Line 484: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 318: / Line 495: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Consolidation (medicine)|Lobar consolidation]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]] and CT Scan
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[productive cough]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pneumothorax]]
+![[Pneumothorax]]<ref name="pmid17621614">{{cite journal| author=Currie GP, Alluri R, Christie GL, Legge JS| title=Pneumothorax: an update. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2007 | volume= 83 | issue= 981 | pages= 461-5 | pmid=17621614 | doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.056978 | pmc=2600088 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17621614  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 327: / Line 504: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 337: / Line 516: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Radiolucency without [[lung]] marking
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |CXR and [[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tracheal deviation]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary embolism]]
+![[Pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid23940438">{{cite journal| author=Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A| title=Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-38 | pmid=23940438 | doi= | pmc=3718593 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940438  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 347: / Line 526: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 359: / Line 540: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleuritic chest pain]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Rib fractures]] ([[flail chest]])
+![[Rib fractures]] ([[flail chest]])<ref name="pmid27984449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Swart E, Laratta J, Slobogean G, Mehta S |title=Operative Treatment of Rib Fractures in Flail Chest Injuries: A Meta-analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis |journal=J Orthop Trauma |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |date=February 2017 |pmid=27984449 |doi=10.1097/BOT.0000000000000750 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 365: / Line 546: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 373: / Line 556: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory acidosis]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Broken [[rib]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fracture marks
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]]
@@ Line 379: / Line 562: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
-![[Acute myocardial ischemia]]
+![[Acute myocardial ischemia]]<ref name="pmid18307844">{{cite journal| author=Bruyninckx R, Aertgeerts B, Bruyninckx P, Buntinx F| title=Signs and symptoms in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: a diagnostic meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Gen Pract | year= 2008 | volume= 58 | issue= 547 | pages= 105-11 | pmid=18307844 | doi=10.3399/bjgp08X277014 | pmc=2233977 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18307844  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 386: / Line 569: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 396: / Line 581: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea and vomiting]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea and vomiting]], Positive pertinent risk factors, such as [[hypertension]], [[diabetes]], and [[smoking]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Acute heart failure]]
+![[Acute heart failure]]<ref name="GagginJanuzzi20132">{{cite journal|last1=Gaggin|first1=Hanna K.|last2=Januzzi|first2=James L.|title=Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease|volume=1832|issue=12|year=2013|pages=2442–2450|issn=09254439|doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 417: / Line 604: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Excessive sweating]], [[high blood pressure]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pericardial tamponade]]
+![[Pericardial tamponade]]<ref name="pmid12481882">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P |title=How to diagnose cardiac tamponade |journal=Neth J Med |volume=60 |issue=8 |pages=334–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12481882 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 424: / Line 611: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 436: / Line 625: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluid accumulation in [[pericardium]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Tachyarrhythmia]]
+![[Tachyarrhythmia]]<ref name="pmid18307844" />
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 455: / Line 646: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Palpitation]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary edema]]
+![[Pulmonary edema]]<ref name="MartindaleNoble2013">{{cite journal|last1=Martindale|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Noble|first2=Vicki E.|last3=Liteplo|first3=Andrew|title=Diagnosing pulmonary edema|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=20|issue=5|year=2013|pages=356–360|issn=0969-9546|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 471: / Line 664: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lung]] [[ultrasound]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Coronary catheterization|Cardiac Catheterization]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tachypnea]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
@@ Line 480: / Line 673: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 494: / Line 689: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Paralysis]] or [[Paresthesias|paresthesia]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Encephalitis]]
+![[Encephalitis]]<ref name="pmid15489354">{{cite journal| author=Debiasi RL, Tyler KL| title=Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2004 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 903-25, table of contents | pmid=15489354 | doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004 | pmc=523566 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15489354  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 513: / Line 710: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Traumatic brain injury]]
+![[Traumatic brain injury]]<ref name="pmid22033563">{{cite journal| author=McAllister TW| title=Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury. | journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 287-300 | pmid=22033563 | doi= | pmc=3182015 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22033563  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 533: / Line 732: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
-![[Organophosphate poisoning]]
+![[Organophosphate poisoning]]<ref name="pmid25425841">{{cite journal| author=Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL| title=Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches. | journal=Indian J Crit Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 11 | pages= 735-45 | pmid=25425841 | doi=10.4103/0972-5229.144017 | pmc=4238091 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25425841  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 552: / Line 753: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Salivation]], [[Lacrimation]],  [[Emesis]], [[Miosis]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Salicylate poisoning]]
+![[Salicylate poisoning]]<ref name="pmid20440389">{{cite journal| author=Chin RL, Olson KR, Dempsey D| title=Salicylate toxicity from ingestion and continued dermal absorption. | journal=Cal J Emerg Med | year= 2007 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-5 | pmid=20440389 | doi= | pmc=2859737 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440389  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 571: / Line 774: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Tinnitus]], [[Confusion]], [[Hyperthermia]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+![[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]<ref name="pmid18710551">{{cite journal| author=Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM| title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge. | journal=Cases J | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 102 | pmid=18710551 | doi=10.1186/1757-1626-1-102 | pmc=2533003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18710551  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 578: / Line 781: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 586: / Line 791: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin|Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)]] level
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]], [[Dizziness]], [[Weakness]], [[Vomiting]], [[Confusion]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
+![[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]<ref name="pmid23547550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westerberg DP |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=337–46 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23547550 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
@@ Line 601: / Line 806: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheeze]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheeze]], [[Kussmaul breathing|Kussmaul's respiration]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
@@ Line 610: / Line 817: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Systemic]]
-![[Panic attack]]
+![[Panic attack]]<ref name="pmid16627512">{{cite journal| author=Taylor CB| title=Panic disorder. | journal=BMJ | year= 2006 | volume= 332 | issue= 7547 | pages= 951-5 | pmid=16627512 | doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951 | pmc=1444835 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16627512  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 629: / Line 838: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anxiety|Severe anxiety]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pregnancy]]
+![[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid28805596">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee SY, Chien DK, Huang CH, Shih SC, Lee WC, Chang WH |title=Dyspnea in pregnancy |journal=Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=432–436 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28805596 |doi=10.1016/j.tjog.2017.04.035 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 635: / Line 844: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 646: / Line 857: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|βhCG]]
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hyperemesis gravidarum|Hyperemesis]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Missed period, Hyperemesis
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Sepsis]]
+![[Sepsis]]<ref name="pmid27216810">{{cite journal| author=Askim Å, Mehl A, Paulsen J, DeWan AT, Vestrheim DF, Åsvold BO et al.| title=Epidemiology and outcome of sepsis in adult patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in a Norwegian county 1993-2011: an observational study. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue=  | pages= 223 | pmid=27216810 | doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1553-8 | pmc=4877975 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27216810  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 669: / Line 882: @@
 ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
 ! rowspan="3" |Diseases
-! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="13" |Clinical manifestations
 ! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
 ! rowspan="3" |Other features
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
-! colspan="6" |Symptoms
+! colspan="8" |Symptoms
 ! colspan="5" |Physical exam
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
@@ Line 682: / Line 895: @@
 !Chest pain
 !Cough
+!Orthopnea
+!DOE
 !Cyanosis
 !Clubbing
@@ Line 698: / Line 913: @@
 Upper [[airway]]
-![[Goiter]]
+![[Goiter]]<ref name="pmid22430090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stang MT, Armstrong MJ, Ogilvie JB, Yip L, McCoy KL, Faber CN, Carty SE |title=Positional dyspnea and tracheal compression as indications for goiter resection |journal=Arch Surg |volume=147 |issue=7 |pages=621–6 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22430090 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2012.96 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 717: / Line 934: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Laryngeal cancer|Laryngeal adenocarcinoma]]
+![[Laryngeal cancer|Laryngeal adenocarcinoma]]<ref name="pmid7956433">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwenk NR, Schapira RM, Byrd JC |title=Laryngeal carcinoma presenting as platypnea |journal=Chest |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=1609–11 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7956433 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 724: / Line 941: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 736: / Line 955: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Vocal cord paralysis]]
+![[Vocal cord paralysis]]<ref name="pmid8828523" />
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 743: / Line 962: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 755: / Line 976: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Tracheal stenosis]]
+![[Tracheal stenosis]]<ref name="pmid23748638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conti V, Calia N, Pasquini C, Zardi S, Finetti C, Stomeo F, Ravenna F |title=[Chronic cough and worsening dyspnea: a case of idiopathic tracheal stenosis] |language=Italian |journal=Recenti Prog Med |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=156–8 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23748638 |doi=10.1701/1271.14026 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 762: / Line 983: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 776: / Line 999: @@
 ! rowspan="14" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
 Lower [[airway]]
-![[Bronchial asthma]]
+![[Bronchial asthma]]<ref name="pmid19858243" />
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 783: / Line 1,006: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 797: / Line 1,022: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paroxysmal [[respiratory distress]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchiectasis]]
+![[Bronchiectasis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009" />
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 804: / Line 1,029: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 816: / Line 1,043: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Productive cough|Chronic productive cough]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[COPD]]
+![[COPD]]<ref name="pmid25177479" />
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 822: / Line 1,049: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 836: / Line 1,065: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Heavy smoking]] history
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Emphysema]]
+![[Emphysema]]<ref name="pmid18453358">{{cite journal| author=Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V| title=Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 4 | pages= 475-7 | pmid=18453358 | doi=10.1513/pats.200708-126ET | pmc=2645322 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18453358  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 843: / Line 1,072: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 856: / Line 1,087: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barrel chest]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary hypertension]]
+![[Pulmonary hypertension]]<ref name="pmid20407377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sajkov D, Petrovsky N, Palange P |title=Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=76–84 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20407377 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 863: / Line 1,094: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
@@ Line 877: / Line 1,110: @@
 [[Ascites]], [[Pleural effusion]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Interstitial lung disease]]
+![[Interstitial lung disease]]<ref name="pmid2060395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE |title=Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis |journal=Chest |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |year=1991 |pmid=2060395 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 884: / Line 1,117: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 896: / Line 1,131: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumoconiosis]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Sarcoidosis]]
+![[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid14518232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moher D, Cole CW, Hill GB |title=Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the effect of differing definitions |journal=Eur J Vasc Surg |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=647–50 |date=November 1992 |pmid=1451823 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 903: / Line 1,138: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 915: / Line 1,152: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypercalcemia]], high [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|ACE]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Alveolitis]]
+![[Alveolitis]]<ref name="pmid15692967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khanna D, Clements PJ, Furst DE, Chon Y, Elashoff R, Roth MD, Sterz MG, Chung J, FitzGerald JD, Seibold JR, Varga J, Theodore A, Wigley FM, Silver RM, Steen VD, Mayes MD, Connolly MK, Fessler BJ, Rothfield NF, Mubarak K, Molitor J, Tashkin DP |title=Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: results from the Scleroderma Lung Study |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=592–600 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15692967 |doi=10.1002/art.20787 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 922: / Line 1,159: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 934: / Line 1,173: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Dry cough]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]
+![[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]<ref name="pmid23562737" />
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 941: / Line 1,180: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 953: / Line 1,194: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Complication of [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Cystic fibrosis]]
+![[Cystic fibrosis]]<ref name="ZieglerRovedder2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Bruna|last2=Rovedder|first2=Paula Maria Eidt|last3=Dalcin|first3=Paulo de Tarso Roth|last4=Menna-Barreto|first4=Sérgio Saldanha|title=Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia|volume=35|issue=9|year=2009|pages=854–859|issn=1806-3713|doi=10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 960: / Line 1,201: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 972: / Line 1,215: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Congenital absence of the vas deferens|Absent vas deferens]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pleural effusion]]
+![[Pleural effusion]]<ref name="pmid25978627">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas R, Jenkins S, Eastwood PR, Lee YC, Singh B |title=Physiology of breathlessness associated with pleural effusions |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=338–45 |date=July 2015 |pmid=25978627 |pmc=5633324 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0000000000000174 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
@@ Line 978: / Line 1,221: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 991: / Line 1,236: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tactile fremitus]],  Asymmetrical [[chest expansion]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pulmonary shunt|Pulmonary right-to-left shunt]]
+![[Pulmonary shunt|Pulmonary right-to-left shunt]]<ref name="pmid19335916">{{cite journal| author=Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS et al.| title=Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension. | journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 15 | pmid=19335916 | doi=10.1186/1471-2261-9-15 | pmc=2671488 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335916  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 998: / Line 1,243: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 1,011: / Line 1,258: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chronic [[hypoxemia]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Phrenic nerve paralysis|Phrenic nerve palsy]]
+![[Diaphragmatic paralysis]]<ref name="pmid27929389">{{cite journal| author=Dubé BP, Dres M| title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies. | journal=J Clin Med | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27929389 | doi=10.3390/jcm5120113 | pmc=5184786 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27929389  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,018: / Line 1,265: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,028: / Line 1,277: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
 ([[anatomical]])
-! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CXR]]
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CXR]] confirmed by [[fluoroscopic]] sniff test
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory insufficiency]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Tuberculosis]]
+![[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid16709993">{{cite journal| author=Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O| title=Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=BMJ | year= 2006 | volume= 332 | issue= 7551 | pages= 1194-7 | pmid=16709993 | doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194 | pmc=1463969 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16709993  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,038: / Line 1,287: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,053: / Line 1,304: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="7" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
-![[Constrictive pericarditis]]
+![[Constrictive pericarditis]]<ref name="pmid12481882" />
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,060: / Line 1,311: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,072: / Line 1,325: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
+![[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid118386552">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakamura M, Satoh M, Kowada S, Satoh H, Tashiro A, Sato F, Masuda T, Hiramori K |title=Reversible restrictive cardiomyopathy due to light-chain deposition disease |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=193–6 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11838655 |doi=10.4065/77.2.193 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,079: / Line 1,332: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,093: / Line 1,348: @@
 [[Nausea]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Valvular heart disease]]
+![[Valvular heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18307844" />
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,100: / Line 1,355: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,112: / Line 1,369: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Bradyarrhythmia]]
+![[Bradyarrhythmia]]<ref name="pmid28266824">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barstow C, McDivitt JD |title=Cardiovascular Disease Update: Bradyarrhythmias |journal=FP Essent |volume=454 |issue= |pages=18–23 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28266824 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,131: / Line 1,390: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Pericardial effusion]]
+![[Pericardial effusion]]<ref name="pmid23236323">{{cite journal| author=Jung HO| title=Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography. | journal=Korean Circ J | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 725-34 | pmid=23236323 | doi=10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725 | pmc=3518705 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23236323  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,138: / Line 1,397: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,150: / Line 1,411: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hoarseness]], [[Palpitation]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Coronary heart disease]]
+![[Coronary heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18307844" />
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
@@ Line 1,157: / Line 1,418: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,169: / Line 1,432: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Lightheadedness]], [[Sweating]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Ventricular septal defect|Intracardiac shunt]]
+![[Ventricular septal defect|Intracardiac shunt]]<ref name="pmid193359162">{{cite journal| author=Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS et al.| title=Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension. | journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 15 | pmid=19335916 | doi=10.1186/1471-2261-9-15 | pmc=2671488 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335916  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,176: / Line 1,439: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 1,189: / Line 1,454: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
-![[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
+![[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]<ref name="pmid17029274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lechtzin N, Lange DJ, Davey C, Becker B, Mitsumoto H |title=Measures of dyspnea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17029274 |doi=10.1002/mus.20669 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,208: / Line 1,475: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dysphagia]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Polymyositis]]/[[dermatomyositis]]
+![[Polymyositis]]/[[dermatomyositis]]<ref name="pmid1246203">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, Sahn SA, Stanford RE, Marmorstein BL, Scheinhorn DJ |title=Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: analysis of six cases and review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=89–104 |date=January 1976 |pmid=1246203 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,214: / Line 1,481: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,227: / Line 1,496: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dermatomyositis physical examination|Heliotrope]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial diseases]]
+![[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial diseases]]<ref name="pmid21813873">{{cite journal| author=Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG| title=Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms. | journal=Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | year= 2011 | volume= 301 | issue= 4 | pages= R873-84 | pmid=21813873 | doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011 | pmc=3197343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21813873  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,246: / Line 1,517: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myalgia|Muscle pain]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[McArdle disease|Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)]]
+![[McArdle disease|Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)]]<ref name="pmid7603522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarui S |title=Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine |journal=Muscle Nerve Suppl |volume=3 |issue= |pages=S2–9 |date= 1995 |pmid=7603522 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,268: / Line 1,541: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
-![[Metabolic acidosis]]
+![[Metabolic acidosis]]<ref name="pmid8350272">{{cite journal| author=Lane R, Adams L| title=Metabolic acidosis and breathlessness during exercise and hypercapnia in man. | journal=J Physiol | year= 1993 | volume= 461 | issue=  | pages= 47-61 | pmid=8350272 | doi= | pmc=1175244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8350272  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,287: / Line 1,562: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]], [[Vomiting]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Renal failure]]
+![[Renal failure]]<ref name="pmid12035070">{{cite journal |vauthors=DePalo LR |title=Fatal dyspnea in a patient with renal failure |journal=Mt. Sinai J. Med. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=113–20 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12035070 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,294: / Line 1,569: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,307: / Line 1,584: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[Systemic]]
-![[Anemia]]
+![[Anemia]]<ref name="pmid23559772">{{cite journal| author=Sengupta A, Saha K, Jash D, Banerjee SN| title=Dyspnea with anemia turned out to be a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | journal=Asian J Transfus Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-8 | pmid=23559772 | doi=10.4103/0973-6247.106745 | pmc=3613670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23559772  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,314: / Line 1,591: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,326: / Line 1,605: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weakness]], [[Fatigue]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Anxiety]]
+![[Anxiety]]<ref name="pmid15200799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailey PH |title=The dyspnea-anxiety-dyspnea cycle--COPD patients' stories of breathlessness: "It's scary /when you can't breathe" |journal=Qual Health Res |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=760–78 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15200799 |doi=10.1177/1049732304265973 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
@@ Line 1,333: / Line 1,612: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,345: / Line 1,626: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweating]], [[Palpitation]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Ascites]]
+![[Ascites]]<ref name="pmid24336542">{{cite journal| author=Perri GA| title=Ascites in patients with cirrhosis. | journal=Can Fam Physician | year= 2013 | volume= 59 | issue= 12 | pages= 1297-9; e538-40 | pmid=24336542 | doi= | pmc=3860926 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24336542  }}</ref>
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,364: / Line 1,647: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal distention]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Depression]]
+![[Depression]]<ref name="pmid16516455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neuman A, Gunnbjörnsdottir M, Tunsäter A, Nyström L, Franklin KA, Norrman E, Janson C |title=Dyspnea in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression: A prospective population study |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=10 |pages=1843–9 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16516455 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.016 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,383: / Line 1,668: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Depressed mood]], [[Fatigue]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Kyphoscoliosis]]
+![[Kyphoscoliosis]]<ref name="pmid26083538">{{cite journal| author=Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G| title=Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction. | journal=Can Respir J | year= 2015 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 206-8 | pmid=26083538 | doi= | pmc=4530852 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26083538  }}</ref>
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,403: / Line 1,690: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Low back pain]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Obesity]]
+![[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid12090884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sin DD, Jones RL, Man SF |title=Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=13 |pages=1477–81 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12090884 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,425: / Line 1,714: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Autoimmune]]
-![[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
+![[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22554368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö |title=Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast |journal=Tuberk Toraks |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=56–8 |date= 2012 |pmid=22554368 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,432: / Line 1,721: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,444: / Line 1,735: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]],[[Numbness]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
+![[Microscopic polyangiitis]]<ref name="pmid26266064">{{cite journal| author=Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM| title=Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy. | journal=Case Rep Nephrol | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue=  | pages= 378170 | pmid=26266064 | doi=10.1155/2015/378170 | pmc=4525752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26266064  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,450: / Line 1,741: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,463: / Line 1,756: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Skin lesions]], [[Nerve damage]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
+![[Wegener's granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid23034218">{{cite journal| author=Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P| title=Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report. | journal=J Med Case Rep | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 335 | pmid=23034218 | doi=10.1186/1752-1947-6-335 | pmc=3492078 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23034218  }}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,470: / Line 1,763: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,482: / Line 1,777: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhinosinusitis|Chronic rhinosinusitis]]
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-![[Goodpasture disease|Goodpasture's disease]]
+![[Goodpasture disease|Goodpasture's disease]]<ref name="BalDas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bal|first1=Amanjit|last2=Das|first2=Ashim|last3=Gupta|first3=Dheeraj|last4=Garg|first4=Mandeep|title=Goodpasture’s Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association|journal=Case Reports in Pulmonology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–7|issn=2090-6846|doi=10.1155/2014/398238}}</ref>
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,489: / Line 1,784: @@
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
+! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
 ! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
@@ Line 1,503: / Line 1,800: @@
 |- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
 |}
-</small></small></small>
+</small></small>
-==Treatment==
 ==Related Chapters==
@@ Line 1,528: / Line 1,821: @@
 ==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
+{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
+{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 [[Category:Medicine]]
@@ Line 1,533: / Line 1,830: @@
 [[Category:Pulmonology]]
 [[Category:Cardiology]]
-[[Category:primary care]]
 [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
-{{WikiDoc Sources}}
-<references />