Hematuria causes: Difference between revisions

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'''For causes of Microscopic Hematuria, click [[Microscopic hematuria|here]]'''
'''For causes of Microscopic Hematuria, click [[Microscopic hematuria|here]]'''
=Overview=
=Overview=
Causes of hematuria can range from benign conditions such as [[urinary tract infection]] to serious conditions such as [[bladder cancer]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Rew | first = Karl | title = Primary care urology | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia, Pa. London | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1437724899 }}</ref> Extrarenal site is responsible for more than 60% of cases of hematuria. Of these, the most important underlying disease is malignancy. In the primary care population, about 5% of patients with microscopic hematuria will have a urinary tract malignancy, mainly of the bladder or prostate. The most common nonmalignant causes of extrarenal hematuria are infections, such as cystitis, prostatitis, and urethritis.Regarding renal causes of microscopic hematuria, the most common cause of isolated glomerular hematuria (without significant proteinuria) is IgA nephropathy, followed by thin basement membrane disease, hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome), and mild focal glomerulonephritis of other causes.<ref>{{cite book | last = Rew | first = Karl | title = Primary care urology | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia, Pa. London | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1437724899 }}</ref>
Causes of hematuria can range from benign conditions such as [[urinary tract infection]] to serious conditions such as [[bladder cancer]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Rew | first = Karl | title = Primary care urology | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia, Pa. London | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1437724899 }}</ref> Extrarenal site is responsible for more than 60% of cases of hematuria. Of these, the most important underlying disease is malignancy. In the primary care population, about 5% of patients with microscopic hematuria will have a [[urinary tract]] malignancy, mainly of the [[bladder]] or [[prostate]]. The most common nonmalignant causes of extrarenal hematuria are infections, such as [[cystitis]], [[prostatitis]], and urethritis.Regarding renal causes of microscopic hematuria, the most common cause of isolated [[glomerular]] hematuria (without significant proteinuria) is [[IgA nephropathy]], followed by thin [[basement membrane]] disease, hereditary nephritis [[Alport syndrome|(Alport syndrome]]), and mild focal [[glomerulonephritis]] of other causes.<ref>{{cite book | last = Rew | first = Karl | title = Primary care urology | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia, Pa. London | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1437724899 }}</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
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! style="width: 33.4%;" |'''Age >50 years'''<ref name="Surgery (Oxford)">{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeryjournal.co.uk/article/S0263-9319(10)00199-7/abstract |title=www.surgeryjournal.co.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
! style="width: 33.4%;" |'''Age >50 years'''<ref name="Surgery (Oxford)">{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeryjournal.co.uk/article/S0263-9319(10)00199-7/abstract |title=www.surgeryjournal.co.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
|-
|-
| valign = top |
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* [[Benign familial hematuria]] or [[Thin basement membrane disease]]
* [[Benign familial hematuria]] or [[Thin basement membrane disease]]
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* [[hypercalciuria|Idiopathic hypercalciuria]]
* [[hypercalciuria|Idiopathic hypercalciuria]]
* Transient unexplained
* Transient unexplained
| valign = top |
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* Transient unexplained
* Transient unexplained
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* [[Trauma]]
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
* [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
| valign = top |
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* Transient unexplained
* Transient unexplained
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===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1"
{| style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[endocarditis]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[heart failure]], [[hypertension]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[shock]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[endocarditis]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[heart failure]], [[hypertension]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[shock]]
   
   
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[lupus]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Carbuncle|urethral carbuncle]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[lupus]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Carbuncle|urethral carbuncle]]
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[beractant]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[bicalutamide]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[Cobimetinib|cobimetinib]], [[cyclophosphamide]],[[dicoumarol]], [[ethacrynic acid]], [[febuxostat]], [[felbamate]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[gemcitabine]], [[goserelin]], [[hexaminolevulinate]], [[Ibrutinib]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Ioxilan]], [[leuprolide]], [[methenamine]], [[micafungin]], [[mitotane]], [[olsalazine]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Oxaprozin]] [[penicillamine]], [[phenprocoumon]], [[Pramipexole]], [[probenecid]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[tiagabine]], [[tolmetin]], [[tiaprofenic acid]], [[warfarin]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[beractant]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[bicalutamide]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[Cobimetinib|cobimetinib]], [[cyclophosphamide]],[[dicoumarol]], [[ethacrynic acid]], [[febuxostat]], [[felbamate]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[gemcitabine]], [[goserelin]], [[hexaminolevulinate]], [[Ibrutinib]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Ioxilan]], [[leuprolide]], [[methenamine]], [[micafungin]], [[mitotane]], [[olsalazine]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Oxaprozin]] [[penicillamine]], [[phenprocoumon]], [[Pramipexole]], [[probenecid]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[tiagabine]], [[tolmetin]], [[tiaprofenic acid]], [[warfarin]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[mononucleosis]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[mononucleosis]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
   
   
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Diabetes mellitus]], [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[porphyria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diabetes mellitus]], [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[porphyria]]


|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hepatitis B]], [[porphyria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hepatitis B]], [[porphyria]]
   
   
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alport syndrome]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Dent's disease]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[hemophilia]], [[IgA nephropathy]] [[nail-patella syndrome]], [[Dent's disease|Nephrolithiasis type 2]][[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[thalassemia]],[[Arteriovenous malformations |renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[thalassemia]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alport syndrome]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Dent's disease]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[hemophilia]], [[IgA nephropathy]] [[nail-patella syndrome]], [[Dent's disease|Nephrolithiasis type 2]][[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[thalassemia]],[[Arteriovenous malformations |renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[thalassemia]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cold agglutinins]], [[Mechanical hemolytic anemia |March haemoglobinuria]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[hemophilia]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[Donath-Landsteiner syndrome|paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[porphyria]], [[sickle cell anemia]], [[thalassemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]][[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cold agglutinins]], [[Mechanical hemolytic anemia |March haemoglobinuria]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[hemophilia]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[Donath-Landsteiner syndrome|paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[porphyria]], [[sickle cell anemia]], [[thalassemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]][[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute cystitis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]], [[acute prostatitis]], [[adenovirus]], [[bilharziosis]], [[tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]], [[chronic cystitis]], [[cystitis]], [[Cytomegalovirus overview|cytomegalovirus]], [[dengue]], [[Dent's disease]], [[E.coli]], [[ECHO viruses]] [[endocarditis]], [[filaria]], [[hepatitis B]], [[Influenza]], [[legionella infection]], [[legionella pneumophila]], [[malaria]], [[micafungin]] [[mononucleosis]], [[mycoplasma]], [[nephritis]], [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]], [[prostatitis]] [[pyelonephritis]], [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[salmonella]][[schistosomiasis]], [[toxoplasma]], [[trichinella spiralis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[urethritis]], [[vasculitis]], [[pseudomonas]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[salmonella]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[torulopsis]], [[toxoplasma]], [[trichinella spiralis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[Tuberculosis|ureter tuberculosis]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary tract infection]]. [[Urogenital Tuberculosis |urogential tuberculosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute cystitis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]], [[acute prostatitis]], [[adenovirus]], [[bilharziosis]], [[tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]], [[chronic cystitis]], [[cystitis]], [[Cytomegalovirus overview|cytomegalovirus]], [[dengue]], [[Dent's disease]], [[E.coli]], [[ECHO viruses]] [[endocarditis]], [[filaria]], [[hepatitis B]], [[Influenza]], [[legionella infection]], [[legionella pneumophila]], [[malaria]], [[micafungin]] [[mononucleosis]], [[mycoplasma]], [[nephritis]], [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]], [[prostatitis]] [[pyelonephritis]], [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[salmonella]][[schistosomiasis]], [[toxoplasma]], [[trichinella spiralis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[urethritis]], [[vasculitis]], [[pseudomonas]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[salmonella]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[torulopsis]], [[toxoplasma]], [[trichinella spiralis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[Tuberculosis|ureter tuberculosis]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary tract infection]]. [[Urogenital Tuberculosis |urogential tuberculosis]]
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Pelvic fracture]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pelvic fracture]]  


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Diabetes mellitus]] [[Fabry disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diabetes mellitus]] [[Fabry disease]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Endometriosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Endometriosis]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Angiomyolipoma]], [[bladder cancer]], [[hypernephroma]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[Prostate adenocarcinoma|prostate adenoma]], [[prostate cancer]], [[renal adenocarcinoma]], [[renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Arteriovenous malformations |renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|renal pelvis carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma|ureter carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma of urethra|urethra carcinoma]], [[urothelium carcinoma]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Angiomyolipoma]], [[bladder cancer]], [[hypernephroma]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[Prostate adenocarcinoma|prostate adenoma]], [[prostate cancer]], [[renal adenocarcinoma]], [[renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Arteriovenous malformations |renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|renal pelvis carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma|ureter carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma of urethra|urethra carcinoma]], [[urothelium carcinoma]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|   
| bgcolor="Beige" |   
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute cystitis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]] [[Alport syndrome]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[Balkan nephropathy]], [[beeturia]] [[benign familial hematuria]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Calyx Diverticulum |calyx diverticulum]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[chronic cystitis]], [[crescentic glomerulonephritis]], [[cystitis]], [[dense deposit disease]], [[Dent's disease]], [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[Focal segmental glomerulonephritis|focal glomerulotnephritis]], [[glomerulonephritis]], [[glomerulopathy|fibronectin glomerulopathy]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[hydronephrosis]] [[hypernephroma]], [[IgA nephropathy]], [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[amyloidosis|kidney amyloidosis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]],[[lupus]], [[medullary sponge kidney]], [[membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]], [[Glomerulonephritis |mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]]  [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[kidney stone|nephrolithiasis]], [[nutcracker syndrome]], [[papillary necrosis]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[proteinuria]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[Nephropathy|radiation nephropathy]], [[renal adenocarcinoma]], [[renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Aneurysm|renal artery aneurysm]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[renal cyst]], [[Hyperplasia|renal hyperplasia]], [[renal infarct]], [[Metastases|renal metastases]], [[renal oncocytoma]], [[renal oncocytoma]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|renal pelvis carcinoma]], [[trauma|renal trauma]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[infarct|renal vein infarct]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], [[nephritis|shunt nephritis]], [[Medullary sponge kidney|sponge kidney]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[thin basement membrane disease]], [[tubulointerstitial nephropathies]], [[Acute urate nephropathy |urate nephropathy]],[[Carcinoma|ureter carcinoma]], [[Tuberculosis|ureter tuberculosis]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[Reflux nephropathy overview|vesico-ureteral-renal reflux]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute cystitis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]] [[Alport syndrome]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[Balkan nephropathy]], [[beeturia]] [[benign familial hematuria]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Calyx Diverticulum |calyx diverticulum]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[chronic cystitis]], [[crescentic glomerulonephritis]], [[cystitis]], [[dense deposit disease]], [[Dent's disease]], [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[Focal segmental glomerulonephritis|focal glomerulotnephritis]], [[glomerulonephritis]], [[glomerulopathy|fibronectin glomerulopathy]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[hydronephrosis]] [[hypernephroma]], [[IgA nephropathy]], [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[amyloidosis|kidney amyloidosis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]],[[lupus]], [[medullary sponge kidney]], [[membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]], [[Glomerulonephritis |mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]]  [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[kidney stone|nephrolithiasis]], [[nutcracker syndrome]], [[papillary necrosis]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[proteinuria]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[Nephropathy|radiation nephropathy]], [[renal adenocarcinoma]], [[renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Aneurysm|renal artery aneurysm]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[renal cyst]], [[Hyperplasia|renal hyperplasia]], [[renal infarct]], [[Metastases|renal metastases]], [[renal oncocytoma]], [[renal oncocytoma]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|renal pelvis carcinoma]], [[trauma|renal trauma]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[infarct|renal vein infarct]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], [[nephritis|shunt nephritis]], [[Medullary sponge kidney|sponge kidney]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[thin basement membrane disease]], [[tubulointerstitial nephropathies]], [[Acute urate nephropathy |urate nephropathy]],[[Carcinoma|ureter carcinoma]], [[Tuberculosis|ureter tuberculosis]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[Reflux nephropathy overview|vesico-ureteral-renal reflux]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
      
      
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[CD59|Cd59 antigen deficiency]], [[Cold agglutinins]], [[dermatosclerosis]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[CD59|Cd59 antigen deficiency]], [[Cold agglutinins]], [[dermatosclerosis]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]  
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Pelvic fracture]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pelvic fracture]]  


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acute prostatitis]], [[beeturia]], [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[bladder cancer]], [[Tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]] [[Dent's disease]], [[Foreign body|foreign body in urethra]], [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from bladder outlet]], [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from urethra]] [[hydronephrosis]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]], [[Bladder cancer|malignancies of the bladder]], [[Meatal stenosis|meatus stenosis]], [[megaureter]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[prostate adenocarcinoma|prostate adenoma]], [[prostate cancer]], [[Hyperplasia of the Prostate |prostate hyperplasia]], [[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]], [[prostatectomy]], [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]], [[Carcinoma of urethra|urethra carcinoma]], [[Carbuncle|urethral carbuncle]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary stones]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[Urogential tuberculosis|urogential tuberculosis]], [[Bladder stone|urolithiasis]], [[urothelium carcinoma]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute prostatitis]], [[beeturia]], [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[bladder cancer]], [[Tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]] [[Dent's disease]], [[Foreign body|foreign body in urethra]], [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from bladder outlet]], [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from urethra]] [[hydronephrosis]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]], [[Bladder cancer|malignancies of the bladder]], [[Meatal stenosis|meatus stenosis]], [[megaureter]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[prostate adenocarcinoma|prostate adenoma]], [[prostate cancer]], [[Hyperplasia of the Prostate |prostate hyperplasia]], [[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]], [[prostatectomy]], [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]], [[Carcinoma of urethra|urethra carcinoma]], [[Carbuncle|urethral carbuncle]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary stones]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[Urogential tuberculosis|urogential tuberculosis]], [[Bladder stone|urolithiasis]], [[urothelium carcinoma]]  


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Dioctophyma renale]], [[exercise]], [[fistula]], [[Food|foods]], [[Inflammation]], [[infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]], [[Injury]], [[masturbation]] [[myoglobinuria]], [[toxins]], [[trauma]], [[tumor]], [[urethral catheterization]], [[urinary catheterization]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dioctophyma renale]], [[exercise]], [[fistula]], [[Food|foods]], [[Inflammation]], [[infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]], [[Injury]], [[masturbation]] [[myoglobinuria]], [[toxins]], [[trauma]], [[tumor]], [[urethral catheterization]], [[urinary catheterization]]


|-
|-
Line 395: Line 395:


=== Causes by Anatomic Location ===
=== Causes by Anatomic Location ===
[[Image:Microscopic hematuria.jpg]]
<figure-inline class="mw-default-size">[[Image:Microscopic hematuria.jpg|1182x1182px]]</figure-inline>
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hypertension]], [[Malignant hypertension]], [[Shock]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Analgesic nephropathy]], [[Anticoagulant therapy]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[Caspofungin]], [[Cobimetinib]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Dicoumarol]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Gemcitabine]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Micafungin]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Phenprocoumon]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Warfarin]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
 
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alport's syndrome]], [[Benign familial hematuria]], [[CD59|CD59 antigen deficiency]], [[Dent disease]], [[Fabry disease]],, [[HANAC syndrome]], [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[Dysgenesis|Infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]], [[Osler's Disease]], [[Polycystic kidney disease]], [[Porphyria]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Bleeding diathesis]], [[Cold agglutinins]], [[Consumption coagulopathy]], [[Haemophilia]], [[Hemoglobinopathy]], [[Haemoglobinuria|March haemoglobinuria]], [[Multiple myeloma]], [[Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[Polycythemia vera]], [[Porphyria]], [[Sickle cell disease]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Thrombocytopathy|Thrombocytopathies]], [[Thrombocytopenia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Prostatectomy]], [[Prostate biopsy|Prostatic procedures]]([[biopsy]], [[transurethral resection]] of the prostate), [[Post-radiation cystitis|Radiation cystitis]], [[Post-radiation cystitis|Radiation nephropathy]], [[Urethral catheterization]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Adenovirus]], [[Bacterial endocarditis]], [[Bilharziosis]], [[Tuberculosis|Bladder tuberculosis]], [[Chronic cystitis]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Dengue]], [[Dioctophyma renale]], [[E.coli]], [[ECHO viruses]], [[Filaria]], [[Influenza]], [[Legionella pneumophila]], [[Malaria]], [[Plasmodium]], [[Tuberculosis|Prostate tuberculosis]], [[Prostatitis]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Renal abscess]], [[Tuberculosis|Renal tuberculosis]], [[Salmonella]], [[Schistosomiasis]], [[Staphylococci]], [[Streptococci]], [[Torulopsis]], [[Toxoplasma]], [[Trichinella spiralis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[tuberculosis|Ureter tuberculosis]], [[Urinary tract infection]], [[Varicella]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endometriosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign|Benign renal mass]], [[Bladder cancer]], [[Hypernephroma]], [[Bladder cancer|Malignancies of the bladder]], [[RCC|Malignant renal mass]], [[Multiple myeloma]], [[Oncocytoma]], [[Prostate cancer|Prostate adenoma]], [[Prostate cancer]], [[Renal adenocarcinoma]], [[Renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Renal cell carcinoma]], [[Renal oncocytoma]], [[Bladder cancer|Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder]], [[Bladder cancer|Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|Transitional cell carcinoma of kidney]], [[Ureteral cancer|Ureter carcinoma]], [[Urethral cancer]], [[Urothelium carcinoma]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute interstitial nephritis]], [[Analgesic nephropathy]], [[Angiomyolipoma]], [[Balkan nephropathy]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Diverticulum|Calyx diverticulum]], [[Crescentic glomerulonephritis]], [[Dense deposit disease]], [[Dent disease]], [[Diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[Diabetic nephropathy]], [[Glomerulopathy|Fibronectin glomerulopathy]], [[Focal segmental glomerulonephritis]], [[Glomerulonephritis]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Hypercalciuria]], [[Hypernephroma]], [[Hyperuricosuria]], [[IgA nephropathy]],[[Interstitial cystitis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]], [[RCC|Malignant renal mass]], [[Medullary sponge kidney]], [[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]], [[Glomerulonephritis|Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]], [[Nephrocalcinosis]], [[Nephrolithiasis]], [[Nutcracker syndrome]], [[Papillary necrosis]], [[Postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[Pyelonephritis]], [[Renal abscess]], [[Renal adenocarcinoma]], [[Renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Embolism|Renal aretery embolism]], [[Arteriovenous malformation|Renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[Aneurysm|Renal artery aneurysm]],[[Renal cell carcinoma]], [[Renal cyst]], [[Hyperplasia|Renal hyperplasia]], [[Renal oncocytoma]], [[Renal tuberculosis]], [[Renal vein thrombosis]], [[Shunt nephritis]], [[Thin basement membrane disease]], [[Tubulointerstitial nephropathies]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Cold agglutinins]], [[Dermatosclerosis]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[IgA nephropathy]], [[Amyloidosis|Kidney amyloidosis]], [[Microscopic polyangiitis]], [[Polyarteritis nodosa]], [[Renal infarction]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[SLE]], [[Vasculitis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pelvic fracture]], [[Trauma|Renal trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute prostatitis]], [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[Bladder stone]], [[Foreign body|Foreign body in urethra]], [[Hemorrhage|Hemorrhage from bladder outlet]], [[Hemorrhage|Hemorrhage from urethra]], [[Meatal stenosis]], [[Megaureter]], [[Urinary bladder|Postoperative spindle cell nodule of urinary bladder]], [[Prostate cancer|Prostate adenoma]], [[Prostate cancer]], [[Hyperplasia|Prostate hyperplasia]], [[Tuberculosis|Prostate tuberculosis]], [[Acute urate nephropathy|Urate nephropathy]], [[Ureteral cancer]], [[Tuberculosis|Ureter tuberculosis]], [[Fistula|Ureteroiliac fistula]], [[Renal stone|Ureterolithiasis]], [[Urethral cancer]], [[Carbuncle|Urethral carbuncle]], [[Diverticulum|Urethral diverticulum]], [[Polyp|Urethral fibroepithelial polyp]], [[Renal stone|Urethral stone]], [[Urethritis]], [[Urinary tract infection]], [[Urolithiasis]], [[Urothelium carcinoma]], [[Stricture|Urtethral stricture]], [[Calculi|Vesical calculi]], [[Vesico-uretero-renal reflux, congenital|Vesico-ureteral-renal reflux]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arteriovenous fistula]], [[Arteriovenous malformation]], [[Cholesterol embolism]], [[Exercise]], [[Masturbation]], [[Transient|Transient unexplained]]
|-
|}
 
===Causes by Alphabetical Order===
===Causes by Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|3|

Revision as of 00:46, 25 June 2018

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Template:Seealso Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [1] Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2]

For causes of Microscopic Hematuria, click here

Overview

Causes of hematuria can range from benign conditions such as urinary tract infection to serious conditions such as bladder cancer.[1] Extrarenal site is responsible for more than 60% of cases of hematuria. Of these, the most important underlying disease is malignancy. In the primary care population, about 5% of patients with microscopic hematuria will have a urinary tract malignancy, mainly of the bladder or prostate. The most common nonmalignant causes of extrarenal hematuria are infections, such as cystitis, prostatitis, and urethritis.Regarding renal causes of microscopic hematuria, the most common cause of isolated glomerular hematuria (without significant proteinuria) is IgA nephropathy, followed by thin basement membrane disease, hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome), and mild focal glomerulonephritis of other causes.[2]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Children[3] Age <50 years[4] Age >50 years[4]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Arteriosclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, endocarditis, cholesterol embolism, heart failure, hypertension, malignant hypertension, shock
Chemical / poisoning
Dermatologic Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, lupus, Osler's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, urethral carbuncle
Drug Side Effect Artemether and lumefantrin, beractant, BCG vaccine, bicalutamide, caspofungin acetate, cefpodoxime, cobimetinib, cyclophosphamide,dicoumarol, ethacrynic acid, febuxostat, felbamate, flurbiprofen, gemcitabine, goserelin, hexaminolevulinate, Ibrutinib, Indinavir, Ifosfamide, Ioxilan, leuprolide, methenamine, micafungin, mitotane, olsalazine, Oxcarbazepine, Oxaprozin penicillamine, phenprocoumon, Pramipexole, probenecid, sodium aurothiomalate, sulfasalazine, tiagabine, tolmetin, tiaprofenic acid, warfarin
Ear Nose Throat Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, mononucleosis, Osler's disease
Endocrine Diabetes mellitus, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, porphyria
Environmental
Gastroenterologic Hepatitis B, porphyria
Genetic Alport syndrome, Berger's disease, Fabry disease, Dent's disease, hemoglobinopathy, hemophilia, IgA nephropathy nail-patella syndrome, Nephrolithiasis type 2Osler's disease, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, polycystic kidney disease, thalassemia,renal arteriovenous malformation, thalassemia
Hematologic Cold agglutinins, March haemoglobinuria, hemoglobinopathy, hemophilia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, Henoch schonlein purpura, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, multiple myeloma, paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, porphyria, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, thrombocytopeniathrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic
Infectious Disease Acute cystitis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute prostatitis, adenovirus, bilharziosis, bladder tuberculosis, chronic cystitis, cystitis, cytomegalovirus, dengue, Dent's disease, E.coli, ECHO viruses endocarditis, filaria, hepatitis B, Influenza, legionella infection, legionella pneumophila, malaria, micafungin mononucleosis, mycoplasma, nephritis, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, prostate tuberculosis, prostatitis pyelonephritis, radiation cystitis, renal tuberculosis, salmonellaschistosomiasis, toxoplasma, trichinella spiralis, tuberculosis, urethritis, vasculitis, pseudomonas, renal tuberculosis, salmonella, schistosomiasis, torulopsis, toxoplasma, trichinella spiralis, tuberculosis, ureter tuberculosis, urethritis, urinary tract infection. urogential tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Pelvic fracture
Neurologic Arteriosclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, Osler's disease
Nutritional / Metabolic Diabetes mellitus Fabry disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic Endometriosis
Oncologic Angiomyolipoma, bladder cancer, hypernephroma, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, prostate adenoma, prostate cancer, renal adenocarcinoma, renal angiomyolipoma, renal arteriovenous malformation, renal pelvis carcinoma, ureter carcinoma, urethra carcinoma, urothelium carcinoma, Wilms' tumor
Opthalmologic
Overdose / Toxicity
Psychiatric
Pulmonary Allergic granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal / Electrolyte Acute cystitis, acute interstitial nephritis Alport syndrome, analgesic nephropathy, Balkan nephropathy, beeturia benign familial hematuria, Berger's disease, calyx diverticulum, cholesterol embolism, chronic cystitis, crescentic glomerulonephritis, cystitis, dense deposit disease, Dent's disease, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, focal glomerulotnephritis, glomerulonephritis, fibronectin glomerulopathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, Henoch schonlein purpura, hydronephrosis hypernephroma, IgA nephropathy, Interstitial cystitis, kidney amyloidosis, Loin pain hematuria syndrome,lupus, medullary sponge kidney, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, nutcracker syndrome, papillary necrosis, polycystic kidney disease, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, proteinuria, pyelonephritis, radiation nephropathy, renal adenocarcinoma, renal angiomyolipoma, renal artery aneurysm, renal cell carcinoma, renal cyst, renal hyperplasia, renal infarct, renal metastases, renal oncocytoma, renal oncocytoma, renal pelvis carcinoma, renal trauma, renal tuberculosis, renal vein infarct, renal vein thrombosis, shunt nephritis, sponge kidney, systemic lupus erythematosus, thin basement membrane disease, tubulointerstitial nephropathies, urate nephropathy,ureter carcinoma, ureter tuberculosis, urinary tract infection, vesico-ureteral-renal reflux, Wegener's granulomatosis, Wilms' tumor
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic granulomatosis, Cd59 antigen deficiency, Cold agglutinins, dermatosclerosis, Henoch schonlein purpura, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual
Trauma Pelvic fracture
Urologic Acute prostatitis, beeturia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder cancer, bladder tuberculosis Dent's disease, foreign body in urethra, hemorrhage from bladder outlet, hemorrhage from urethra hydronephrosis, interstitial cystitis, Loin pain hematuria syndrome, malignancies of the bladder, meatus stenosis, megaureter, polycystic kidney disease, prostate adenoma, prostate cancer, prostate hyperplasia, prostate tuberculosis, prostatectomy, radiation cystitis, urethra carcinoma, urethral carbuncle, urethritis, urinary stones, urinary tract infection, urogential tuberculosis, urolithiasis, urothelium carcinoma
Miscellaneous Dioctophyma renale, exercise, fistula, foods, Inflammation, infundibulopelvic dysgenesis, Injury, masturbation myoglobinuria, toxins, trauma, tumor, urethral catheterization, urinary catheterization

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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Causes of Microscopic Hematuria

Causes by Anatomic Location

<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"></figure-inline>

Causes by Alphabetical Order

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References

  1. ↑ Rew, Karl (2010). Primary care urology. Philadelphia, Pa. London: Saunders. ISBN 978-1437724899.
  2. ↑ Rew, Karl (2010). Primary care urology. Philadelphia, Pa. London: Saunders. ISBN 978-1437724899.
  3. ↑ Amin, Nimisha; Zaritsky, Joshua J. (2011). "Hematuria": 258–261. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-05405-8.00069-3.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "www.surgeryjournal.co.uk".
  5. ↑ Young EE, Gandhi N, Stuhldreher P, Bishop JA, Wang MH (2016). "Profound Hematuria in a Toddler Yields an Unusual Diagnosis". Urol Case Rep. 6: 39–41. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2016.02.009. PMC 4855982. PMID 27175341.

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